When the shape of the glass influences the flavour associated with a coloured beverage: Evidence from consumers in three countries

We report a study designed to investigate the effect of the shape of the glass on colour–flavour associations in 300 participants from the UK, India, and South Korea. Participants viewed online photographs of red, green, yellow, blue, orange, and brown beverages presented in a water, wine, or cocktail glass, and indicated the first flavour or drink that came to mind from a list of 24 flavour options. The results revealed significant cross-cultural differences in terms of the flavour expectations that were elicited by viewing each of the coloured drinks. Furthermore, the crossmodal associations for the green, yellow, and orange drinks were also found to be influenced by the shape of the glass in which the drink was presented. These findings demonstrate how contextual factors (the shape and/or type of glass) can influence the crossmodal associations that exist between colour and flavour across different cultural backgrounds. Our results further highlight the importance of considering the appropriateness of the glassware in which a drink is presented (e.g., in advertising and in any images shown in product packaging).     

A Comparison of the Antioxidant Potential of Wine and Beer

The antioxidant properties of two beers (an ale and a lager) and of two wines (a red Cabernet Sauvignon, and a white Chardonnay) have been compared using a range of assays: the Trolox assay, superoxide scavenging, hydroxyl scavenging and β‐carotene bleaching. When compared on an ‘as is’ basis, the red wine was shown to contain much more antioxidant potential than the other beverages with all the assays except the β‐carotene bleaching assay, which compares the ability of agents to prevent lipid oxidation. In this assay, beer performed best. When the beverages were compared on an equivalence of polyphenol basis, the superior performance of red wine was not evident, indeed white wine was the most potent in the Trolox assay and the superoxide scavenging tests, with beer again proving its superiority in the β‐carotene bleaching test. The study highlights the pitfalls of simply assuming that the superior performance of one product in a single assay means that it is inherently preferable as a source of antioxidants and pertinent issues remain the ability of the anti‐oxidants to access the tissues where they can exert a beneficial effect and the mode in which a substance needs to act in order to have a desirable impact on bodily health.     

Beer and wine consumers' perceptions of the nutritional value of alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages

ABSTRACT:  In general beer has not been portrayed as part of a balanced diet. However, red wine has been promoted as a beneficial part of a nutritious diet. The evidence is that beer is at least the equal of wine from a nutritional perspective and in countering ailments such as coronary heart disease. This study used surveys to compare beer and wine consumers' perceptions of alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages. The consumers ranked 7 beverages based upon perceived healthfulness both before and after they were exposed to nutritional information about the beverages. The ranked data were analyzed using analysis of variance. The variance due to the 3-way interaction of place of recruitment, beverage, and ranking was found to be significant at P < 0.05. There was no significant difference between genders. Overall, consumers of alcoholic beverages perceived red wine to be more healthful than the other 6 beverages, including beer and white wine. The perceived healthfulness of a beverage does not appear to be the main factor driving the choice of beverage. Nutritional information does impact consumers' perceptions of the healthfulness of beverages. Consumers who are predominately beer drinkers were more heavily influenced by nutritional information than consumers who were predominately wine drinkers.     

Dark vs. light drinks: The influence of visual appearance on the consumer’s experience of beer

We report evidence concerning how the visual appearance of a drink (dark vs. light pale/amber beer) can influence the consumer’s tasting experience. Two experiments were designed to study the effect of visual appearance on people’s hedonic and sensory judgments of beer. Importantly, the beers were indistinguishable in terms of their flavor when tasted in the absence of visual cues.Participants rated the same beer (pale or dark, depending in which group they were assigned) under blind conditions as having more body than when tasted under sighted condition (regardless of whether it was pale or dark; see Experiment 1).When the participants evaluated the expectations and tasting experience of the two different beers under sighted conditions (pale vs. dark), after tasting, those who preferred pale beers, rated the darker beer as tasting sweeter than those who usually prefer other types of beers, such as dark ones (see Experiment 2). Prior tasting, when asked which beer they thought was the most expensive, the majority of the participants chose the darker beer. Furthermore, after tasting both beers, participants reported being willing to pay up to 6% more on average for the darker beer as compared to the pale one.     

酒店餐饮文化中白葡萄酒英文专业词汇的分析研究

白葡萄酒成为酒店餐饮文化中较为常见的饮品。可因为中英文之间的不同,酒店餐饮领域工作人员在服务消费者时,容易将一些对白葡萄酒英文专业词汇产生错误理解带给消费者,从而产生不必要的误会。因此,本文对酒店餐饮文化中白葡萄酒英文专业词汇的理解进行研究,明确要求从事酒店餐饮行业人员不仅要有一定英文基础,更需要充分了解白葡萄酒的文化内涵、历史源头,理解白葡萄酒专业英文词汇,包括白葡萄酒专业英译、干白的准确理解以及葡萄酒烈度的表达等,从而精准理解消费者想要获得的酒饮,进一步提升该酒店服务质量,推动国内餐饮行业的蓬勃发展。     

Monoalkyl carbonates in carbonated alcoholic beverages

The presence of monoethyl carbonate (MEC) in beer and sparkling wine is demonstrated for the first time, as well as the formation of this species in drinks prepared with a distilled beverage and a carbonated soft drink. A capillary electrophoresis (CE) equipment with two capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (C⁴D) was used to identify and quantify this species. The concentrations of MEC in samples of lager beer and rum and cola drink were, respectively, 1.2 and 4.1 mmol/l, which agree with the levels of ethanol and CO₂ available in these products. Previous results about the kinetics of the reaction suggest that only a small amount of MEC should be formed after the ingredients of a drink are mixed. However, in all three cases (whisky and club soda; rum with cola; gin and tonic water), MEC was quickly formed, which was attributed to the low pH of the drinks.     

Influence of teaware on subjective ratings of,and taste expectations concerning,tea

Two studies were conducted in order to investigate the influence of teaware on consumers’ subjective ratings of, and taste expectations concerning, one of the world’s most popular beverages, namely tea. In Study 1, 100 Chinese participants and 100 participants from the USA viewed online photographs of Chinese brand and British brand green tea presented in either Chinese or British tea sets. The participants then rated their feelings about, taste expectations concerning, and willingness-to-pay for, each cup of tea. In Study 2, 65 Chinese participants also viewed these photos with either a high or low price label for each cup of tea. The results of both studies consistently revealed that the teaware influenced Chinese participants’ bitterness and astringency ratings concerning their tea expectations; whereas no such effects were found for the USA participants. Moreover, the teaware also influenced Chinese participants’ pleasantness ratings of tea when no price information was provided, but not when price information was presented. Collectively, these findings highlight the influence of the visual appearance of the receptacle on the subjective ratings of, and taste expectations concerning, tea. These results also compare the influence of product-extrinsic and contextual cues on consumers’ taste expectations.     

鲜啤和白糯米酒脉冲强光冷杀菌技术初探

采用脉冲强光冷杀菌技术分别对鲜啤酒和白糯米酒进行杀菌处理,研究了脉冲强光对鲜啤酒和白糯米酒杀菌效果的影响。结果表明:鲜啤酒经过频率为5次/s闪照处理3min后,酵母菌在啤酒中的含量从220cfu/mL降至175cfu/mL,0℃下啤酒保质期延长3d。白糯米酒经过频率为4次/s闪照处理3min后,酵母菌在白糯米酒中含量从235cfu/mL降至5cfu/mL,在0、10、20、35℃下白糯米酒的保质期分别延长50、30、6、2d。同时通过感官评定和电子鼻检测,发现在上述冷杀菌条件下处理后的鲜啤酒和白糯米酒风味无显著变化。     

Ochratoxin A: an improvement clean-up and HPLC method used to investigate wine and grape juice on the Polish market.

A routine method appropriate for the determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) in wine, grape juice and grape juice drinks was described, and the occurrence of the mycotoxin was investigated in the most popular red wines, grape juice and grape juice drinks available on the Polish market. After clean-up on immunoaffinity column, samples were analysed by RP-HPLC using a fluorescence detector at 330 and 460 nm. The average OTA recoveries from spiked blank wine samples varied from 60 to 82%, and RSD% ranged from 5 to 14%. The OTA recovery for spiked grape juice and grape juice drinks were 80-100%, but the RSD% was between 7 and 10%. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation for all sample types were 0.5 and 2.0 ng l(-1), respectively. Fifty-three samples of red wine and seven samples of grape juice and grape drinks were assessed by means of this analytical procedure. OTA was detected in most wine samples (92%); its concentrations ranged from 2.2 to 6710 ng l(-1). In all grape juice and drink samples, OTA levels ranged from 1.6 to 64.7 ng l(-1).     

Occurrence and stability of inorganic and organic arsenic species in wines, rice wines and beers from Central European market

We investigated in total 80 wine samples of different types and seven grape juice and 23 beer samples purchased from markets in Central Europe in order to understand the arsenic (As) speciation and help assess the potential As toxicity via intake of alcoholic beverages. Generally, total As concentrations in most samples investigated were below the drinking water limit 10 μg l(-1) published by the World Health Organization (WHO); ranging from 0.46 to 21.0 μg l(-1) As in red and white wines and from 0.75 to 13.4 μg l(-1) As in beers. In addition, concentrations of total As in rice wine and in rice beer were 0.63-6.07 and 3.69-8.23 μg l(-1) As, respectively. The total As concentrations in ice wine ranged from 7.94 to 18.8 μg l(-1) As, significantly higher than in white and red wine. Arsenite predominated as the As species in most of the wine samples, whereas arsenate was the dominant species in rice wine, beer and rice beer. Methyl As components were usually minor components in all wine and beer samples. Monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid and two additional unknown As species were frequently found in grape juice, late harvest and ice wine with higher sweetness. After air exposure, arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid were stable at 4°C for months, probably due to the acidic conditions of wine and beer samples. The presence of sulfite had little influence on As speciation in wine. Despite the predominance of more toxic arsenite and arsenate in wine and beer, the estimated weekly exposure to As (via consumption of beer, wine and rice wine) is low. The As intake per capita is 6.81 μg from beer, <1.93 μg from wine and 0.88 μg from rice wine, estimated using the median of total As concentration multiplied by the average consumption per capita of the corresponding beverage.     

北京地区大学生葡萄饮品认知与消费倾向调查

以北京四所市属院校的大学生作为调查对象,通过问卷星进行网络调查收集数据,以了解北京地区大学生对葡萄饮品的认知和消费倾向。调查结果显示：北京地区大学生对葡萄饮品成分及功效有一定的了解,品牌认知水平较高。葡萄饮品选择时大学生更愿意选择葡萄汁作为日常消费,葡萄酒、葡萄籽提取物保健饮料及葡萄醋等饮品多用于健康养生或送礼。针对大学生饮品喜好的调查发现,73.76%的同学喜欢酸甜口味的葡萄饮品。除此之外,大学生这一消费群体更喜欢有个性的饮品包装,购买时首先考虑品牌,葡萄饮品的认知水平提高有助于消费。     

MICROBIAL LOAD OF BEVERAGE GLASSES

Beverage glasses were randomly sampled during the winter (Study I) to determine cleanliness. During the spring, random sampling of beer glasses from one establishment of Study I and two additional outlets was conducted (Study II). Contamination level of soft drink and wine glasses was not different (P > 0.05). Microbial load of beer glasses was higher than for other glasses. Beer glasses from one establishment had more (P < 0.05) contamination than those from the other units. Current operational and sanitary practices conducted at those establishments studied (except Establishment D) are effective enough to provide acceptable cleanliness.     

Price information influences the subjective experience of wine: A framed field experiment

Past experimental laboratory and correlational data from observational research has shown that knowledge of the price of wine influences the consumer’s subjective experience. However, there is limited prior research that has explicitly manipulated price information in a realistic wine tasting setting. A total of 140 participants tasted three different low-, mid- and high-priced wines with open, deceptive, or no price information and rated them for taste intensity and pleasantness. In our community sample, intensity of taste ratings for open, deceptive and blind price information reflected retail prices, thus more expensive wines were rated as more intense in taste. However, while pleasantness ratings did not differ for open and no price information, deceptive up-pricing of low-price wine significantly influenced ratings for pleasantness, whereas deceptive down-pricing of high-price wine had no effect on pleasantness ratings. Thus, pricing information differentially influences the consumer’s subjective experience of wine, with no effects on intensity of taste ratings and no effects on pleasantness ratings with correct or no price information, but increased pleasantness of low-price wine when provided with a deceptive higher price. Thus, in wine may lay the truth, but its subjective experience may also lie in the price.     

Occurrence and stability of inorganic and organic arsenic species in wines,rice wines and beers from Central European market

We investigated in total 80 wine samples of different types and seven grape juice and 23 beer samples purchased from markets in Central Europe in order to understand the arsenic (As) speciation and help assess the potential As toxicity via intake of alcoholic beverages. Generally, total As concentrations in most samples investigated were below the drinking water limit 10?µg?l^?1 published by the World Health Organization (WHO); ranging from 0.46 to 21.0?µg?l^?1 As in red and white wines and from 0.75 to 13.4?µg?l^?1 As in beers. In addition, concentrations of total As in rice wine and in rice beer were 0.63–6.07 and 3.69–8.23?µg?l^?1 As, respectively. The total As concentrations in ice wine ranged from 7.94 to 18.8?µg?l^?1 As, significantly higher than in white and red wine. Arsenite predominated as the As species in most of the wine samples, whereas arsenate was the dominant species in rice wine, beer and rice beer. Methyl As components were usually minor components in all wine and beer samples. Monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid and two additional unknown As species were frequently found in grape juice, late harvest and ice wine with higher sweetness. After air exposure, arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid were stable at 4°C for months, probably due to the acidic conditions of wine and beer samples. The presence of sulfite had little influence on As speciation in wine. Despite the predominance of more toxic arsenite and arsenate in wine and beer, the estimated weekly exposure to As (via consumption of beer, wine and rice wine) is low. The As intake per capita is 6.81?µg from beer, <1.93?µg from wine and 0.88?µg from rice wine, estimated using the median of total As concentration multiplied by the average consumption per capita of the corresponding beverage.     

发酵酒的抗氧化活性研究进展

发酵酒是以粮谷、水果等为原料经发酵工艺酿制的低度酒,口感清冽,营养丰富,具有广阔的市场和发展前景.该文总结了黄酒、啤酒、葡萄酒和果酒这4种典型发酵酒的抗氧化能力和主要的抗氧化成分,为开发具抗氧化功能的发酵保健酒提供参考.     

Effect of wine barrel ageing or sapa addition on total polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of some Italian craft beers

Beer is a complex mixture of bioactive polyphenols with positive health effects, and its composition is influenced by some technological variables. In this study, the total polyphenol content (TPC) and the antioxidant activity of some Italian craft beers produced by ageing in wood barrel that previously contained red or white wines, and by addition of sapa, a cooked must from wine grapes, were investigated. TPC greatly vary among different beer types. Craft beers stored in wood barrels that contained red wines, such as those added of sapa from red wine grapes, showed a TPC up to 2.5 times higher (1000 GAE mg L^?1) compared with other craft beers, and 3.6 times higher than the industrial beer. The antioxidant activity is remarkably different depending on beer type and strictly correlated with TPC. Results indicate that antioxidant properties of the craft beers could be efficiently improved by the explored technological processes.     

畅销品牌市场跟踪

本栏目主要对国内百家大型零售商场的销售状况进行监测,并定期发布监测结果和分析报告,为消费品生产企业及各级经销商提供经营参考,同时作为广大消费者了解和把握市场动态的窗口。 编者     

Beverage perception and consumption: The influence of the container on the perception of the contents

Drinking, unlike eating, always involves direct contact with the container in which a drink happens to be held. In our everyday lives, we typically consume beverages from glasses, cups, mugs, cans, bottles, and via straws. In this article, we consider the impact that the physical and sensory properties of a drink’s container can have on people’s perception of the contents. We investigate what happens to the perception of a beverage when the appropriateness of the container (to the contents) is varied. Furthermore, we also review the latest evidence showing that people’s consumption behaviours can be influenced by the shape of the cup or glass. The vessel in which a drink is consumed has been shown to affect everything from a consumer’s hedonic response to the beverage through to how refreshing they find it. Taken together, then, the available evidence currently supports the view that the vessels from which we drink exert a far greater influence over our perception of the sensory and hedonic qualities of the contents, and on our consumption behaviours, than is often realized. Finally, some of the current marketing opportunities in the area of branded and sensorially enhanced glassware are highlighted.     

火龙果饮品加工应用研究进展

本文着重介绍火龙果饮品加工(火龙果发酵果汁饮品、火龙果复合乳饮品、火龙果果蔬复合饮品、火龙果发酵果醋果酒饮品、火龙果茶饮品、火龙果悬浮饮品等)研究进展,分析火龙果饮品加工发展方向,为全面开发新型火龙果加工产品提供理论依据。