电动汽车二次回路热泵空调系统性能试验研究

为了研究制冷剂充注量和环境温度对电动汽车二次回路热泵空调系统的影响规律,笔者设计并搭建了带有二次回路的热泵空调系统试验台。针对不同转速下,制冷量/制热量、COP和压缩机排气温度等参数随充注量及环境温度的变化趋势进行了试验研究,并确定标准制冷和制热工况的最佳充注量。结果表明：随着充注量的增加,蒸发器出口过热度和排气温度逐渐降低,而排气压力逐渐升高;制冷量/制热量和COP随充注量的增加而增大,并在最佳充注量处达到峰值,之后保持小幅变化。综合考虑,制热和制冷模式下系统最佳充注量分别为650 g和1 100 g。基于最佳充注量、压缩机转速为2 000 r/min时,制热模式环境温度由0℃升至12℃,制热量增加48.4%,COP_h升高8.3%;制冷环境温度由27℃升高至43℃时,制冷量和COP分别降低12.3%和44.4%。     

多功能空调热水器最佳制冷剂充注量的实验与分析

本文提出了一种新型双节流储液器,该装置可以自动调节系统的制冷剂循环量,使得多功能空调热水器能够在多种模式下稳定运行。依据于COP最大的原则,通过实验确定了多功能空调热水器在夏天单独制冷和制冷兼制热水两种模式下制冷剂的最佳充注量,实验结果表明本装置在室外环境温度为32±1℃时,夏季单独制冷、制冷兼制热水两种模式下的最佳充注量分别为6.5 kg、7.5 kg,相应的最大COP分别为3.80、5.88。当制冷剂充注量发生变化时,通过调节系统的节流阀,能够使系统的COP接近于制冷剂最佳充注量所能达到的效果。另外,考察了最佳充注量下节流阀开度对COP、过冷度及过热度的影响,当制冷剂充注量相同,制冷兼制热水模式的COP和制冷量与单独制冷模式的相比,前者更大些。实验结果显示了双节流储液器对制冷剂循环量具有调节作用,达到了节能的效果。     

电动汽车热泵空调系统低温制热性能及优化

热泵空调系统在满足电动汽车冬季供暖需求方面发挥了重要作用。本文采用新型低GWP值的R1234yf为制冷剂,对电动汽车热泵空调系统在-20～7℃环境下的低温制热性能进行了测试,对电动汽车冬季热负荷进行标定,并且与制冷剂R134a进行了对比,研究了系统制冷剂充注量、制热量、COP和排气温度的变化,同时对系统各部件?损失进行了分析计算并根据结果确定系统优化方向。结果表明:该系统最佳制冷剂充注量为1 406 g,制热量与COP在大部分工况下达到2 k W与1.8以上,能够满足低温制热需求; R1234yf直接替代R134a时,系统制热量与COP比R134a系统低7.1%与6.6%,系统的排气温度比R134a平均低5.3℃,系统工作更稳定可靠;热泵空调系统内冷凝器与压缩机的?损失占系统总?损的80%以上,是重点优化方向;增大内部冷凝器换热面积、增大风量、提高压缩机转速可显著提升R1234yf系统制热性能,使之与R134a系统的制热性能相比大约相等或者更高。     

制冷剂充注量对冷藏车用制冷机组性能的影响

为了研究制冷剂充注量对冷藏车用制冷机组性能的影响,在数值模拟得到的制冷剂标准充注量的基础上,试验研究制冷剂充注量对压缩机吸/排气压力、吸/排气温度、蒸发器出口过热度、冷凝器出口过冷度及制冷能力的影响。研究表明,数值模拟方法得到的制冷剂标准充注量适用于实际制冷机组。     

采用微通道冷凝器的制冷机组启动高压跳停的解决方法

针对采用微通道冷凝器的制冷机组在低室温高环温工况下启动时容易出现高压跳停的问题,通过对微通道换热器与传统翅片管式换热器内容积差异的分析,从改善系统设计方面入手,提出减少制冷剂充注量,使制冷剂快速回到蒸发器继续循环,以及加大冷凝器侧容积的方法,为采用微通道冷凝器的制冷机组的设计提供参考。     

制冷剂充注量对新型换热器汽车空调的影响

为了减少R134a的直接排放,各厂商积极采用新型高效换热器来减少汽车空调系统的充注量.在焓差试验台研究传统汽车空调和采用微通道蒸发器和过冷式冷凝器的汽车空调系统的充注量情况,结果表明新型换热器能够显著降低系统的制冷剂充注量,并且在最佳充注量下,蒸发器能够保证一定的过热度,冷凝器出口有足够的过冷度,使系统运行性能最优.采用新型换热器系统的制冷量提高了18％左右,COP提升了约5％,最佳充注量反而比传统系统小100g,.     

家用变频空调充注优化过程各参数的研究

为了研究制冷剂充注量的变化对家用变频空调器性能的影响,进行了不同充注量实验。根据实验数据分析了充注量对蒸发器、冷凝器、液相管、气相管的压降以及对系统运行功率、蒸发压力、冷凝压力和系统性能系数(COP)等的影响,并且提出了一个判断系统最佳充注量依据。研究结果对变频空调器的设计优化和充注优化起到了一定的参考价值。     

基于实车台架的车用空调系统制冷剂充注量试验研究

提出在实车台架上确定车用空调系统的制冷剂充注量试验方法,并以某车型的R134a车用空调系统为例,测试其冷凝器过冷度、蒸发器过热度、压缩机吸气压力以及排气压力,得到R134a充注量合适范围为475~550 g,最终确定为520 g±20 g。该试验方法为当前车用空调系统制冷剂充注量的确定提供参考,从而有效缩短产品开发周期和试验成本。     

充注量对空气源热泵热水器性能的影响

本文通过实验比较了热泵热水器在不同制冷剂充注量下的制热性能和电子膨胀阀的调节特性,定量研究了电子膨胀阀调节方式对制热性能的影响。结果表明:阀开度16%和定过热度10℃工况下的最佳充注量均为1.1 kg,相应的最佳整体制热性能COP_a分别为3.05和3.68;过大的充注量降低了制热性能和电子膨胀阀的调节范围;与阀开度调节相比,过热度调节可避免吸气带液的发生;在最佳充注量下,对比阀开度和过热度两种电子膨胀阀调节方式得出,后者制热性能更优。     

R32和R410A双级压缩系统对比试验研究

用一套双级压缩系统样机分别充注R32和R410A制冷剂进行性能对比试验,试验结果表明:在各工况能力相当的情况下,R32系统的SEER,HSPF和APF分别提高8.6%,10.7%和9.6%。R32系统的排气温度在制冷和超低温制热工况下比R410A系统高1~10℃,而在其他制热工况下比R410A系统低1~10℃。     

Modeling and experimental evaluation of an automotive air conditioning system with a variable capacity compressor

A steady state computer simulation model has been developed for refrigeration circuits of automobile air conditioning systems. The simulation model includes a variable capacity compressor and a thermostatic expansion valve in addition to the evaporator and micro channel parallel flow condenser. An experimental bench made up of original components from the air conditioning system of a compact passenger vehicle has been developed in order to check results from the model. The refrigeration circuit was equipped with a variable capacity compressor run by an electric motor controlled by a frequency converter. Effects on system performance of such operational parameters as compressor speed, return air in the evaporator and condensing air temperatures have been experimentally evaluated and simulated by means of developed model. Model results deviate from the experimentally obtained within a 20% range though most of them are within a 10% range. Effects of the refrigerant inventory have also been experimentally evaluated with results showing no effects on system performance over a wide range of refrigerant charges.     

Refrigerant charge reduction in vapor compression refrigeration cycles via liquid-to-suction heat exchange

This short communication reports a study of the potential for refrigerant charge reduction in vapor compression refrigeration systems by means of a liquid-to-suction heat exchanger. The analysis was carried out on purely thermodynamic grounds for refrigerants of current interest, such as R134a, R22, R290, R600a and R717, assuming the cooling capacity as a constraint so that the evaporating pressure is free to vary. It was found that the minimum amount of refrigerant can be reduced depending on the thermophysical properties of the refrigerant, the working conditions, and the charge inventory.     

带有高压贮液器的热泵系统不同充灌量下的实验研究

高压贮液器是制冷、空调、热泵系统中的常用部件,但其对系统性能的影响在相关系统性能分析时却常被忽视。通过实验讨论了在充灌量过少、适量、过量的情况下,高压贮液器对系统工况和性能的影响与制约,并给出了充灌量过少、适量、过量的简易判别标准。     

Practical methods for measuring refrigerant mass distribution inside refrigeration system

The purpose of this paper is to present methods for measuring refrigerant mass distribution inside a refrigeration system conveniently and accurately. The quasi on-line measurement method (QOMM) was presented for measuring refrigerant mass inside heat exchangers. Compared with the existing liquid nitrogen method (LNM), QOMM can avoid the refrigerant waste and accelerate the measurement process. For measuring refrigerant mass inside the compressor, QOMM was used together with the oil level observation method. The liquid level method (LLM) was used to measure the refrigerant mass inside the accumulator and the receiver. In order to verify the accuracy of the measurement methods, not only the deviation of the measurement method for refrigerant in single component was analyzed, but also the prediction of the total refrigerant charge in an air conditioner was verified. The results showed that the maximal prediction deviation of the refrigerant charge in the whole refrigeration system is 1.7%.     

再循环重力供液制冷系统实验

对重力供液制冷系统形成再循环的条件和再循环时蒸发器的传热性能进行理论分析,建立相应的数学模型。将重力供液制冷系统与直接膨胀供液制冷系统进行比较,得到两种不同制冷系统工作特性上的差异。通过在焓差实验室中测定制冷系统在不同工况下的压力、风量、制冷量以及耗功等技术参数,得到重力供液制冷系统和直接膨胀供液制冷系统在室外干球温度一定的情况下传热系数、制冷量以及系统COP的变化规律。实验表明:再循环的形成可以增大制冷剂流速同时充分润湿传热表面,强化换热效果显著,在测试的工况下蒸发器的传热系数可增大近40%,COP最大提高7.6%,低温工况的增幅更大。     

Experimental and numerical study on microchannel and round-tube condensers in a R410A residential air-conditioning system

The effect of different type of condensers on the performance of R410A residential air-conditioning systems was investigated in this study. Two R410A residential air-conditioning systems, one with a microchannel condenser and the other with a round-tube condenser, were examined experimentally, while the other components of the two systems were identical except the condensers. Two condensers had almost same package volumes. The two systems were operated in separate environmental chambers and their performance was measured in ARI A, B, and C conditions. Both the COP and cooling capacity of the system with the microchannel condenser were higher than those for the round-tube condenser in all test conditions. The refrigerant charge amount and the refrigerant pressure drop were measured; the results showed a reduction of charge and pressure drop in the microchannel condenser. A numerical model for the microchannel condenser was developed and its results were compared with the experiments. The model simulated the condenser with consideration given to the non-uniform air distribution at the face of the condenser and refrigerant distribution in the headers. The results showed that the effect of the air and refrigerant distribution was not a significant parameter in predicting the capacity of the microchannel condenser experimentally examined in this study. Temperature contours, generated from the measured air exit temperatures, showed the refrigerant distribution in the microchannel condenser indirectly. The temperature contours developed from the model results showed a relatively good agreement with the contours for measured air exit temperatures of the microchannel condenser.     

Performance comparison of an air/water heat pump using a minichannel coil as evaporator in replacement of a fin-and-tube heat exchanger

This paper reports the results of an experimental and numerical study of the use of a minichannel coil and a fin-and-tube coil in an air/water heat pump working as evaporator when the system is working in heating mode. The experimental installation developed to test the heat pump unit is briefly described and then the experimental results are presented. Alternatively, the heat pump is modelled using a refrigeration system design program. The results obtained using this model are compared to experimental results allowing the validation of the model. Once the model is validated, it is used to numerically determine the distribution of refrigeration charge and other interesting parameters not experimentally measured. Finally, an analysis of the numerically obtained results is presented in order to study the influence of several operating conditions on refrigerant charge, system COP and heating power for both types of evaporators tested.     

适用于制冷系统泄漏探测的制冷剂质量计算模型

本文提出一种适用于制冷系统泄漏探测的制冷剂质量计算模型。通过该模型可以实时计算出制冷系统内部各部件内的制冷剂质量,并实现对制冷系统的泄漏探测。在制冷剂质量计算模型中,开发了基于温度信号进行相区划分的换热器分区制冷剂质量计算模型,提出了基于理论和显式表达式的压缩机及连接管路的制冷剂质量计算模型。验证结果表明,该模型对制冷剂质量的最大计算误差为3. 18%。     

Experimental study of a miniature vapor compression refrigeration system with two heat sink evaporators connected in series or in parallel

A miniature vapor compression refrigeration system included two heat sinks connected in series (indicated as series system) or in parallel (indicated as parallel system) was built. The performance of the series system was studied and compared with that of the parallel system. The results indicate that the largest cooling capacity of the two systems is about 160 W and the optimal refrigerant charge is about 0.6 M_total in the miniature vapor compress refrigeration (VCR) system. There is no relation between the optimal refrigerant charge and the arrangement of the heat sinks. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the series system ranged from 1.81 to 3.22, while the COP of the parallel system was in the range of 1.51–2.92 under the cooling capacity of 100 W. The cooling of the heat sink 2 lag behind that of the heat sink 1 in the serial system, while the refrigerant is difficult to equally distribute in the parallel system.     

R32制冷剂在风冷冷热水机组上替代R410A的实验研究

介绍R32替代R410A在风冷冷热水机组上的应用研究,通过不同实验工况对比测试,结果表明：采用R32替代后,机组额定制冷量提高6%、额定制热量提高7%、制冷剂充注量减少30%。