苏北盆地高邮凹陷北斜坡阜宁组成岩作用及储层特征

高邮凹陷北斜坡阜宁组碎屑岩储层以细砂岩和粉砂岩为主,砂岩类型主要为长石砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩和少量长石岩屑砂岩。主要成岩矿物类型为粘土矿物、石英和碳酸盐等。储层以次生孔隙发育为主,粒间孔隙和骨架颗粒溶孔最为发育。阜宁组成岩演化阶段处于早成岩B期至晚成岩A期。机械压实作用比较明显,但次生溶蚀作用亦表现得十分强烈。阜宁组储层性质明显地受到沉积微相和成岩作用的影响。在阜一段三角洲主要砂体微相中,沉积物粒度较粗、厚度较大的河道和砂坝砂的储集物性明显优于各种粒度较细、厚度较薄的席状砂体。阜三段三角洲前缘砂体发育,水下分流河道和河口砂坝物性最好,前缘席状砂及其他侧翼砂体的物性较差。平面上储层性质主要表现为相控特点,并具有较好的规律性     

两北地区三叠系深部碎屑岩储层特征及控制因素

运用钻井岩心、铸体薄片和扫描电镜等资料,对两北地区三叠系深部碎屑岩的储层特征及储层发育的控制因素进行了研究。结果表明,三叠系储层主要岩石类型为长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑砂岩,具有成分成熟度低和结构成熟度中等的岩石学特征,储集空间以粒间溶孔为主,其次为裂缝,属于中孔、中—低渗透储层。两北地区三叠系主要发育冲积扇—河流—湖泊—三角洲沉积体系,沉积主体为三角洲平原、三角洲前缘亚相及滨浅湖沉积,储集砂体主要为分流河道和河口坝沉积。成岩作用是深部碎屑岩储层后期改造的关键因素,压实作用使得储层原始孔隙遭受破坏; 同时储层中方解石、长石、石英、岩屑及杂基在大气、水和有机酸的溶蚀作用下,产生大量的溶蚀孔隙,改善了储集性能,溶蚀作用是两北地区三叠系形成优质深部碎屑岩储层的关键因素。     

鄂尔多斯盆地白豹—华池地区延长组长6油层组沉积环境及成岩相分析

根据测井、岩心等资料综合分析恢复鄂尔多斯盆地白豹—华池地区的沉积环境,利用薄片资料分析储层物性特征及成岩相类型和分布。并在此基础上讨论沉积环境与成岩相的关系。研究认为研究区长6期发育河道型浅水三角洲前缘和与之伴生的深水滑塌成因重力流沉积,其中水下分流河道微相及深水砂质碎屑流沉积是砂体主要成因单元。储集砂体主要为长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩,物性较差,属于中低孔特低渗储层。储集空间是原生粒间孔、次生溶蚀孔和少量裂缝的组合。压实作用、溶解作用及胶结作用是影响储层物性的主要成岩作用。不同沉积单元砂体的成岩作用和物性不尽相同,其中三角洲前缘水下分流河道主要以弱压实—绿泥石胶结相为主,深水砂岩主要以长石溶蚀相为主,两者结合部位发育绿泥石胶结—长石溶蚀相,均为有利成岩相带。成岩相研究与沉积环境分析相结合能够更好地预测有利储层的分布。     

江陵凹陷新沟嘴组下段储层地质特征

江陵凹陷新沟嘴组下段储层是一套湖泊三角洲—浅湖滩坝砂体.砂体类型有三角洲平原分流河道砂体、三解洲前缘水下分流河道砂体及三角洲前缘水下分流河口砂坝等.岩石类型为成分成熟度较低的岩屑长石砂岩和长石砂岩,并合较多的粘土矿物和硬石膏、方解石、白云石胶结物.压实和胶结是使原生孔隙降低的主要成岩作用,而发生在油气大量生成期的溶解作用则使较多的次生孔隙形成.储层物性受岩石结构如粒径、分选等控制,也受胶结物含量及溶解作用等控制.     

鄂尔多斯盆地马岭油田延长组长8储层特征及影响因素分析

通过岩心、测井、铸体薄片、扫描电镜等相关资料,对马岭油田延长组长8储层特征及影响因素进行研究结果表明：马岭油田长8储集岩主要为岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩,成分成熟度低;储层孔隙类型多样,以粒间孔、长石溶孔为最主要的储集空间;物性特征为典型的低孔低渗储层;储层性质明显受沉积相和成岩作用的综合影响,其中,沉积厚度大、粒度较粗的水下分流河道砂体的储集物性最优,其次为河口坝,三角洲内前缘席状砂最差;成岩作用对储层物性有明显的控制作用,压实作用、胶结作用导致储层物性变差,溶蚀作用使储层物性得到较好的改善。     

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区延长组长6储层特征

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区长6油层组主要发育三角洲沉积,其中分流河道和水下分流河道是主要的油气储集层。长6油层组储集层岩石类型以岩屑长石细砂岩和长石细砂岩为主,颗粒间多为线、点—线接触,孔隙和薄膜式胶结,总体具有成分成熟度低、结构成熟度高的特征。粒间孔和长石溶孔是主要的储集空间,其中以小孔和微孔为主,渗透率小于3×10-3μm2,为特低渗储层和接近致密储层。研究区较强的压实作用、胶结作用是形成低孔低渗的主要因素,而溶蚀作用是储层物性改善的主要因素。     

准噶尔盆地侏罗系低渗透油气储层特征及成因探讨

通过对准噶尔盆地侏罗系低渗储层岩石学特征、成岩作用特征及物性特征、孔隙结构特征等因素分析，研究了侏罗系低渗储层的成因，分析了影响低渗储层性质的重要因素，认为成岩压实作用是决定准噶尔盆地侏罗系低渗储层性质的关键因素，相对优质储层主要分布于低热成熟度、低塑性岩屑含量和粗粒级的砂体中。砂岩粒径、塑性岩屑含量和煤系发育程度影响成岩压实减孔量，从而影响剩余原生粒间孔隙发育程度。三工河组受沉积环境、组分和结构控制的相对优质储层分布广泛，是侏罗系中的最佳储层。煤系地层发育程度对储层物性有重要控制作用。     

民丰洼陷沙三段储层特征与物性影响因素

通过沉积相分析、岩心观察、薄片鉴定和岩心物性统计分析等表明,民丰洼陷储层岩石类型以岩屑长石砂岩和长石砂岩为主,孔隙类型以粒间溶孔为主,物性总体上为高孔、中高渗透.原始沉积环境是储层物性的主要决定因素,受岩石类型、成熟度、分选性和填隙物含量等的影响,物性优劣顺序为三角洲前缘分流河口砂坝、水下分流河道、近岸水下扇内扇、远砂坝和近岸水下扇外扇.成岩作用对储层物性的影响主要表现为早期压实压溶作用及后期强烈的钙质胶结作用,是导致储层物性损害的主要原因.原始物性好的位置在经历压实和早期胶结之后往往有利于储集空间的残余,从而在溶解作用下更有利于流体的运移以及长石和岩屑等颗粒的溶解,并由此有效地提高了孔隙度并改善了喉道连通性.     

鄂尔多斯盆地定边油田长7 致密砂岩储层成岩作用及孔隙演化规律

鄂尔多斯盆地定边油田延长组长7储层石油地质储量丰富,但砂体致密、非均质性强等因素严重制约了油气的有效勘探开发。综合运用铸体薄片、扫描电镜等资料,深入分析研究区储层的岩石组分、孔隙类型、物性特征及成岩作用,将成岩演化事件与地质响应有机匹配建立研究区孔隙演化模型,厘清储层成岩演化及孔隙演化规律,同时对比不同深度成岩作用对孔隙演化规律的影响程度。结果表明,研究区长7储层以长石砂岩为主,主要发育黏土、碳酸盐等胶结物,有效孔隙类型以残余粒间孔、次生溶孔及晶间微孔为主,为典型的特低孔、超低渗透致密砂岩储层。成岩演化过程先后经历快速压实—早期胶结、胶结—早期溶蚀、溶蚀增孔、压实—晚期胶结等阶段,目前处于中成岩A期。压实作用是导致孔隙减小、储层致密的主控因素,平均减孔量为20.40%;胶结作用平均减孔量为14.02%,其中晚期胶结是储层致密的关键因素;溶蚀作用平均增孔量为5.87%,可延缓储层致密过程。长7^1油层段底部与长7^2油层段中部储层压实、胶结作用减孔量相对较弱,溶蚀增孔量相对较大,可作为研究区勘探开发的首要目标。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘克百地区二叠系风城组砂砾岩储层特征及主控因素分析

基于准噶尔盆地西北缘克百地区30余口井的岩心、录井及测井数据,运用显微镜、扫描电镜等分析手段,通过对砂砾岩储层的岩石学、沉积学进行分析,认为准噶尔盆地西北缘克百地区二叠系风城组砂砾岩以岩屑砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主,沉积相以扇三角洲相和冲积扇相为主,其中以扇三角洲前缘亚相水下分流河道微相储层物性最好,可提供最有利的油气储集空间,扇三角洲平原亚相分流河道微相储层物性次之,亦可作为储层的有利区域。经过对研究区成岩机理研究认为,影响研究区砂砾岩储层的主要成岩作用为压实作用、胶结作用和溶解作用。压实作用为破坏性的成岩作用,使该区砂砾岩储层的孔隙度和渗透率减少,4 000m以深孔隙度小于10%、渗透率低于0.1×10-3μm2;胶结作用具有正反2个方面的成岩作用,既可通过胶结减少岩石的孔隙,又可通过抑制压实作用的进一步进行从而保持颗粒间的距离;溶解作用为建设性的成岩作用,尤其是深部储层中具有强烈的压实压溶作用,使油气的储集和运移变的更加有利。     

往复式空气压缩机常见故障及处理

介绍了往复式空气压缩机运行中常见故障,分析了产生故障的主要原因,提出了处理方法。     

Clothianidin dissipation in tomato and soil, and distribution in tomato peel and flesh

Clothianidin, a new neonicotinoid insecticide, was systematically evaluated. An analytical method using gas chromatography with electron capture detection was developed. Recoveries were between 92% and 102%, with relative standard deviations from 3% to 5% at three fortified levels. The decrease of clothianidin in tomato and soil samples under field conditions at Beijing, Shandong, and Anhui were determined. The dissipation rates of clothianidin fit first-order kinetics. Its half-lives ranged from 6.7 to 12.7 days in soil, and 7.0 to 11.9 days in tomato. On the suggested pre-harvest interval of 7 days, the distribution of clothianidin in tomato peel and flesh was studied. Most residues were found on the peel. Hence, removing the tomato peel before consumption is advisable. The stability of clothianidin fortified at 0.3 or 3 mg/kg in frozen green and red ripe tomatoes was also determined. The half-life mainly depended on the spiked levels of this pesticide.     

中国致密砂岩气及在勘探开发上的重要意义

致密砂岩气藏系指聚集工业天然气的致密砂岩场晕或圈闭,根据其储集层特征、储量大小及所处区域构造位置高低,可将致密砂岩气藏分为两类:"连续型"致密砂岩气藏和"圈闭型"致密砂岩气藏,前者通常位于构造低部位,圈闭界限模糊,无统一气水界面,往往气水倒置,储源一体或近源;后者位于圈闭高处,上气下水,储量规模较小但产量相对较高。中国致密砂岩气都是煤成气,组分以烷烃气(C1 4)为主,甲烷含量最高,烷烃气具正碳同位素系列;非烃气(主要是CO2和N2)含量低。截至2010年底,中国致密砂岩气的储量和年产量分别占全国天然气储量和产量的39.2%和24.6%,预计将来比例还会提高。与页岩气、煤层气等非常规气相比,中国近期在非常规气勘探开发中应以致密砂岩气为先。     

Aflatoxins and fumonisins in rice and maize staple cereals in Northern Vietnam and dietary exposure in different ethnic groups

Mycotoxins in food are increasingly a food safety hazard concern in particular in developing countries. This study was performed to determine the occurrence and determinants of aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in rice and maize and to assess health risks through dietary intake exposure among ethnic minority groups in northern Vietnam. A total of 111 rice and 102 maize samples, were tested for occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins, i.e. aflatoxins (AF’s) and fuminisin B (FB). Results showed that 107 (96.4%) rice and 84 (82.4%) maize samples were contaminated by fungi. Aspergillus flavus was found in 68 (61.3%) rice and 30 (29.4%) maize samples, Aspergilus parasiticus in 40 (36.0%) rice and 27 (26.7%) maize samples. AF’s - were detected in 27 rice (24.3%) and 27 maize samples (26.4%) at minimum and maximum levels in rice of 2.06 and 77.8 ng/g and 20.5 and 110 ng/g in maize, respectively. Nine (8.1%) rice and 24 (23.5%) maize samples contained FB at ranges of 2.3–624 ng/g in rice and 5.6–89.8 ng/g in maize. Data collected through interviews and observations in households showed that type of crop, storage duration and presence of fungi, particularly mycotoxigenic fungi were important risk factors for AF’s and FB contamination. Based on daily food consumption data, the estimated average exposure dose of aflatoxin B₁(AFB₁) from rice was 21.7 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 33.7 ng/kg bw/day for children. For FB, the rice based average exposure amounted to 536 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 1019 ng/kg bw/day for children. The calculated excess risk of liver cancer incidence by ingestion of cereals containing AFB₁ was 1.5 per 100,000 adults and 2.3 per 100,000 children per year. The average intake of FB was calculated to be lower than the tolerable diet intake (TDI). Our findings highlight that rice and maize are contaminated with mycotoxins at levels representing actual health hazards for the ethnic minority groups consuming these stable cereals. Proper drying and storage conditions in households are likely to reduce the mycotoxin contamination.     

Aflatoxin M1 in raw and UHT cow milk collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) concentrations were determined in raw and UHT cow milk samples collected in different regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia during the autumn months of 2014. The mean AFM1 levels in the raw milk samples were (ng/kg): 6.22 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 5.65 in Croatia. In all except one milk sample, AMF1 levels were below the LOQ value of 34.2 ng/kg (ELISA method). In four milk samples, AFM1 concentrations exceeded the EU MRL of 50 ng/kg. Samples were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis which confirmed elevated values determined by ELISA. Elevated levels were in the range 56.6–132.6 ng/kg. Two positive milk samples from Bosnia and Herzegovina originated from Una Sana Canton, two from Croatia from eastern Croatia. The highest AFM1 levels of 132.6 ng/kg was measured in milk from eastern Croatia. In 214 samples of processed UHT milk from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, AFM1 ranged from 2.29 ng/kg to 21.4 ng/kg, all below the LOQ value. AFM1 exceeded the EU MRL value in only 0.62% of milk samples, indicating the sporadic use of contaminated feedstuff at farms in both countries.     

改进中加强 创新中发展——改革开放30年企业思想政治工作的实践与探索

改革开放30年来，企业思想政治工作随着形势的不断变化，曾经面临着诸多新问题。企业思想政治工作正是在解决这些问题的实践中不断探索，创新思路和方法，提升效果和水平，成为企业改革、发展、进步的动力源泉。     

Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in dried chestnuts and chestnut flour produced in Italy

The occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in chestnut products made in Italy was surveyed. Thirty-seven samples of chestnut flour and fourteen of dried chestnuts were collected from retail outlets located in northern Italy. After extraction and purification through an immunoaffinity column, aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were analysed using both HPLC-FLD and HPLC-MS/MS. The mycotoxin contamination found in this survey was widespread and remarkable. As regards aflatoxins, the incidence of aflatoxin B₁ was 62.2 and 21.4% in chestnut flour and dried chestnuts, respectively; in the same products, the percentage of samples exceeding the value of 2.0 μg kg⁻¹ for aflatoxin B₁ (maximum limit fixed by EC Regulation 165/2010 in dried fruits) was 24.3% and 7.1%. A widespread and high incidence of AFG₁ was also found (40.5%). The maximum values for aflatoxin B₁ and total aflatoxins were 67.88 and 188.78 μg kg⁻¹, respectively (chestnut flour sample). Ochratoxin A occurred in all samples, showing very high values (mean 12.38 and 13.63 μg kg⁻¹ for chestnut flour and dried chestnuts, respectively); the percentages of samples exceeding the limit of 10 μg kg⁻¹ (EU limits for dried vine fruit) were 64.9 and 42.8% for chestnut flour and dried chestnuts, respectively. The maximum value was 65.84 μg kg⁻¹ (dried chestnut sample).     

陆相层序地层学进展与在油气勘探开发中的应用

陆相层序地层与被动大陆边缘海相层序地层之间存在较大的差异。陆相盆地沉积受多种因素控制,而且不同类型盆地的主要控制因素又各不相同,造就了陆相盆地沉积类型多、相变快、横向连续性差、纵向上层序厚度变化大,频繁的湖侵湖退使湖盆沉积垂向上韵律变化快;因此陆相层序地层的形成、结构和模式更为复杂,研究更为困难。在研究与实践中,中国学者根据陆相盆地的边界特征、体系域边界特征、初始湖泛面和最大湖泛面、是否有坡折带等因素,建立了符合中国盆地沉积实际的坳陷型盆地和断陷型盆地层序地层格架和模式。控制陆相地层层序发育的因素主要是湖平面的变化、构造、气候、基准面的变化和物源的供给,特别是构造和气候显得十分重要,它们直接控制了湖平面的变化。陆相地层层序研究的方法体系主要包括露头层序研究方法、实验观测和分析方法、测井层序地层分析、地震层序地层分析和层序地层的数值模拟方法。在油气勘探中的区带勘探阶段、目标勘探阶段和开发阶段,层序地层学都能发挥不可替代的作用。     

企业编制预算中常见问题及对策

国际金融危机的冲击，国内外多变、复杂的政治、经济环境给企业的发展带来诸多不利影响，市场竞争、企业之间的竞争日趋激烈，对企业编制预算的水平提出更高要求。结合企业编制预算实务操作过程中经常出现的问题，分决策层和职能部门两个层面进行总结，提出见解和对策。