Lipid metabolic effect of Korean red ginseng extract in mice fed on a high-fat diet

BACKGROUND: Ginseng saponin and ginsenosides exert anti‐obesity effects via the modulation of physiological lipid metabolism in vivo or intracellular signalling in cell culture systems. However, the complicated relationship between the anti‐obesity effects of ginseng and gene expression has yet to be defined under in vivo conditions. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between the anti‐obesity effects of Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) and hepatic gene expression profiles in mice fed long‐term on a high‐fat diet (HFD) in this study. RESULTS: KRGE reduces the levels of cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C), serum triglycerides, and atherogenic indices. Levels of leptin, adiponectin and insulin, which regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, were impaired profoundly by HFD. However, KRGE treatment brought these levels back to normal. KRGE was found to down‐regulate genes associated with lipid metabolism or cholesterol metabolism (Lipa, Cyp7a1, Il1rn, Acot2, Mogat1, Osbpl3, Asah3l, Insig1, Anxa2, Vldlr, Hmgcs1, Sytl4, Plscr4, Pla2g4e, Slc27a3, Enpp6), all of which were up‐regulated by HFD. CONCLUSION: KRGE regulated the expression of genes associated with abnormal physiology via HFD. Leptin, insulin, and adiponectin, which carry out critical functions in energy and lipid metabolism, were shown to be modulated by KRGE. These results show that KRGE is effective in preventing obesity. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同贮藏人参及西洋参超氧化物歧化酶活力比较

目的：探究一种新型复合保鲜贮藏方法, 预测鲜参切片的货架期。方法：应用酸性氧化电位水杀菌、真空包装、低温等离子体杀菌等技术复合处理鲜参切片,然后分别在−2、4、25和36 ℃进行贮藏,每隔15 d测定鲜参切片的色泽、水分含量、人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1含量和菌落总数等指标,建立贮藏期间鲜参切片的菌落总数变化动力学模型。结果：确定鲜参切片的复合保鲜工艺为：酸性氧化电位水处理→真空包装→低温等离子体处理→低温贮藏。在−2和4 ℃贮藏有效地抑制鲜参切片菌落总数的增长、水分含量的下降,延缓鲜参切片颜色的变化。贮保藏60 d后,鲜参切片中人参皂苷Rg1、Re和Rb1的含量上升。通过基于菌落总数变化的一级反应动力学模型和Arrhenius方程,建立鲜参切片的货架期预测模型。结论：建立了鲜参切片的最佳复合保鲜贮藏方式,这种复合保鲜贮藏方法可有效抑制鲜参切片的品质劣化,延长其货架期。

     

Electron beam irradiation improves shelf lives of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and red ginseng

ABSTRACT:  Effect of electron beam irradiation on microbial growth and qualities of vacuum-packaged Korean ginseng and red ginseng during storage was investigated. Korean ginseng and red ginseng were treated at irradiation doses of 0, 2, 8, and 16 kGy. After treatment, samples were individually vacuum-packaged and stored at 20 °C. Microbial growth results of the irradiated samples presented that populations of total bacteria, yeast and mold, and total coliforms were decreased by 2 to 3 log CFU/g. The pH values of the samples were not significantly different among treatments. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values of the samples increased during storage. Electron beam treatment caused negligible changes in Hunter's color L , a , and b values among the samples. Sensory evaluations like color and odor of the samples exhibited that there were no significant changes among the samples. During storage, content of saponin, a leading compound in ginseng, was not affected by irradiation. These results suggest that electron beam treatment should be useful in extending shelf lives of Korean ginseng and red ginseng.     

红参多糖对面包品质的影响

将红参多糖添加于面包中,采用菜籽排重法测定其对面包比容的影响;通过感官评分法评价红参多糖对面包感官品质的影响;考察红参多糖添加量对面包持水性的影响。结果表明,添加1.2%红参多糖,可以明显改善面包的感官品质及特性,面包持水性显著增强。     

不同人参炮制品的挥发性成分研究

目的 阐明不同人参炮制品中挥发性成分(volatile compounds,VOC)的差异。方法 采用顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid-phase microextraction,HS-SPME)与气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)相结合的分析方法,测定生晒参(dried raw ginseng,DRG)、红参(red ginseng,RG)、模压红参(moulded red ginseng,MRG)中的挥发性成分含量,并通过主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)对3种炮制品进行评价。结果 质谱结果鉴定出38种成分,主要是萜烯类、萜烯醇类和烷烃类。生晒参、红参和模压红参的α-甘香烯、β-人参烯、β-古芸烯、β-合金欢烯、α-新丁香三环烯、β-石竹烯、γ-榄香烯、香树烯等共有峰明显,也同时存在差异性成分,如佛术烯、α-马榄烯、喇叭烯、β-花柏烯、杜松醇。主成分分析得分图显示3种炮制品在主成分空间中的分布十分分散,说明生晒参、红参和模压红参的挥发性成分有差异。结论 3...     

高效液相色谱法测定红参中12种人参皂苷的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)测定红参中12种人参皂苷含量的方法。方法样品提取后,经Thermo Hypersil C₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)分离,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温40℃,检测波长203 nm,外标法定量。结果12种人参皂苷在一定质量浓度范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.9999),平均回收率为95.9%~99.4%,相对标准偏差为0.10%~1.30%。29批红参药材均含12种人参皂苷。批次间比较分析,12种人参皂苷含量差异较大,说明红参质量参差不等。结论该方法准确度高,重复性好,可为红参的质量评价提供参考。     

乳及乳制品中生物活性肽的种类及功能多样性

综述了乳制品即发酵乳和干酪中生物活性肽的种类及生物活性肽的功能多样性，以期为乳源生物活性肽的开发及其在保健食品中的潜在应用提供一定的参考。     

Concentration of furfuryl alcohol in fluid milk,dried dairy ingredients,and cultured dairy products

Maillard reactions occur in dairy products during heat treatment. Furfuryl alcohol (FA) may be found in dairy products as a result of Maillard reactions. The recent posting in California Proposition 65 indicates that FA may be carcinogenic, and for this reason it is crucial to accurately measure FA concentrations in dairy products. The objective of this study was to identify an extraction and quantitation method for FA from dairy products and to determine FA concentrations in milk, dairy powders, and cultured dairy products. Solvent-assisted flavor extraction, solid-phase microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry were compared for recovery of FA. Internal standards for the quantitation of FA (2-methyl-3-heptanone, furfuryl-d₅ alcohol, 2,5-dimethylphenol, 5-methyl-2-furfuryl alcohol, and 5-methyl furfural) were also compared. Subsequently, fluid milk [high temperature, short time (HTST) and ultrapasteurized], whey protein isolates (3 mo–4 yr), whey protein concentrates (3 mo–4 yr), whole milk powders (1 yr), high and low heat skim milk powders (SMP; 0–8 yr), milk protein isolates (3 mo–3 yr), milk protein concentrates (3 mo–3 yr), Cheddar cheese (mild, medium, sharp, and extra sharp), mozzarella cheese (whole and part skim), cottage cheese (nonfat, low fat, and full fat), sour cream (nonfat, low fat, and full fat), traditional yogurt (nonfat, low fat, and full fat), and Greek-style yogurt (nonfat; n = 139 products total) were evaluated. Furfuryl alcohol was extracted from products by headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry using a ZB-5ms column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm; Phenomenex Inc., Torrance, CA). Furfuryl-d₅ alcohol was used as an internal standard. Each food was extracted in triplicate. Ultrapasteurized milks had higher levels of FA than HTST milks (122.3 vs. 7.350 µg/kg). Furfuryl alcohol concentrations ranged from 0.634 to 26.55 µg/kg in whey protein isolates, 2.251 to 56.19 µg/kg in whey protein concentrates, 11.99 to 121.9 µg/kg in milk protein isolates, and 8.312 to 49.71 µg/kg in milk protein concentrates, and concentrations increased with powder storage. High heat SMP had higher concentrations of FA than low heat SMP (11.8 vs. 1.36 µg/kg) and concentrations increased with storage time. Concentrations of FA in Cheddar and mozzarella cheese ranged from 2.361 to 110.5 µg/kg and were higher than FA concentrations in cottage cheese or sour cream (0.049–1.017 µg/kg). These results suggest that FA is present at higher levels in dairy products that have been subjected to higher temperatures or have been stored longer. Sour cream and cottage cheese had lower levels of FA. Compared with other studies on food products with reported levels of FA, such as coffee (200–400 µg/g), dairy products have very low levels of FA.     

功能性牛乳成分研究及产品标准探讨

对牛乳中主要的生物活性成分进行了阐述,对牛初乳和以发酵乳制品为代表的功能性乳制品的特点进行了综述。分析了功能性牛乳制品发展过程中存在的主要问题,对制定功能型牛乳制品标准的必要性进行了分析,提出了功能性牛乳制品标准的主要内容。     

Bioconversion,health benefits,and application of ginseng and red ginseng in dairy products

Ginseng and red ginseng are popular as functional foods in Asian countries such as Korea, Japan, and China. They possess various pharmacologic effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, and anti-viral activities. Ginsenosides are a class of pharmacologically active components in ginseng and red ginseng. Major ginsenosides are converted to minor ginsenosides, which have better bioavailability and cellular uptake, by microorganisms and enzymes. Studies have shown that ginseng and red ginseng can affect the physicochemical and sensory properties, ginsenosides content, and functional properties of dairy products. In addition, lactic acid bacteria in dairy products can convert into minor ginsenosides and ginseng and red ginseng improve functionality of products. This review will discuss the characteristics of ginseng and red ginseng, and their bioconversion, functionality, and application in dairy products.     

基于高效液相色谱图谱结合化学计量学的红参指纹图谱研究

目的 建立红参药材高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)指纹图谱分析方法。方法 采用Diamonsil Plus C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm), 以乙腈–水为流动相梯度洗脱, 柱温30 ℃, 流速为1.0 mL/min, 检测波长为203 nm。通过相似度评价、聚类分析对指纹图谱进行评价。结果 建立的 21批红参的对照指纹图谱, 确定25个共有峰, 通过对照品对比对其中14个共有峰进行了指认, 21批红参药材, 除S4, S20, 其相似度均大于0.97。结论 该方法操作简便、准确可靠、重复性好, 普适性高, 为红参药材质量控制提供有效手段。     

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on structure and colour of red ginseng (Panax ginseng)

BACKGROUND: The conventional method of processing ginseng (Panax ginseng) roots into red ginseng involves mainly heating and drying processes. In the present study, this method was modified by using high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) to improve the physicochemical characteristics of red ginseng. RESULTS: The HHP process (600 MPa for 1 min) significantly improved the histological properties of red ginseng by increasing cellular disruption and release of cell contents. The total reducing sugar content was significantly (P < 0.05) higher (increased from 10.67 to 15.25 mg g^?1) in red ginseng processed at 600 MPa for 1 min. Similarly, the total free amino acid content also increased significantly (from 2.81 to 7.77 mg g^?1). The HHP process resulted in superior and more even colouration and gave an attractive visual appearance to red ginseng. The optical density at 420 nm and Hunter's colour a value (redness) of extracts prepared from red ginseng increased significantly (P < 0.05) with the application of HHP. CONCLUSION: HHP‐processed red ginseng has significantly higher reducing sugar and free amino acid contents together with a more compact cell structure and superior visual quality (brighter red colour). Hence the application of HHP in red ginseng processing can result in ginseng products of improved quality compared with those obtained by the conventional method. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

国内外乳及乳制品中兽药残留限量标准比较分析

随着乳制品行业的迅速发展,兽药问题越来越受到人们的关注。使用违禁药物或超量、超范围使用兽药都将对人体健康产生严重威胁。为准确了解我国与发达国家乳制品中兽药残留限量标准的差异,本文对中华人民共和国农业部235号公告《动物性食品中兽药最高残留限量》、欧盟的《Commission Regulation(EU)No37/2010》、日本的《maximum residue limits(MRLS)list of agricultural chemicals in foods》和美国及新西兰发布的兽药残留限量标准最新情况进行搜集整理,建立名录,并对各国兽药的种类、使用范围、限量值进行详细比较分析。发现各国兽药的种类、使用范围、限值存在不同程度的异同和交叉,例如在禁用或不得残留的兽药名录数量上,中国、美国、日本、欧盟、新西兰的数量分别为47、13、18、43、13种,类别有兴奋剂类、激素类、抗生素类等。最后,对我国兽药的使用和残留限量的修订和更新提出建议。     

乳品中乳酸及乳酸盐的测定

采用高效液相色谱法测定乳品中的乳酸及乳酸盐。应用有机酸专用色谱柱,折光检测器定量检测,本方法最低检测限为1.53×10~(－10)kg,变异系数CV(％)=1.72,回收率为97.5％～103．0％。     

Red ginseng extract capsule fabricated using W/O/W emulsion techniques

The objective of the present study was to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and storage stability of water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions and spray-dried red ginseng extract capsules (RGEC) prepared using different secondary coating materials such as maltodextrin (MD), whey protein concentrate (WPC), or arabic gum (AG). The particle sizes of W/O/W emulsions and spray-dried RGEC coated with MD were considerably lower than those of W/O/W emulsions and spray-dried RGEC coated with WPC or AG. The zeta-potential value (?36 mV) of spray-dried RGEC coated with MD was significantly higher than that of spray-dried RGEC coated with WPC or AG (p < 0.05), indicating that spray-dried RGEC coated with MD were much more stable than spray-dried RGEC coated with WPC and AG. In the storage stability study, it was found that the refrigerator temperature (4°C) was preferred for storing spray-dried samples for a long time. Based on these results, it was confirmed that MD could be the most efficient coating material for W/O/W emulsions and nano-sized spray-dried RGEC.     

基于QuEChERS的气相色谱-质谱法检测乳制品中的安妥

目的以Qu ECh ERS方法为前处理方法,气相色谱-质谱仪为检测仪器,建立乳制品中安妥的检测方法。方法采用丙酮:正己烷(1:1,V:V)联合微波提取乳制品(酸奶和奶粉),先考察Mg SO_4、PSA、石墨化碳、C_18净化剂的净化效果,再经HP-5 MS色谱柱分离,气相色谱-质谱法测定乳制品中安妥残留量。结果 2 m L提取上清液中加入300 mgMg SO_4、200 mg PSA和150 mg C_18时可达到最优净化效果。采用该方法安妥在乳制品中3个添加水平下的回收率为80%~92%,相对标准偏差为4.2%~8.1%,检出限为0.1μg/kg,定量限为0.5μg/kg。结论该方法快速、准确,适用于乳制品中安妥残留的检测。     

Short communication: Antioxidative and antibacterial activities on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H4 in milk with added ginseng marc extract fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11613P

Ginseng marc, a by-product of the extraction of fresh ginseng, is known to have bioactive compounds, but is frequently discarded as agriculture waste. The objectives of our study were to assess the antioxidative activity of fermented ginseng marc extract using Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11613P and to evaluate antibacterial activity of fermented milk with added ginseng marc extract during fermentation. After 24 h of fermentation of ginseng marc extract, the viable cell number was increased to 7.7 ± 0.1 log cfu/mL, and the pH and total titratable acidity were 4.2 ± 0.4 and 0.6% lactic acid, respectively. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of fermented ginseng marc extract increased by 32.4 and 23.3%, respectively. Higher antioxidative activity of fermented ginseng marc extract was obtained in the β-carotene bleaching, ferric-reducing ability of plasma, and ferric thiocyanate assays than the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy assay. However, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy scavenging effect decreased due to lowered pH. During production of fermented milk with ginseng, inhibition rate of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were 9.7 and 2.3%, respectively. The present study shows the possibilities of Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11613P used as a fermentation strain and ginseng marc used as a functional supplement in milk.