X90管线钢的抗氢致开裂性能

目前有关X90管线钢抗H2S性能的研究报道较少.为此,采用NACE TM 0284-2003方法对X90和X80管线钢进行氢致开裂(HIC)试验以对比研究其抗HIC性能,论述了氢致开裂的机理,并分析了X90管线钢的微观组织和化学成分对氢致开裂的影响.结果表明:X90管线钢的抗HIC性能较X80管线钢差,X90钢的热影响区与焊缝区的抗HIC性能比母材好;X90钢易产生Mn的偏析,且C会加剧其偏析,同时Cr的碳化物析出使氢鼓泡易在此处产生,2种因素均导致X90钢的抗HIC性能降低;适当控制微观组织比例,降低C含量,在保证提高X90管线钢强度的同时,严格控制Mn和Cr的含量,可以提高其抗HIC性能.     

显微组织对X80钢氢致裂纹敏感性和氢捕获效率的影响

对以针状铁素体为主的X80管线钢进行不同工艺的热处理,分别得到具有多边形铁素体组织或板条马氏体组织的试样。研究了显微组织对不同试样在饱和H_2S环境中的氢致裂纹(HIC)敏感性和氢渗透行为的影响。结果表明:具有不同显微组织的X80钢其HIC敏感性从大到小的排序为:1水淬处理的板条马氏体组织试样,2空冷处理的多边形铁素体组织试样,3原始针状铁素体组织试样;氢在材料中的捕获效率是影响材料HIC敏感性的主要因素之一,渗氢通量J_∞、氢扩散系数D_(eff)越低,氢捕获效率越高,管线钢的氢致裂纹敏感性越高。     

管线钢中的硫化夹杂物与氢致开裂

研究了5种材料在NACE溶液和人工海水溶液中的氢致开裂（Hydrogen-induced cracking,HIC）行为，结果表明：当材料中存在硫化夹杂物时，氢致开裂敏感性增大。为了提高材料的抗氢致开裂性能，应控制其含量与形态。对于更恶劣的腐蚀环境（酸性油气），管线钢抗HIC的评价应采用NACE标准进行氢致诱导开裂试验。     

X52管线钢抗氢致开裂试验裂纹成因分析

针对某段时期出现的X52管线钢产品经抗阶梯型破裂试验后,试样有明显阶梯裂纹,产品检验不合格的问题,对不合格批次的试样进行化学成分、炼钢工艺以及显微组织等方面的分析,分析了该抗硫化氢腐蚀X52管线钢氢致开裂的原因。结果表明:开裂批次试样的钙硫含量比值偏低,导致出现夹杂物偏聚和中心偏析,且夹杂物呈线状分布,是造成该管线钢产品抗氢致开裂试验开裂的主要原因。最后对X52管线钢的生产控制要点提出了相应建议,以提高其抗硫化氢腐蚀的能力。     

X80管线钢焊接与焊缝开裂影响因素研究进展

为了提升油气运输的经济性,保证油气运输管道系统可靠性,管道工程不断向着高强度、高韧性、大管径的趋势发展.其中X80管线钢在新型高级别管线钢中应用最广,但由于近几年涉及环焊缝的失效事故,环焊缝的服役安全问题备受关注,有关X80管线钢焊接接头组织性能以及接头裂纹产生原因的探究也日趋深入.本文分析和总结了国内外X80管线钢基材制备工艺和显微组织、相关焊接接头组织性能和开裂机制等方面的研究成果,探究了X80钢裂纹产生的原因.环焊缝开裂主要是焊口组织、残余应力和氢效应等因素共同作用的结果.影响氢致开裂的主要因素及相关规律可总结为:(1)焊接热输入量直接影响接头质量;(2)热影响区晶粒大小,粗大的晶粒会导致热影响区局部软化;(3)X80管线钢强度高,与低级别管线钢(相似文献   

显微组织及频率对Ti_3Al基合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响EI北大核心

以不同的频率对具有不同显微组织的Ti3Al基合金的疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行了研究。结果表明,显微组织及频率对材料的da/dN有强烈的影响,1080℃固溶处理组织具有最低的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,1110℃固溶处理组织具有最高的疲劳裂纹扩展速率。随着频率的降低,三种显微组织的疲劳裂纹扩展速率都有所增加。初生α2相的体积分数是影响疲劳扩展速率的重要因素。含有初生α2相的组织及不含初生α2相的组织的疲劳裂纹扩展有不同的机制。     

磨辊开裂原因分析

磨辊在热处理之后发生开裂，裂纹宏观形貌平直。为寻找开裂原因，对开裂磨辊进行了化学成分和高、低倍组织及断口的宏、微观分析。检验结果，宏观断口上有较多白亮斑，低倍试样上分布大量锯齿状白点裂纹；用SEM观察断口的白亮斑区有不连续二次裂纹，二次裂纹边缘分布多个穿晶准解理平台，平台微观形貌与白点的微观形貌特征相符；金相组织是由粗大马氏体、贝氏体和珠光体与铁素体组成的混合组织，且有不连续分布的穿晶锯齿状裂纹，裂纹周围未脱碳。结果表明，磨辊开裂是由白点引起的，而白点裂纹的形成与磨辊材料的氢含量和热处理组织缺陷等因素有关。     

抗酸钢中产生氢致裂纹与氢鼓包的原因分析

将生产的抗酸管线钢按照NACE TM0284-2003标准进行硫化氢腐蚀试验,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜对酸性腐蚀后试样中的氢致裂纹进行宏观与微观观察,发现氢致裂纹呈现多种形态,有阶梯状氢致裂纹、单个裂纹、Y字形裂纹等;对试样表面氢鼓包进行微观观察,发现鼓包心部实际也是氢致裂纹。观察发现:不论是氢致裂纹还是氢鼓包,裂纹均起源于偏析带状、氧化物夹杂以及粗大晶粒的晶界处。最终通过工艺控制,得到了良好的带状组织,保证了抗酸管线的批量生产。     

耐酸性高Mn奥氏体钢的实验研究

为适应特殊油气开采环境的复杂工况条件,提高设备的使用寿命和安全性,降低开采成本,不同于常规管线钢低C低Mn的合金设计思路,采用高C高Mn成分体系获得了综合性能优异的新型耐酸性奥氏体钢.通过拉伸实验、冲击试验以及氢致开裂实验等方法对其综合性能进行研究,并利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜等手段对高Mn奥氏体钢的组织进行了观察分析.研究结果表明:实验钢抗拉强度达到1 153 MPa,屈强比仅为0.46,伸长率高达50%,-40℃冲击功达到123 J,同时A溶液条件下经96 h浸泡未发现氢鼓泡及裂纹.实验钢显微组织为单相奥氏体组织,组织中存在大量位错、层错以及孪晶.与常规管线钢相比较,实验钢具有低屈强比、高均匀塑性变形的优点.此外,奥氏体组织的溶氢能力极强,本实验钢具有优良的抗氢致开裂腐蚀性能.     

氢气环境下2205双相不锈钢的氢致开裂研究

为了研究氢气环境下双相不锈钢疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的影响规律,建立氢气环境下双相不锈钢疲劳应变组织演化—氢致开裂之间的关联机制,在5 MPa氢气和5 MPa氮气2种环境中对2205双相不锈钢试样进行了慢应变速率拉伸和疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验。结果表明：在氢气环境下,2205双相不锈钢在慢应变速率拉伸过程中的氢脆敏感性不高,而在疲劳过程中氢脆现象显著,5 MPa氢气环境下2205双相不锈钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率比氮气环境中的快18倍;氢气能够促进2205双向不锈钢疲劳裂纹尖端周围组织的局部塑性变形,并进一步导致氢致开裂。在氢气环境下2205双相不锈钢疲劳变形过程中,不同的相结构其氢致开裂机理也不同,铁素体相容易形成河流状花样断口形貌(解理断口),而奥氏体相断口形貌多呈现平行的滑移带特征,奥氏体相在铁素体相的解理开裂过程中对裂纹具有阻碍作用。     

Relationship between microstructure and hydrogen induced cracking behavior in a low alloy pipeline steel

Hydrogen induced cracking(HIC) behaviors of a high strength pipeline steel with three different microstructures, granular bainite lath bainite(GB + LB), granular bainite acicular ferrite(GB + AF), and quasi-polygonal ferrite(QF), were studied by using corrosion experiment based on standard NACE TM0284. The HIC experiment was conducted in hydrogen sulfide(H_2S)-saturated solution. The experimental results show that the steel with GB + AF and QF microstructure present excellent corrosion resistance to HIC, whereas the phases of bainite lath and martensite/austenite in LB + GB microstructure are responsible for poor corrosion resistance. Compared with ferrite phase, the bainite microstructure exhibits higher strength and crack susceptibility of HIC. The AF + GB microstructure is believed to have the best combination of mechanical properties and resistance to HIC among the designed steels.     

Critical Assessment 17: Mechanisms of hydrogen induced cracking in pipeline steels

Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) remains a prominent issue for oil and gas exploration in challenging environments. This assessment discusses HIC in light of hydrogen transport through pipeline steel microstructures and crack initiation and propagation processes. While there has been significant research in hydrogen permeation through steel alloys, additional understanding is necessary in microstructures specific to pipeline steels. Furthermore, a standard model for crack initiation and propagation processes needs to be established; a fracture mechanics based model, which has been used by some researchers, is presented in the present paper to predict crack propagation. Advanced characterisation techniques can help elucidate mechanisms of hydrogen induced crack growth. Ultimately, linking hydrogen transport and cracking processes during HIC will enable optimised alloy and microstructure design.     

Hydrogen-induced cracking susceptibility and hydrogen trapping efficiency of different microstructure X80 pipeline steel

The hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) susceptibility of the X80 steel in H₂S environment and its heated-treatment microstructure was evaluated. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were employed to study the morphology and chemical composition of the inclusions, precipitates and HIC cracks in the X80 steel. The hydrogen trapping efficiency was investigated by measuring the permeability (J _∞L) and the apparent diffusivity (D _app). The results showed that heat-treated specimens had lower trapping efficiency, but were more susceptible to HIC. Most of the HIC cracks initiated from the inclusions rich in Mn, Al, Ca, and Ti, and propagated transgranularly in the original and air cooled specimens, but mainly intergranularly in water quenched specimens.     

残余奥氏体对60Si2Mn 钢氢致断裂的影响

本文研究了残余奥氏体量及其机械稳定性对60Si2Mn 钢氢致开裂敏感性的影响.采用氢脆应力强度门槛值(K_(th))和氢致脆化率(I_H)评定材料氢致开裂敏感性.残余奥氏体量(8.4—17.9%)对 K_(th)值影响不大。回火和充氢处理使残余奥氏体机械稳定性降低,并对氢脆抗力有很大影响。块状残余奥氏体应力诱发转变成马氏体,氢致开裂并形成孔洞。一方面孔洞能降低裂纹尖端应力和提高氢脆抗力,另一方面孔洞也可作为裂纹扩展途径,易于开裂。讨论了 K_(th)和 I_H 的变化。     

国产管线钢的环境开裂性能研究

采用电化学测试和慢应变速率实验(SSRT)研究了国产X70管线钢在近中性pH和高pH溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)行为.结果表明,X70钢在高pH溶液和近中性pH溶液中的阳极极化曲线表现出明显的差异:在高pH溶液中有明显的活化-钝化转变而在近中性pH溶液中则无;在近中性pH溶液中,X70管线钢的开裂模式是穿晶型的,具有准解理特征,并且随着外加阴极电位的降低,SCC敏感性增加,氢致破裂占主导;随温度的下降以及溶液中CO2含量的增加,溶液pH值降低,SCC敏感性增加.在高pH溶液中,在阴极极化时,X70钢表现出与在近中性pH溶液中类似的破裂行为和特征,即SCC敏感性随电位降低而增大,裂纹数目少而大,裂纹易扩展;但在阳极极化时,裂纹数目多而小,易萌生但难扩展.在2种溶液中阳极极化时,均存在SCC敏感电位区.     

The effect of microstructure in the hydrogen embrittlement of a gas pipeline steel

Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) tests were carried out on a carbon-manganese pipeline steel having a low sulphur content (<0.01%). It was shown that the susceptibility to HE increased as the microstructures changed from ferrite-pearlite to martensite. In the hydrogenated state the fracture surface of the ferrite-pearlite and ferrite-bainite specimens consisted of small cleavage regions surrounding non-metallic (oxide) inclusions; these were called rosettes and were a characteristic feature of the embrittled state. In hydrogenated martensitic specimens, failure was almost entirely intergranular along prior austenite grain boundaries and cracking of martensitic laths. In the martensitic specimens a relationship between inverse time to failure and prior austenite grain size was established.     

SCC Behaviour of X-70 Pipeline Steel in Near-Neutral pH Solutions

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviour of X-70 pipeline steel in near-neutral pH solutions was studied via slow strain rate testing (SSRT). The results showed that the cracking mode of X-70 pipeline steel in near-neutral pH solutions was transgranular at different temperatures and applied potentials with the feature of quasi-cleavage. The pH value of the solution decreased with increasing the addition of CO2, which increased the susceptibility to SCC. SCC susceptibility increased as the applied potential moved towards the cathodic direction, suggesting that hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) dominated the cracking process at cathodic potentials. The slight decrease of pH values with decreasing temperature of the solution increased the susceptibility to SCC, which attributed to the change of solubility of CO2 in the solution at different temperatures. The propagating directions of SCC cracks were different at different potentials. At rather negative cathodic potentials, the cracks were almost perpendi     

Effect of bainitic microstructure on the susceptibility of pipeline steels to hydrogen induced cracking

Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) of API X80 and API X100 pipeline steels have been investigated in high pH carbonate-bicarbonate environment using slow strain rate testing (SSRT) method. It has been found that while both steels are highly susceptible to HIC, and diffusible hydrogen content is higher in API X80 than in API X100, the later steel is more vulnerable than the former at high (more negative) cathodic potential. This higher susceptibility can be primarily attributed to the combined effect of (1) separation of bainitic lath boundaries due to hydrogen trapping in these locations, (2) mobile hydrogen, and (3) stress. The charging-discharging experiments followed by SSRT experiments in air suggest that, the cracks that appeared due to lath boundary separation did not cause the reduction of ductility by themselves, rather it was the diffusible hydrogen that forced these cracks to propagate and, ruptured the steel with very low percent reduction of area (%RA). Despite the fact that the mobile hydrogen content plays a key role in causing the embrittlement, the large number of cracks in API X100 steel, resulting from the bainitic lath boundary separation at high cathodic potential, superseded the effect of higher diffusible hydrogen content in API X80 steel. The general conclusion is that bainitic lath type microstructure is more vulnerable to HIC at high cathodic potential than the ferritic/granular bainitic ones. It has been also found that applying cathodic protection can lead to excessive hydrogen embrittlement in both of the abovementioned steels in high pH carbonate-bicarbonate environment and, therefore, efforts need to be invested in developing nobler (more positive corrosion potential) and better HIC resistant steels.     

Interfacial fracture strength evaluation of Cu/SiN micro-components: applicability of the linear fracture mechanics criterion under a hydrogen environment

In this study, we have investigated microstructures of the delamination cracks observed from tensile and fracture toughness test specimens using an API X70 pipeline steel. It is found that the delaminations observed from both tensile and toughness specimens are intergranular fractures. At the occurrence, characteristics of brittle fracture were observed, but it was found not to be a brittle fracture as the delaminations were induced by plastic deformation. It is shown that severe plastic deformation produced strain concentration around particles located along grain boundaries and caused decohesion between adjacent grains, resulting in intergranular fracture.