The study of terrestrial vertebrates of the Ob River basin

The paper describes the 300-year history of studying the terrestrial vertebrates in the Ob basin and the current state of researches into amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. We examine the role of the research centres in Western Siberia in studying the terrestrial vertebrates in the Ob basin, from the steppe in the south to the tundra in the north and the uplands of the Altai, Kuznetsky Alatau and Salair. We describe the degree of exploration of the terrestrial vertebrates in 11 Russian regions located in the area. The paper includes discussions of rare species, population, spatial distribution and man’s impact on the animals. We also indicate areas where there is insufficient study.     

Lead toxicity to wildlife: Derivation of a critical blood concentration for wildlife monitoring based on literature data

Generic risk assessments of lead (Pb) toxicity to wildlife puts soil Pb limits below the natural background. The Tissue Residue Approach (TRA) is an alternative method by which the current risk of Pb to wildlife can be assessed and avoids uncertainties about Pb exposure routes or bioavailability of environmental Pb. About 80 toxicity studies were reviewed of which 19 experimental and 6 field studies with mammals and birds were selected. Blood lead concentration (Pb-B, µg Pb/dL) was used as the index of exposure. The highest No Observed Effect Concentrations (NOECs) varied about 1600-fold among species and tests when expressed as external doses (mg Pb/kg body weight/day) whereas this range reduced to 50-fold when expressed as Pb-B. This illustrates that variation in Pb absorption from diet largely contributes to the variation in critical doses. A critical Pb-B concentration protecting mammals and birds from Pb toxicity was calculated with the HC₅ approach, i.e. the 5th percentile of species NOEC values with data of 15 different species and using growth, reproduction or hematology as endpoints. The HC₅ was significantly lower for mammals than that for birds (p < 0.05), suggesting that the association between blood lead concentration and systemic toxicity was different between the two groups. The HC₅ was 18 µg/dL for mammals and was 71 µg/dL for birds. The dose-response relationship between hematological effects (hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit) and Pb-B was aggregated for different species. These relationships were highly significant and significantly different between mammals and birds. The relationships predict that the % inhibitions of hematological endpoints at the calculated HC₅ values are only 1.5% in mammals and 2% in birds, clearly within the natural variation.     

Assessment and management of risks arising from exposure to cadmium in fertilisers--II

A preliminary, illustrative human health risk assessment of exposure to cadmium in phosphate fertilisers was performed using typical UK data and a protocol previously developed for application by individual Member States in the European Union. The risk assessment indicated that the for the most pessimistic population exposures characterised by both extreme (97th percentile) cereal and potato consumption and high susceptibility to cadmium uptake, the estimated dose was under the WHO Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) for fertiliser cadmium concentrations ranging from 15 to 100 mg Cd/kg P2O5 applied over 100 years. However, the low margin of safety for high risk groups and the uncertainties inherent in the overall risk assessment suggested that a prudent risk management strategy would involve maintenance of low levels of cadmium in fertilisers and/or conditions that permitted low accumulation of cadmium in soils. On this basis, two main risk reduction measures were developed and assessed: (a) imposition of limits on cadmium concentration in fertilisers; and (b) imposition of charges on levels of cadmium in phosphate fertilisers. An assessment of the economic impact of these risk reduction measures indicated that, at all price elasticities, the most significant impact in terms of changes in demand and changes in consumer expenditure on phosphate fertilisers will be seen with cadmium charges where no thresholds are defined. The impact on the consumer (i.e. farmer) will be an increase in spending of approximately US $4000 per year, which is considered significant, accompanied by a decrease in demand above 20%. If a threshold is set at 60 mg Cd/kg P2O5, the impact is significantly reduced, but stays relatively high compared to the other options. The analysis also indicates that the use of low-cadmium rock is the low cost option. At a likely rock price increase of approximately 5% and assuming a likely price elasticity of -0.2, the yearly costs to farmers will be approximately US $82 which is considered a minimal impact. In the worst case scenario (elasticity of -0.6 and a 10% increase in rock prices), the increase in spending by farmers will be of 3.9% or US $221 which is also considered to represent a minimal impact. At similar price elasticities, the use of decadmation technologies is predicted to be more costly than the use of low-cadmium rock but this option can still be considered as having a minimal impact on the consumer (increase in expenditure of 1.9-13.3% or US $106-748).     

两栖爬行动物馆环境设计 以北京动物园两栖爬行馆改造项目为例

近年,随着人们对两栖爬行动物的关注和动物园饲养管理水平的提高,全国各地动物园新建和改造两爬馆的需要不断增多。两爬馆环境设计是一项交叉学科领域的复杂工程。结合北京动物园两栖爬行馆改造项目的实践,分别从动物展示、游客游览和操作后台3个方面阐述了两爬馆环境设计的特点。探讨了运用动物生理学和行为学特征营造饲养展箱尺度与展箱环境的方法。进而探讨了运用人体工程学常规数据营造参观尺度、展面空间序列与操作尺度的方法。提出了适应室内人体活动和动物活动的声环境、热环境、光环境、色彩环境的最佳参数。     

Assessment and management of risks arising from exposure to cadmium in fertilisers. I

A risk assessment protocol has been developed for use by individual EU Member States with appropriate selection of input data, to assess the risks to humans and the environment arising from exposure to cadmium in fertilisers. The protocol comprises of three modules: (1) the accumulation module, in which the net accumulation of cadmium in soil and soil solution, resulting from the application of fertiliser, is computed over time. The accumulation module allows for a range of inputs from different sources (atmospheric deposition, sludge addition, manure and fertiliser application) as well as for average and extreme rates of fertiliser application. A critical parameter is the solid/liquid partition coefficient, which in turn is a function of soil properties such as pH and is highly variable depending on the algorithm selected as being representative of national conditions. (2) The exposure module, in which the uptake of cadmium from soil into plants and the subsequent intake of cadmium by humans is computed, using exposure parameters characterising both average and extreme exposure scenarios. The protocol focuses on food types known to be sensitive to cadmium uptake (grain, cereals, potatoes, root vegetables and leafy vegetables). Environmental exposure is also characterised. (3) The risk characterisation module, in which Member States may estimate the incidence and severity of the adverse effects likely to occur due to actual or predicted exposure to cadmium. This is undertaken by modelling the Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) in humans and the environment using the accumulation and exposure modules, and then comparing these values against the relevant Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNECs). A range of environmental PNEC values are reported in the literature; the European Commission recommends that normally the lowest No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) should be used in the risk characterisation. For humans, the current WHO Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) is equivalent to a daily intake of 70 microg Cd day(-1). Particular risk groups can be characterised, namely of: children; smokers; women with low iron stores; consumers of food items with high cadmium content; and extreme consumers of staple food items. At present, with the data available, it is not possible to characterise risk groups in detail, either at EU level or at Member State level. However, most Member States appear to have an average intake of cadmium which is lower than the WHO's PTWI.     

Case-control study of toenail cadmium and prostate cancer risk in Italy

A role of cadmium exposure in prostate cancer etiology has been suggested by epidemiologic and laboratory studies, but conclusive evidence on this topic is still lacking. We investigated the relation between cadmium exposure, estimated by determining toenails cadmium levels, and prostate cancer risk in forty patients newly diagnosed with prostate cancer and fifty-eight hospital controls recruited in two provinces from southern and northern Italy. We found an excess cancer risk in subjects in the third and fourth (highest) quartiles of toenail cadmium concentration (odds ratio 1.3 and 4.7, respectively) compared with subjects in the bottom quartile. Results were basically unchanged when limiting the analysis to each province or entering toenail cadmium concentrations as continuous values in the regression model (P=0.004). Despite the limited statistical stability of the point estimates, these findings appear to support the hypothesis that cadmium exposure increases prostate cancer risk.     

加强合同管理 预防和规避工程风险

针对建筑工程在整个施工过程中各种风险随时都可能发生的问题，从施工企业加强合同管理，提高风险意识入手，阐述了在合同签订和合同履约两个阶段采取的应对措施，达到将工程风险控制在最低范围内的目的。     

Review of cadmium transfers from soil to humans and its health effects and Jamaican environment

Concerns about the effects of cadmium on human health have led to numerous guidelines and regulations limiting its concentrations in soils and food and allowable human intakes. These have socio-economic consequences in terms of land use and the marketing of food. The bauxite soils in Jamaica, which are both aluminium ores and agricultural soils contain orders of magnitude higher than world normal concentrations of cadmium resulting in elevated Cd concentrations in several foodstuffs and significant transfers to humans, which would seem to represent a risk factor for increased mortality and/or morbidity in the local populations. But, as in Shipham and other examples, there is no evidence of cadmium-related human distress. Macro-indicators like life expectancy and median ages of death do not show cadmium related geographical distributions. The present review focuses on the soils and foods and illnesses of high incidence especially cancers and renal disease that have been traditionally associated with cadmium. In view of the remarkable concentrations of cadmium involved in Jamaica, and often contradictory reports in the literature, it appears that much remains to be learned about certain details of cadmium toxicity.     

Assessing the impact of waterborne and dietborne cadmium toxicity on susceptibility risk for rainbow trout

The purpose of this study was to use a risk-based integrated-scale toxicological model to examine the impact of waterborne and dietborne cadmium (Cd) toxicity on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) susceptibility appraised with recent published data. A probabilistic assessment model was performed to estimate Cd susceptibility risk. The dose-response models were constructed based on two endpoints of % Cd in metabolically active pool (MAP) and susceptibility time that causes 50% effect (ST50). We further constructed an elimination-detoxification-recovery scheme to enhance the model predictive ability. We found a 95% probability of % Cd in gill and liver MAP exceeding 47-49% and it was likely (70% probability) to have exceeded 52-55%, but it was unlikely (30% probability) to have exceeded 56-60%. In contrast to gill and liver, gut had a relative lower Cd susceptibility risk (15-17% Cd in MAP) with a longer ST50. We suggested that the proposed probabilistic risk assessment framework can incorporate the elimination-detoxification-recovery scheme to help government based biomonitoring and bioassessment programs to prevent potential aquatic ecosystems and human health consequences.     

建筑企业合同风险防范与管理

建设工程合同风险是客观存在的,按照风险的来源大致可分为客观风险和主观风险,合同风险是合同双方必须共同承担的,建筑企业合同风险防范与管理工作贯穿于投标、签约、实施等阶段。结合工作实践,论述了建筑企业合同风险的防范与管理措施。     

英格兰和苏格兰景观特色评价导则介述

英格兰和苏格兰的景观特色评价研究经历了景观评估、景观评价、景观特色评价三个历史阶段。景观特色评价主要包括特色识别与制定决策两个部分,以突出景观特色识别的重要性。这份景观导则包括文字导则与图则两种形式,在城市开发规划、景观保护与景观管理中得到普遍应用。英格兰和苏格兰景观特色评价导则对我国景观特色的理论与实践具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Breast milk lead and cadmium levels from suburban areas of Ankara

The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate levels of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in the breast milk at 2 months postpartum, (2) to investigate the relationship between Pb and Cd levels in breast milk and some sociodemographic parameters and (3) to detect whether these levels have any influence on the infant's physical status or on postpartum depression in the mothers. Pb and Cd levels in breast milk were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The median breast milk concentrations of Pb and Cd were 20.59 and 0.67 μg/l, respectively. In 125 (87%) of 144 samples, Pb levels were higher than the limit in breast milk reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) (> 5 μg/l). Breast milk Cd levels were > 1 μg/l in 52 (36%) mothers. The mothers with a history of anemia at any time had higher breast milk Pb levels than those without a history of anemia (21.1 versus 17.9 μg/l; p = 0.0052). The median breast milk Cd levels in active and passive smokers during pregnancy were significantly higher than in non-smokers (0.89, 0.00 μg/l, respectively; p = 0.023). The breast milk Cd levels of the mothers who did not use iron and vitamin supplements for 2 months postpartum were found to be higher than in those who did use the supplements (iron: 0.73, 0.00 μg/l, p = 0.023; vitamin: 0.78, 0.00 μg/l, p = 0.004, respectively). Breast milk Cd levels at the 2nd month were correlated negatively with the z scores of head circumference and the weight for age at birth (r = − 0.257, p = 0.041 and r = − 0.251, p = 0.026, respectively) in girls. We found no correlation between the breast milk Pb and Cd levels and the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale scores. Breast milk monitoring programs should be conducted that have tested considerable numbers of women over time in view of the high levels of Pb in breast milk in this study.     

Cadmium and lead in selected tissues of two commercially important fish species from the Adriatic Sea

Baseline levels of cadmium and lead were determined in muscle tissue and liver of hake (Merluccius merluccius) and red mullet (Mullus barbatus), two commercially important fish species from the eastern Adriatic. Concentrations of trace metals in liver (Cd: 6–183 μg kg⁻¹ w. wt. ; Pb: 39–970 μg kg⁻¹ w. wt.) were within the range of recently published data for the Mediterranean. In the muscle tissue, cadmium concentrations (4.1–29 μg kg⁻¹ w. wt.) were among the lowest reported values for the Mediterranean, whereas lead levels (49–158 μg kg⁻¹ w. wt.) were within the range of values reported for various coastal areas of the Mediterranean. Presented data on cadmium and lead content in the studied fish species provide no proof of the general pollution of the Adriatic. Obtained data were tested in relation to fish length. Metal concentrations in liver decreased with the increase in fish size, whereas no significant correlation was found between trace metal levels in the muscle tissue and the length of both species. Relationships between metal concentrations and sex were also tested, but they gave no significant results. A comparison of contaminant concentrations in the edible tissue of hake and red mullet with the Croatian legislation shows that the consumption of their meat is not harmful for humans, not even for the most endangered population from the coastal region.     

材料招标采购项目风险管理研究

立足于施工企业角度对材料招标采购项目的风险管理进行了较为全面的论述,提出了材料招标采购项目风险结构图,并根据不同的风险提出了有针对性的应对措施,以指导采购方减少或消除各种意外损失,实现预期采购目标。     

Removal of cadmium and nickel from wastewater using bagasse fly ash--a sugar industry waste

The bagasse fly ash, an industrial solid waste of sugar industry, was used for the removal of cadmium and nickel from wastewater. As much as 90% removal of cadmium and nickel is possible in about 60 and 80 min, respectively, under the batch test conditions. Effect of various operating variables, viz., solution pH, adsorbent dose, adsorbate concentration, temperature, particle size, etc., on the removal of cadmium and nickel has been studied. Maximum adsorption of cadmium and nickel occurred at a concentration of 14 and 12 mg x l(-1) and at a pH value of 6.0 and 6.5, respectively. A dose of 10 g x l(-1) of adsorbent was sufficient for the optimum removal of both the metal ions. The material exhibits good adsorption capacity and the adsorption data follow the Langmuir model better then the Freundlich model. The adsorption of both the metal ions increased with increasing temperature indicating endothermic nature of the adsorption process. Isotherms have been used to determine thermodynamic parameters of the process, viz., free energy change, enthalpy change and entropy change.     

水利水电工程项目投资风险管理探讨

结合水利水电工程建设规模大、投资大的特点,为有效控制投资降低风险,对投资风险因素进行了归纳,并提出了水利水电工程投资风险管理对策,以使项目实现预期的投资目标。     

油气长输管道风险管理技术探讨

阐述了油气长输管道风险管理的必要性,介绍了风险管理的基本概念和方法步骤,重点描述了现行风险评价方法中应用较广的指标评分法,并指出了现行风险管理方法中的不足,提出了将GIS技术和模糊综合评判法应用于长输管道风险管理之中。     

Balancing control and flexibility in joint risk management: Lessons learned from two construction projects

Joint risk management (JRM) is an approach that highlights the importance of collaboration between the project actors in managing risk that cannot be identified at the outset of the project. Despite the recognition of the concept in the literature, the use of JRM in practice seems to be rare. Based on contingency theory, we investigate how mechanistic (control-oriented) and organic (flexibility-oriented) management systems influence the implementation of JRM in two construction projects. In the first project, the actors managed to achieve a balance between control and flexibility, which paved the way for successful JRM. The extensive use of control in the second project hampered flexibility and constrained the use of JRM. We conclude that JRM requires both control for managing risk that has been identified and flexibility for dealing with unforeseen events. When a mechanistic approach is dominant, risk management remains a formal process carried out individually rather than collaboratively.     

BT项目的风险分担与合同管理

介绍了BT项目的特点、风险种类及表现形式，阐述了项目的风险转移方式，论述了BT项目风险的分担原则及管理对策，并提出了合同管理中风险的应对措施，从而确保项目的顺利实施。     

浅谈对施工企业经营风险的管理与应对

针对施工企业经营风险的特点,阐述了施工企业经营风险的主要表现,剖析了经营风险的管理及应对措施,以降低风险带来的损失,提高施工企业的经济效益和市场竞争力。