标准化应用状态的构建与评价（上）

本文建立了多标准化状态的应用关系,并以多种标准化应用模型来评价载体标准化应用的结果,以解决目前用标准化系数评价存在的单一性和简单性问题。本文构建了标准化应用状态的概念,给出了标准化应用状态的各种表征关系,建立了载体的标准化应用评价模型、载体标准化应用价值评价模型、载体标准化维度状态评价模型等数学模型,论述了标准化应用状态在产品、工程、企业、服务业等载体的应用。     

我国工程地质遥感技术应用特点与若干问题探讨

简要介绍了工程选线、选址勘测中遥感技术的应用概况;阐述了工程地质遥感技术应用的特点,认为工程地质遥感技术应用有别于其他领域;强调了我国工程地质遥感技术应用与其他国家不同,形成了我国自己的应用特点,这些特点是由我国国情决定的;探讨了工程地质遥感技术应用的若干问题,包括遥感图像判释,遥感图像处理、数据综合分析、施工阶段遥感技术应用等。     

食品制造业RFID应用标准体系构建

为指导并规范食品制造领域应用RFID实现食品生产的质量安全管控,本文分析了国内外射频识别(RFID)标准及应用标准体系现状,研究了食品制造业特性及其应用RFID系统的需求,建立了食品制造业RFID应用标准体系构建模型,以模型为依托构建了RFID应用标准体系,并描述了该标准体系的架构、标识、信息采集、信息传输、信息应用等各标准单元的标准内容。     

浅谈BIM技术在施工现场的管理与应用

本文以年产2万t锂电正极材料项目土建施工第二标段项目为例,通过场地分析、坐标定位、土建应用、机电应用、平台应用详细介绍了BIM技术在该项目施工现场的应用,从现场资源管理、安全动态管理方面介绍了BIM技术在该项目中的管理,并分析了应用BIM技术产生的效益,从技术角度真正实现了智能化管理和降本增效。     

玻璃微珠的应用研究进展

介绍了玻璃微珠的类型及其特性,综述了近年来玻璃微珠的应用研究进展,包括在建材、塑料、橡胶、涂料、医药等领域的应用情况。改性后的玻璃微珠可应用于电磁屏蔽和吸波材料的制备,拓宽了其应用范围,并分析了其应用前景。     

北斗系统高精度技术应用质量基础体系的研究与分析

随着北斗三号全球卫星导航系统成功组网,我国的北斗系统迎来了全球服务时代.卫导高精度与5G、人工智能等前沿技术的快速融合发展,为卫星导航的应用与发展提供了有力支撑,也为卫星导航应用领域计量技术的发展提出了更多更高的要求.本文从产业分布、产品发展、规模应用、行业应用、技术发展方面对北斗应用产业的发展现状进行介绍,分析了北斗应用产业对计量、标准、检验检测等质量基础的具体需求,最后梳理和总结了北斗导航应用产业的质量基础工作现状和成果.     

示准化应用状态的构建与评价（下）

本文建立了多标准化状态的应用关系,并以多种标准化应用模型来评价载体标准化应用的结果,以此解决目前用标准化系数评价存在的单一性和简单性问题。本文构建了标准化应用状态的概念,给出了标准化应用状态的各种表征关系,建立了载体的标准化应用评价模型、载体标准化应用价值评价模型、载体标准化维度状态评价模型等数学模型,论述了标准化应用状态在产品、工程、企业、服务业等载体的应用。     

气体水合物分解与生成技术应用研究进展

水合物技术应用可归纳为分解应用和生成应用,本文就这两大应用方向对水合物进行了分类综述。从水合物分解角度,阐述了天然气水合物资源勘探开发、管道水合物解堵、水合物抑制防控等技术应用的研究进展;从水合物分解的逆过程(生成)角度,阐述了水合物储气、二氧化碳捕获与封存、海水淡化、溶液提浓、污水处理、混合气体分离、蓄冷等应用技术。同时论文结合气体水合物发展历程,概括了气体水合物技术在诸多领域的应用,指出了水合物技术发展取得的诸多成果,也提出了新形势下水合物发展所面临的问题,希望能为今后水合物技术的发展带来一定指导。     

涡流管的应用

涡流管具有结构简单、价格低廉、没有运动部件、可靠性高等特点,在很多特殊方面都得到了应用.分别介绍了涡流管的冷效应和分离效应的应用,并提出了在某些领域应用的设想.     

纳米材料应用技术的新进展

纳米材料是具有多种优异性能的功能材料,有广阔的应用前景。本文对纳米材料应用技术的现状和最新的研究进展情况进行了综述。详细介绍了纳米材料在模具、锂离子二次电池、太阳能电池、功能涂层等方面的应用及研究情况,并对纳米材料应用技术的未来进行了展望。     

Shrinkage compensation approach proposed for ABS material in FDM process

Dimensional accuracy of parts manufactured by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) greatly suffers from the shrinkage problems of the available polymer materials. This paper proposes a constructive idea for resolving the shrinkage issues and explains how shrinkage could be managed by interior geometry of the artifacts fabricated on desktop 3D printers. The main principle for preventing the deterioration on dimensional accuracy of the holes/slots is to utilize the auxiliary lines located from the hole’s perimeter to the outer boundaries of the artifact. Thus, the shrinkage of these auxiliary line segments simply helps to pull the original hole backward, acting against the predicted contraction. In this paper, the proposed approach will be examined using a finite element analysis tool to predict the shrinkage behavior of the fabricated samples along with necessary measurements taken on the Coordinate Measuring Machine. Additionally, an analytical framework for modeling the shrinkage behavior of ABS is to be elaborated. The coherence of the simulations and the measurements are to be analyzed regarding the effect of the geometry and material color on the shrinkage behavior. The discussion involves the improvement on the dimensional accuracy of 3D printed features.     

Ice crystal growth in supercooled solution

Study on the crystal growth of ice in water-ethyleneglycol solution was carried out, experimentally. The ice crystal, which was seeded on top of the capillary tube, propagated inside the tube slowly and began to grow freely at the tip of the tube in subcooled solution. The outer diameter of the tip of the capillary tube was less than 0.1 mm, which was much smaller than that of other researchers. Hence, considerable reduction of the influence of the existence of a capillary was accomplished and the initial growth of a single crystal was observed, precisely. Under the condition of subcooling of less than 8 K, the shape of the crystal was observed to be different from that of the one in pure water. The velocity of dendrite ice growth and the radius of the curvature of the tip were measured. It was found that after the dendrite ice developed to a certain size, the velocity of the dendritic growth and the radius of curvature were kept steady, and its values were dependent on the degree of subcooling and the concentration of the solution.     

Dynamic simulation of a single-effect ammonia–water absorption chiller

A lumped-parameter dynamic simulation of a single-effect ammonia–water absorption chiller is performed. Modeling is based on the continuity of species constituting the ammonia–water mixture and the conservation of energy for each component of the absorption chiller. Ordinary differential equations governing the response of each component and the algebraic equations describing the constitutive relation are solved in parallel by numerical integration. The model has been applied to a commercially available 10.5 kW absorption chiller to study the transients of temperature, pressure, concentration, and void fraction of each component during the start-up operation. The time constant of the absorption chiller is also investigated. The parameters considered are the bulk concentration of the ammonia–water solution, the mass of the solution filled, and the volumes of key components of the absorption chiller. In addition, the reduction of the time constant by a stepwise turn-up and turn-down of the flue gas flow rate during the primary stage of start-up period is demonstrated.     

Capturing Nitrosamines in Environment by Zeolite

To meet the requirement of environment protection, the adsorption of volatile nitrosamines, which are carcinogenic compounds in tobacco smoke, by zeolite is investigated in this article, along with the temperature programmed surface reaction of nitrosamines on zeolite to assess the catalytic capability of the porous material on the decomposition of the carcinogens. The actual function of zeolite to reduce the level of nitrosamines in cigarette smoke is also studied. The influences of zeolite pore's structure and the surface acid-basic properties of the adsorbent on the adsorption are explored in terms of geometric matching content and adsorbent-adsorbate interaction. Moreover, the role played by the cation of zeolite in the adsorption of volatile nitrosamines is discussed and the possible attracting range of the sodium cation in basic zeolite to pull the nitrosamine molecule is tentatively calculated. Owing to the specific ability of capturing nitrosamines, zeolite is proven to be the most effective additive encased within a cigarette as the functional additive for lowering the nitrosamines content of smoke to protect the environment and public health. Other porous oxides such as amorphous silica and alumina are also utilized in these experiments, and their actual functions to trap nitrosamines as well as their potential application as the candidates for cigarette additives are discussed and prospected, too.     

Corrosion Resistance of an electrodeposited Zinc Coating Containing CeO2 Nanoparticles

A Zinc coating containing CeO2 nanoparticles has been deposited by electrodeposition in a zinc plating bath.The content of CeO2 in the coating is 0.22 mass%. The results of weight loss experiments and electrochemistry tests show that corrosion resistance of the Zinc coating containing CeO2 nanoparticles is remarkably improved in contrast to the pure zinc coating in 0.5 M MgSO4 solution. The effects of CeO2 microparticles on the corrosion resistance of the zinc coating have been studied, the results show that CeO2 microparticles have no effect on the corrosion resistance of the zinc coating. SEM and XRD experiments suggest that the presence of CeO2 nanoparticles in the coating causes the modification of the surface morphology and preferential orientation of the crystal planes; therefore, the reason for the enhancement of corrosion resistance is mainly related to improvement of the structure of the coating.     

Archaeometallurgical contributions to a better understanding of the past

Archaeometallurgical investigations, and in particular those employing metallographic techniques, have greatly increased our understanding of the past, primarily by improving our knowledge of the histories of technological developments. However, these studies have potential for contributing to our comprehension of many more aspects of life in the past. The series of case studies presented here illustrate the application of metallography not only in elucidating the history of technology but also in areas such as the dating of objects, the determination of the spread of technologies and the nature and implications of the contact of cultures with the ‘outside’ world.     

Corrosion of reinforcement induced by environment containing chloride and carbon dioxide

Reinforced concrete structures during their exploitation may be exposed to the common action of carbonation and chlorides causing corrosion of steel reinforcement. Therefore, the related data seem to be interesting and important when the evaluation of the service life of the structures is the object of interest. This fact was a motivation for the present experimental study on the sequence of action of chloride solutions and carbonation of the embedding concrete. The results obtained show that carbonation of concrete foregoing the action of chloride solutions may intensify the process of corrosion of steel reinforcement in comparison to the converse sequence of the action of mentioned media. At the same time the natrium chloride solution has been shown as a more aggressive medium opposite to the calcium and magnesium chloride solutions.     

An experimental investigation and modelling of the thermodynamic properties of isobutane–compressor oil solutions: Some aspects of experimental methodology

This paper presents experimental data for the solubility, density and capillary constant for solutions of natural refrigerant isobutane with commercial mineral compressor oil Azmol over a wide range of temperatures and concentrations. Based on information for the capillary constant, the surface tension of the solutions isobutane/Azmol is determined. The experimental data were obtained in the temperature range from 303 K to 363 K and at pressures up to 1.7 MPa using static methods. The experimental data obtained for the solutions of the natural refrigerant isobutane with the commercial mineral compressor oil Azmol are sufficiently described with the help of correlations based on the theory of thermodynamic similarity. The paper reports variation of the vapor pressure, density, capillary constant and surface tension as a function of concentration for the isobutane/Azmol solutions. The enthalpy of liquid phase of the isobutane/Azmol solutions is calculated. The analysis of the behaviour of the excess thermodynamic functions is carried out. The paper examines experimental and methodical uncertainties in the investigation of thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant/oil solutions (ROS). The influence of the time taken to establish thermodynamic equilibrium in the experimental cell on the uncertainty of the experimental data for gas-saturated mixtures such as ROS is discussed. Information about the changing concentration of refrigerant in the liquid phase of the ROS and in the surface layer of the liquid phase of the ROS at increasing temperature is presented. In addition, the experimental data for the density, surface tension and refractive index of the mineral compressor oil Azmol are reported.     

Modelling enthalpy and entropy of pure and mixed refrigerants with an innovative corresponding states method

In this work an original improvement of the Corresponding States technique is developed and a new model, based on a three parameters CS format, is proposed to predict the enthalpy and the entropy of the new generation halogenated alkanes fluids together with some alkanes. Limiting the analysis of the selected fluids to a specific thermodynamic property behaviour, an appropriate conformality approach can be deduced, which allows to set up a predictive model of high accuracy level on a wide range of the enthalpy and entropy surfaces. The fundamentals of the model are innovative scaling parameters deduced from the enthalpy of vaporization and from two dedicated equations, belonging to the selected family of fluids. This allows to set up innovative models following a CS format. Through the introduction of advanced mixing rules, the models can be simply extended to calculate the corresponding properties for mixtures. The proposed models allow also the calculation of VLE for systems of rather regular behaviour. The required inputs for a pure target fluid are an ideal gas isobaric heat capacity correlation, a single value of saturated liquid density and of vaporization enthalpy; if the last one is lacking, a single value of vapor pressure can be alternatively supplied. For non azeotropic mixtures the enthalpy and entropy models are predictive, whereas in case of azeotropy VLE calculations are possibly only applying regressed interaction coefficients. Due to the lack of accurate experimental enthalpy data and to the particular nature of the entropy function, the validation of the models is proposed against fundamental dedicated EoS available, both for pure and mixtures, for a significant number of the studied family of fluids. The predictive character of the proposed approach as well as the high performances reached, make these models particularly suitable for the new families of fluids regarding advanced technological applications.     

Untersuchung von Schmelz‐ und Rekristallisationsprozessen sowie Riss‐, Oxid‐ und Porenbildung beim Schweißen

Investigation of melting and re‐crystallization processes and of crack, oxide and pore formation during welding In the paper some known investigation methods of the primary re‐crystallization and of the structure of the crystallization front are discussed. All these methods have disadvantages, in some cases they cause a limited validity or are expensive. The presented new method is based on the micrographic recording of the melting and solidifying metal surfaces. The method overcomes the above‐mentioned disadvantages. It is able to investigate in the welding seams not only the primary re‐crystallization processes but also the secondary ones including the formation of cracks and pores and the appearance of non‐metallic inclusions like oxides. The facilities of the method are demonstrated on some examples of use.