Technical and economical aspects of solar desalination with particular emphasis on solar pond powered distillation plants

Desalination remains an important and interesting application for the use of solar radiation as a source of undepletable energy. After almost a decade of research and development including the installation and testing of various smaller pilot systems, our solar desalination technology - among others - is now becoming available on a commercial level.The paper discusses the evolution of the technology both of the desalination and the collector-subsystems as a result of the technical and economical constraints associated with the utilization of solar energy, a highly fluctuating energy source of low surface density.Performance data is presented in particular for the coupling of a selfregulating MSF unit with a solar pond energy collection and storage system, both inhouse developments.The performance and layout data was obtained both from computer simulation and experimental results with a small sized solar pond and desalination subsystem in Switzerland. The economy assessment, which is presented for Middle East climate conditions, clearly demonstrates that solar desalination already becomes competitive for medium sized installation at remote locations. Potential further cost reductions also through upscaling may lead to the use of desalinated water for agricultural applications one day.     

Concept of randomness in chemistry and ambiguity in the results of chemical experiments

A general approach to the analysis of the effect of random factors on processes in physicochemical and chemical systems is proposed. A probabilistic model of a system is constructed, which is based on the principle of variability of complex systems. The simplest functions of distribution of systems with respect to the parameters of state are presented. The function of distribution of replica experiments with respect to the measurement results in the presence of uncontrollable random factors is described. Reported at the Conf. “Liquid-Phase Systems and Nonlinear Processes in Chemistry and Chemical Technology,” Ivanovo, 1999.     

核电站卧式蒸汽发生器的运行经验与化学清洗

介绍了俄罗斯WWER-1000型核电站卧式蒸汽发生器的运行经验.在田湾核电站的设计中,俄罗斯提供了对蒸汽发生器化学清洗的改进工艺,即成功地应用在赫梅利尼茨基(Khmelnitsky)核电站1号机组冷停堆过程中的化学清洗工艺.     

Fabrication of gradient cemented carbide with Ni3Al binder: Simulations and experiments

Ni₃Al phase with an ordered fcc structure has been extensively investigated as alternative binder in WC/TiC/Ti(C, N)-based cermets. Due to the excellent stability, high temperature performance and oxidation resistance, it shows great potential in γ-free gradient cemented carbides. The possibility to fabricate WC-Ti(C,N)–Ni₃Al gradient cemented carbide using powder metallurgical method was investigated in the present work through both simulations and experiments. The alloys composition and sintering parameters were carefully designed with the guidance of thermodynamic calculations and DICTRA simulations. A gradient layer free of cubic Ti(C, N) phase and enriched in Ni₃Al binder at surface of the cemented carbide sintered at 1723 K for 2 h was generated, with thickness of about 20 μm. The microstructure, elemental concentration distributions and concentration profiles of the new-type gradient cemented carbide with Ni₃Al binder have been analyzed by means of XRD, SEM, EDS and EPMA. The gradient layer formation by DICTRA simulations is in accordance with the experimental data. The present work shows the potential for further design of the gradient cemented carbide with Ni₃Al binder under the powerful guidance of thermodynamic calculations and DICTRA simulations.     

Operation of a 10 kWth chemical-looping combustor during 200 h with a CuO–Al2O3 oxygen carrier

Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) is an attractive technology to decrease greenhouse gas emissions affecting global warming, because it is a combustion process with inherent CO₂ separation and therefore without needing extra equipment for CO₂ separation and low penalty in energy demand. The CLC concept is based on the split of a conventional combustion of gas fuel into separate reduction and oxidation reactions. The oxygen transfer from air to fuel is accomplished by means of an oxygen carrier in the form of a metal oxide circulating between two interconnected reactors. A Cu-based material (Cu14Al) prepared by impregnation of γ-Al₂O₃ as support with two different particle sizes (0.1–0.3 mm, 0.2–0.5 mm) was used as an oxygen carrier for a chemical-looping combustion of methane. A 10 kWth CLC prototype composed of two interconnected bubbling fluidized bed reactors has been designed, built in and operated at 800 °C during 100 h for each particle size. In the reduction stage full conversion of CH₄ to CO₂ and H₂O was achieved using oxygen carrier-to-fuel ratios above 1.5. Some CuO losses as the active phase of the CLC process were detected during the first 50 h of operation, mainly due to the erosion of the CuO present in external surface of the alumina particles. The high reactivity of the oxygen carrier maintained during the whole test, the low attrition rate detected after 100 h of operation, and the absence of any agglomeration problem revealed a good performance of these CuO-based materials as oxygen carriers in a CLC process.     

Structure of the M{alpha}2-3 toxin {alpha} antibody-antigen complex: combination of modelling with functional mapping experimental results

Modelled structures of the acetylcholine receptor-mimickingantibody, M2-3, both free and bound to its antigen, toxin ,are assessed in the light of new experimental mutational datafrom functional mapping of the paratopic region of M2-3. Theexperimental results are consistent with the previously-predictedstructure of the free antibody, and also demonstrate that structuralparticularities of the M2-3 combining site that were identifiedin the models play a role in the protein association. The modelledconformations of the hypervariable loops are discussed in thecontext of recent new data and analyses. The new mutationaldata allow several previously-considered modelled structuresof the complex to be rejected. Two quite similar models nowremain.     

海南炼化248万吨/年柴油加氢改扩建装置开工和运行总结

介绍了采用石油化工科学研究院开发的分区进料灵活加氢改质MHUG-Ⅱ技术将原200万吨/年柴油加氢精制装置改造为248万吨/年催直柴灵活加氢改质装置。改造后可以同时加工密度高、十六烷值低的催化柴油和硫含量高、十六烷值较高的直馏柴油,生产满足国Ⅳ以上标准清洁柴油。     

Randomized comparison of the effects of the vitamin D<Subscript>3</Subscript>adequate intake versus 100 mcg (4000 IU) per day on biochemical responses and the wellbeing of patients

Background  

For adults, vitamin D intake of 100 mcg (4000 IU)/day is physiologic and safe. The adequate intake (AI) for older adults is 15 mcg (600 IU)/day, but there has been no report focusing on use of this dose.     

Corrosion inhibition of aluminum with a 3‐(10‐sodium sulfonate decyloxy) aniline monomeric surfactant and its analog polymer in a 0.5M hydrochloric acid solution

The inhibitory effect of a 3‐(10‐sodium sulfonate decyloxy) aniline monomeric surfactant and the analog polymeric surfactant poly[3‐(decyloxy sulfonic acid) aniline] (PC₁₀) on the corrosion of aluminum in 0.5M hydrochloric acid was studied with weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The results show that the inhibition occurred through the adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the metal surface. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with increasing inhibitor concentration and decrease with increasing temperature. It was found that these inhibitors acted as mixed‐type inhibitors with anodic predominance. The adsorption of these compounds on the metal surface obeyed the Langmuir and Frumkin adsorption isotherms. Thermodynamic functions for both the dissolution and adsorption processes were determined. The obtained results from the weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques were in a good agreement. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

浓硝酸装置运行常见问题解决方案及装置大型化的探讨

探讨浓硝酸装置设备、管道材料的选择,硝酸镁溶液的结晶问题,尾气的达标排放及装置大型化的问题。     

In situ synthesis of P3HT-capped CdSe superstructures and their application in solar cells

Organic/inorganic hybrid solar cells have great potentials to revolutionize solar cells, but their use has been limited by inefficient electron/hole transfer due to the presence of long aliphatic ligands and unsatisfying continuous interpenetrating networks. To solve this problem, herein, we have developed a one-pot route for in situ synthesis of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)-capped CdSe superstructures, in which P3HT acts directly as the ligands. These CdSe superstructures are in fact constructed from numerous CdSe nanoparticles. The presence of P3HT ligands has no obvious adverse effects on the morphologies and phases of CdSe superstructures. Importantly, higher content of P3HT ligands results in stronger photoabsorption and fluorescent intensity of CdSe superstructure samples. Subsequently, P3HT-capped CdSe superstructures prepared with 50 mg P3HT were used as a model material to fabricate the solar cell with a structure of PEDOT:PSS/P3HT-capped CdSe superstructures: P3HT/Al. This cell gives a power conversion efficiency of 1.32%.     

铬和钼掺杂对HCa2Nb3O10／Pt光催化性能的影响

通过高温固相反应合成了铌酸盐KCa2Nb3O10及Cr^3＋和Mo^6＋掺杂（摩尔分数5％）的KCa2Nh3O10，并通过离子交换反应制备出HCa2Nb3O10及Cr^3＋和Mo^6＋掺杂的HCa2Nb3O10采用X射线衍射、原子吸收光谱、扫描电镜等对所制得的样品进行了表征．在甲醇为电子给体、Pt为助催化剂的情况下，研究了催化剂HCa2Nb3O10及Cr^3＋和Mo^6＋掺杂的HCa2Nb3O10在紫外光辐射下分解水产氢的光催化活性，并讨论了引起催化剂活性差异的原因，     

Agglomerate size evolution in modular twin‐screw extruder: Modeling and validation with CaCO3/LLDPE compounding experiments

The screw combination of twin‐screw extruder affects the filler size in inorganic filler‐reinforced polymeric compounds. This article tried to conveniently and precisely model the agglomerate size evolution in modular co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder. The break‐up process of agglomerate was analyzed to obtain the relationship between average deagglomerating energy (M) and agglomerate size, the result presented a mathematic relationship between M and agglomerate size. Numerical simulation study was conducted to consider the effect of kneading blocks (KB) or flight elements (FE) number on dispersion capacity of screw combination. The average deagglomerating energy, calculated based on POLYFLOW simulation, was introduced as major parameter to evaluate the dispersion capacity, which presented a proportional relationship to the KB or FE number. The model was developed by combining the agglomerate break‐up process and simulation results. In validation, CaCO₃/linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) compounds were prepared by modular co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder with different screw combinations. The optical image analysis showed that CaCO₃ agglomerate size decreased with the KB or FE number rising, while it achieved minimum when the KB number was 4. The model was in accordance with the experimental results, and proved to be valid for KB and FE combinations in preparing CaCO₃/LLDPE compounds. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45535.     

28000m~3/h内压缩流程空分系统的问题及处理

介绍了28 000 m3/h内压缩流程空分装置运行中出现的空压机气体带油、汽轮机真空波动大、高压液空节流阀故障等问题。通过对其原因进行分析,找出了问题的症结所在并制定了相应的整改措施,实施后效果明显。     

Solvent-free synthesis of C9 and C10 branched alkanes with furfural and 3-pentanone from lignocellulose

Jet fuel range branched alkanes were first synthesized under solvent-free conditions by the aldol condensation of furfural and 3-pentanone from lignocellulose followed by the one-step hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). Among the investigated solid base catalysts, CaO and KF/Al₂O₃ demonstrated the highest activity for the aldol condensation reaction of furfural and 3-pentanone. The aldol condensation product of furfural and 3-pentanone (liquid at room temperature) was directly hydrodeoxygenated to 4-methyl-nonane and 4-methyl-octane. These alkanes have low freezing points (174.1 K and 159.8 K) and can be blended into jet fuel without hydroisomerization. Among the investigated HDO catalysts, the Ni-Cu/SiO₂ exhibited the best performance.     

Simulation and experiments of droplet deformation and orientation in simple shear flow with surfactants

The deformation and orientation behavior of three-dimensional (3D) viscous droplets with and without surfactants is studied in simple shear flow using simulations and experiments. Two added amounts of surfactants are considered, along with a range of viscosity ratios and capillary numbers. The numerical method couples the boundary integral method for interfacial velocity, a second-order Runge-Kutta method for interface evolution, and a finite element method for surfactant concentration. The algorithm assumes a bulk-insoluble, nonionic surfactant, and uses a linear equation of state to model the relationship between the interfacial tension and the surfactant concentration on the drop surface. The algorithm was validated by comparison with other numerical results and good agreement was found. The experiments are performed in a parallel-band apparatus with full optical analysis of the droplet. The simulated and measured 3D steady-state shape of the ellipsoidal drops and their orientation are in reasonably good agreement. It was found that the surfactants have a greater effect on drop geometry for smaller viscosity ratios and that the deformation increases as the transport of surfactant becomes more convection dominated. It was also found that surfactants cause the drops to align more in the flow direction and that, for both clean and surfactant-covered drops, this alignment increases with viscosity ratio. Finally, simulations showed a wider distribution of surfactant on the interface for smaller viscosity ratios.     

Macrocycle-Mediated Transport in a Bulk 1.5 M HNO3-CHCI3-0.01 M HNO3 Membrane System of Pd2+ and Mn+ from Pd2+Mn+ Mixtures

Abstract

Pd²⁺ has been transported using sulfur substituted macrocycles as carriers and several Mⁿ⁺ (Mⁿ⁺ = Lⁱ⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Ag⁺, TL⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺) have been transported using 18-crown-6 (18C6) and sulfur substituted macrocycles as carriers in a 1.5M HN0₃/CHCL₃3/0.01M HNO₃ bulk liquid membrane system. Competitive Pd²⁺-Mⁿ⁺ transport studies have also been carried out for the same systems. The cyclic polyether 18C6 transports Mⁿ⁺ selectively over Pd²⁺ for all Mⁿ⁺ except Li⁺, Mg²⁺, and Cd²⁺. In the cases of these three cations, no transport was found for either Pd²⁺ or Mⁿ⁺. Generally, the sulfur substituted macrocycles transport Pd²⁺ selectively over Mⁿ⁺.