铱盐对卤化银照相乳剂性能的影响

研究了在乳化开始及乳化过程中添加铱盐（ＮＨ４）２ＩｒＣｌ６对乳剂照相性能的影响，并用设计出的可行方法测定了乳化开始时加入的铱在卤化银晶体中的分布。进一步说明了铱在卤化银晶体中的电子陷阱作用。     

铱盐掺杂对卤化银乳剂照相性能的影响

本文阐述了一项用铱盐对溴碘化银T颗粒乳剂的增感实验研究，实验结果说明，在卤化银颗粒内部形成的铱增感感光中心，捕获光电子后在颗粒内部形成潜影，因而会降低感光度，而颗粒表面形成的铱增感感光中心能形成表面潜影，从而提高乳剂感光度。     

照相明胶在卤化银感光乳剂中的作用

综述了照相明胶在卤化银感光乳剂中的作用研究,主要从明胶的结构和组成、明胶大分子主要成分含硫氨基酸及其氧化产物的作用、所含主要微量金属离子、明胶与Ag 、X-的相互作用以及明胶的稳定与保护作用等方面作了总结.     

照相稳定剂583对扁平卤化银乳剂微晶的增感作用

应用双注仪制备了单分散六边形扁平溴碘化银乳剂微晶，研究了照相稳定剂５８３对乳剂照相性能和电性质的影响。结果表明：５８３对Ｓ＋Ａｕ增感的扁平溴碘化银乳剂微晶有明显的增感作用，而对未经化学增感的乳剂没有增感作用。从５８３对离子过程、电子的复合和捕获过程的影响进一步研究了其增感机理。     

卤化银乳剂微晶结构与感光度的关系的初步分析

本文叙述了近年来高速彩色负片采用的新的卤化银微晶制备技术，并就卤化银微晶的结构对感光性能的影响进行了分析。     

改进化学成熟温度控制系统功能提高乳剂照相性能的稳定性

彩色感光材料生产工艺要求严格控制乳剂化学成熟温度,容许偏差为±0.2℃。引进的生产线配备有计算机自动温控系统,能达到此精度要求,但在加热或冷却系统运转不正常时,会出现温控滞后现象,导致乳剂报废。从乳剂配方、工艺和计算机程序上进行的一系列改进措施克服了这个弊端。本文系统地报导了这项技术成果。     

超微粒乳剂的制备及量子尺寸效应的研究

本文制备了四种不同粒度的超微粒AgBr照相乳剂,用X射线衍射技术对其粒子的大小进行了测定;观察到乳剂的紫外吸收峰随晶体颗粒的减小表现出逐渐蓝移;本文提出晶体表面的悬键的存在使得纳米晶体的平均键能升高,并对纳米AgBr乳剂的量子尺寸效应进行了解释。     

Mid-infrared luminescence properties of Dy-doped silver halide crystals

The absorption and the kinetics of the emission in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) were investigated in AgCl(x)Br(1-x) crystals doped with Dy(3+) ions. Strong emission bands were detected at 3, 4.4, and 5.5 μm and attributed to the (6)H(13/2)→(6)H(15/2), (6)H(11/2)→(6)H(13/2), and (6)F(11/2)+(6)H(9/2)→(6)H(11/2) transitions. Various optical parameters were calculated for the Dy(3+) doped crystals, using the Judd-Ofelt approximation and the rate equations. The measured results and the calculated parameters indicate that these doped crystals could be used for the development of mid-IR solid-state lasers or mid-IR fiber lasers.     

Bleached silver halide volume holograms recorded on Slavich PFG-01 emulsion: The influence of the developer

Abstract

Bleached holograms are one of the most interesting techniques used to produce phase holograms of high quality on photographic emulsions. Of particular interest is the method of fixation-free rehalogenating bleaching. In this paper we will study the influence of the development step in the bleaching process applied to Slavich PFG-01 emulsion, a red-sensitive fine-grained emulsion from the Slavich Company. We will show that the development influences the optimum concentration of potassium bromide in the bleach solution. We will also show that good results can be obtained by using Slavich PFG-01 plates for a wide variety of developers; in the case of the CW-C2 developer a diffraction efficiency of over 70% was reached.     

Contributions of chemical and mechanical surface properties and temperature effect on the adhesion at the nanoscale

The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a powerful tool to investigate surface properties of model systems at the nanoscale. However, to get semi-quantitative and reproducible data with the AFM, it is necessary to establish a rigorous experimental procedure. In particular, a systematic calibration procedure of AFM measurements is necessary before producing reliable semi-quantitative data. In this paper, we study the contributions of the chemical and mechanical surface properties or the temperature influence on the adhesion energy at a local scale. To reach this objective, two types of model systems were considered. The first one is composed of rigid substrates (silicon wafers or AFM tips covered with gold) which were chemically modified by molecular self-assembling monolayers to display different surface properties (methyl and hydroxyl functional groups). The second one consists of model polymer networks (cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane) of variable mechanical properties. The comparison of the force curves obtained from the two model systems shows that the viscoelastic contributions dominate for the adhesion with polymer substrates, whereas, chemical contributions dominate for the rigid substrates. The temperature effect on the adhesion energy is also reported. Finally, we propose a relation for the adhesion energy at the nanoscale. This relation relates the energy measured during the separation of the contact to the three parameters: the surface properties of the polymer, the energy dissipated within the contact zone and the temperature.     

Effects of deposition time and temperature on the optical properties of air-annealed chemical bath deposited CdS films

CdS films of over 1-μm thickness were deposited onto glass substrates by chemical bath deposition (CBD). Deposition temperature and time were varied from 40 °C to 60 °C and from 30 min to 4 h, respectively. The highest deposition rate, 6.39 nm/min, was obtained with samples deposited for 90 min at 60 °C. The films deposited at 60 °C for 4 h were found to have the best adhesion and without defects. The optical properties, in particular the optical band gap, depended on film thickness, the deposition and annealing temperatures. Annealing in air resulted in a shift of the absorption edge towards higher wavelengths, i.e., a decrease in the gap value from 2.45 eV to 2.38 eV. The optical band edges of the films were not constant but depended on the annealing temperature. The refractive index, calculated by applying the envelope method on the transmission of the films in wavelengths from 550 nm to 850 nm, was in the range 1.95-2.26. The resistivity determined from dark conductivity measurement, as a function of the annealing temperature, was found to be in the order of 10⁵ Ω cm for samples annealed in air at 250 °C, 3 h, and the activation energy was about 0.22 eV.     

Photolytic fabrication of phase gratings on silver halide crystals

Diffraction phase gratings are formed on samples of crystalline silver halide by exposing them through a mask to 353-nm laser light followed by chemical processing. The exposure and photographic development processes generate metallic silver strips on the sample surface. The fixing process removes the silver strips, leaving grooves on the surface as deep as 1.1 microm. Gratings of 100-microm period are thus formed. The groove depth is determined by optical methods and is confirmed by atomic force microscopy. This method can be used to form diffractive optical elements on IR transmitting fibers and waveguides as well as on crystals.     

pH effect on the aggregation of silver nanoparticles synthesized by chemical reduction

Silver colloidal nanoparticles were prepared according to the chemical reduction method in which the ascorbic acid was used as a reducing agent and sodium citrate as a stabilizing agent. The absorption spectra of all prepared samples obtained using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed a surface plasmon peak at a wavelength of about 420 nm. The size of the silver nanoparticles was controlled by changing the pH values of the reaction system. At high pH, smaller size silver nanoparticles were obtained compared to low pH values. This difference can be attributed to the difference in the reduction rate of the precursor. In addition to the inverse proportionality between the size and the pH value it is clear that increasing the pH value enables us to obtain spherical nanoparticles while at low pH, rods and triangular particle shapes were formed. Poor balance between nucleation and growth processes could be the cause of this result.