A comparison of semen diluents on the in vitro and in vivo fertility of liquid bull semen

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of semen diluent on calving rate (CR) following artificial insemination with liquid bull semen stored for up to 3 d postcollection. In experiment 1, the effect of storing liquid semen maintained at a constant ambient temperature in 1 of 7 different diluents [Caprogen (homemade), OptiXcell, BioXcell, BullXcell, INRA96, NutriXcell, or AndroMed (all commercially available)] on total and progressive motility was assessed on d 0, 1, 2, and 3 postcollection. In experiment 2, the field fertility of liquid semen diluted in Caprogen, BioXcell, or INRA96 and inseminated on d 1, 2, or 3 postcollection was assessed in comparison to frozen-thawed semen (total of n = 19,126 inseminations). In experiment 3, the effect of storage temperature fluctuations (4 and 18°C) on total and progressive motility following dilution in Caprogen, BioXcell, and INRA96 was assessed on d 0, 1, 2, and 3 postcollection. In experiment 1, semen stored in Caprogen, BioXcell, and INRA96 resulted in the highest total and progressive motility on d 1, 2, and 3 of storage compared with OptiXcell, BullXcell, NutriXcell, and AndroMed. In experiment 2, an effect of diluent on CR was found as semen diluted in BioXcell had a lower CR on d 1, 2, and 3 of storage (46.3, 35.4, and 34.0%, respectively) in comparison with Caprogen (55.8, 52.0, and 51.9%, respectively), INRA96 (55.0, 55.1, and 52.2%, respectively), and frozen-thawed semen (59.7%). Effects were found of parity, cow fertility sub-index, as well as the number of days in milk on CR. In experiment 3, when the storage temperature of diluted semen fluctuated between 4 and 18°C, to mimic what occurs in the field (nighttime vs. daytime), BioXcell had the lowest total and progressive motility in comparison to Caprogen and INRA96. In conclusion, diluent significantly affected sperm motility when stored for up to 3 d. Semen diluted in INRA96 resulted in a similar CR to semen diluted in Caprogen and to frozen-thawed semen, whereas that diluted in BioXcell resulted in a decreased CR. Consistent with this finding, semen diluted in BioXcell was less tolerant of temperature fluctuations than that stored in Caprogen or INRA96. Given that it can be used directly off the shelf, INRA96 may be a suitable alternative to Caprogen for the storage of liquid bull semen.     

Effect of synchronization and semen sorting on artificial insemination bull fertility

Field data were collected over a period of 2 yr by artificial insemination technicians for the purpose of evaluating differences among bulls in their fertility when synchronization and semen sorting were involved. First, main effects of synchronization and semen sorting were found to reduce bull fertility by 1.5 and 12.7%, respectively. Second, the interaction of both factors with bull fertility significantly enhanced the evaluation models. Differences between 2 sets of adjusted conception rates for synchronized and nonsynchronized services ranged from 0.5 to 2.9%, whereas differences between 2 sets of adjusted conception rates for sorted and conventional semen ranged from −1.8 to 15.2%. This implies that using conventional fertility models that ignore these effects may not be sufficiently accurate in situations where synchronization or semen sorting are involved. Accounting for synchronization and especially for semen sorting to evaluate bulls on their fertility and the production of separate sets of conception rates under each situation are essential.     

Expected net present value of pure and mixed sexed semen artificial insemination strategies in dairy heifers

Sexed semen has been a long-anticipated tool for dairy farmers to obtain more heifer calves, but challenges exist for integrating sexed semen into commercial dairy farm reproduction programs. The decreased conception rates (CR) experienced with sexed semen make virgin heifers better suited for insemination with sexed semen than lactating dairy cows. This research sought to identify when various sexed semen breeding strategies provided higher expected net present value (NPV) than conventional artificial insemination (AI) breeding schemes, indicating which breeding scheme is advisable under various scenarios. Budgets were developed to calculate the expected NPV of various AI breeding strategies incorporating conventional (non-sexed) and sexed semen. In the base budgets, heifer and bull calf values were held constant at $500 and $110, respectively. The percentage of heifers expected to be born after breeding with conventional and sexed semen used was 49.2 and 90%, respectively. Breeding costs per AI were held constant at $15.00 per AI for conventional semen and $45.00 per AI for sexed semen of approximately the same genetic value. Conventional semen CR of 58 and 65% were used, and an AI submission rate was set at 100%. Breeding strategies with sexed semen were assessed for breakeven heifer calf values and sexed semen costs to obtain a NPV equal to that achieved with conventional semen. Breakeven heifer calf values for pure sexed semen strategies with a constant 58 and 65% base CR in which sexed semen achieved 53% of the base CR are $732.11 and $664.26, respectively. Breakeven sexed semen costs per AI of $17.16 and $22.39, compared with $45.00 per AI, were obtained to obtain a NPV equal to that obtained with pure conventional semen for base CR of 58 and 65%, respectively. The strategy employing purely sexed semen, with base CR of both 58 and 65%, yielded a lower NPV than purely conventional semen in all but the best-case scenario in which sexed semen provides 90% of the CR of conventional semen. Other potential advantages of sexed semen that were not quantified in the scenarios include biosecurity-related concerns, decreased dystocia due to increased numbers of heifer calves, and implications for internal herd growth.     

Effect of simultaneous thawing of multiple 0.5-mL straws of semen and sequence of insemination on conception rate in dairy cattle

The objectives of this study were to determine 1) the effect of simultaneous thawing of multiple 0.5-mL straws of semen and sequence of insemination (first, second, third, or fourth) on conception rates in dairy cattle, 2) whether the conception rates achieved following AI by professional AI (PAI) technicians and herdsman-inseminators (HI) differed, and 3) the effect of elapsed time from initiation of thawing straws of semen to seminal deposition on conception rates in dairy cattle. Four dairies with PAI and four with HI participated in the study. Initial data recorded included beginning thaw time, cow identification number, and time of seminal deposition. Herd records were retrieved following pregnancy diagnosis. Conception rates of dairy cows (n = 1025) were not affected by sequence of insemination (first, second, third, or fourth). Conception rates for herds using PAI were 40, 47, 41, and 50%. Conception rates for herds using HI were 24, 20, 33, and 30%. Average conception rates of dairy cows differed between PAI and HI (45 vs. 27%, respectively). The difference in mean conception rate achieved by PAI and HI was not attributable to milk production, parity, service number or stage of lactation. The elapsed time from initial thaw to completion of fourth AI was shorter for PAI than for HI, 7.6 vs. 10.9 min, respectively. Although the average conception rate differed between PAI and HI, elapsed time from initial thaw to completion of fourth AI and sequence of insemination (first, second, third, or fourth) had no effect on conception rate within inseminator group.     

Economics of timed artificial insemination with unsorted or sexed semen in a high-producing,pasture-based dairy production system

This study used a stochastic simulation model to estimate the potential economic benefit of using timed artificial insemination (TAI) in combination with conventional unsorted (TCONV) and sexed (TSEX) semen in heifers only (TCONV-H, TSEX-H) and in both heifers and lactating cows (TCONV-HC, TSEX-HC) in a high-producing, pasture-based production system. The scenarios were compared with a conventional reproductive policy (CONV) in which heifers and cows were inseminated with conventional unsorted semen after estrus detection. Sensitivity analysis was also used to estimate the effect of hormone costs from TAI use on the profitability of each program relative to CONV. The mean annual (± standard deviation) profit advantage (ΔPROF) over CONV for TCONV-H, TCONV-HC, TSEX-H, and TSEX-HC scenarios were €3.90/cow ± 4.65, €34.11/cow ± 25.69, €13.96/cow ± 6.83, and €41.52/cow ± 42.86, respectively. Combined application of both technologies was shown to return a greater annual ΔPROF on average compared with that achievable from TAI alone. However, the risk of not returning a positive annual ΔPROF varied across the scenarios with higher risk in TCONV-H and TSEX-HC. Specifically, TCONV-H and TSEX-HC had a 24 and 18% chance, respectively, of not returning a positive annual ΔPROF. Sensitivity analysis showed that when hormone costs increased by €10/cow TCONV-H and TSEX-HC had a 38 and 23% chance, respectively, of not returning a positive annual ΔPROF. The range in ΔPROF for TCONV policies was most sensitive to the TAI pregnancy rate and TSEX policies were most sensitive to the relative fertility achieved with sexed compared with unsorted semen. This study has shown TAI and sexed semen are complementary technologies that can increase genetic gain and profitability in a pasture-based, dairy production system.     

Application of liquid semen technology improves conception rate of sex-sorted semen in lactating dairy cows

The objective was to compare reproductive performance of liquid sex-sorted (SS) semen with that of conventional (CON) semen in lactating dairy cows. Between 2011 and 2013, commercial dairy herds (n = 101, 203, and 253 for 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively) with predominantly Holstein-Friesian cows were enrolled in a contract mating program to produce surplus heifers for export using liquid SS semen. During the spring mating period, each herd was allocated with liquid SS semen at 50% of its daily requirement and the remaining daily requirement was allocated with CON liquid semen. Sperm for producing SS semen was sorted by Sexing Technologies NZ Ltd. (Hamilton, New Zealand) and then packaged using the liquid semen technology of LIC (Hamilton, New Zealand) at a dose of 1 × 10⁶ sperm. Artificial insemination (AI) with liquid SS semen was carried out between 43 and 46 h after collection. Conventional semen straws contained 1.25 × 10⁶, 1.75 × 10⁶, or 2 × 10⁶ sperm for semen to be used on d 1, 2, or 3 after collection, respectively. Only CON inseminations on the same days as when SS semen was used were included in the comparison. Herd managers biased usage of SS semen toward cows with a longer postpartum interval before the mating start date (64.0 vs. 62.8 d), cows of higher genetic merit (NZ$107.0 vs. NZ$98.4), younger cows (5.1 vs. 5.2 yr), and cows in which they had more confidence of being genuinely in estrus as measured by a lower percentage of short returns between 1 and 17 d (5.3 vs. 7.5%). After adjusting for these factors, the estimated difference in nonreturn rate between AI with SS and CON semen over the 3 seasons was −3.8 percentage points (SS = 70.2% vs. CON = 74.0%; SS/CON = 94.9%). The estimated maximum difference in calving rate per AI between SS and CON semen was −3.1 percentage points for 2011 (SS = 51.2% vs. CON = 54.3%; SS/CON = 94.3%) and −3.0 percentage points for 2012 (SS = 49.7% vs. CON = 52.6%; SS/CON = 94.5%). Calving data for 2013 were not yet available. The percentage of heifer calves born to AI with SS semen was 87.0% for 2011 and 85.8% for 2012, both of which were lower than the expectation of 90% mainly due to misidentification of calf dams in seasonal dairy herds calving on pasture. In summary, results in this report showed that liquid SS semen only required half the dose rate of frozen SS semen to achieve a reproductive performance of over 94% of CON semen in lactating dairy cows. Careful planning and a robust distribution network are required to avoid semen wastage and to maximize the benefit of liquid SS semen.     

Determination of trace elements in bovine semen samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and data mining techniques for identification of bovine class

The reproductive performance of cattle may be influenced by several factors, but mineral imbalances are crucial in terms of direct effects on reproduction. Several studies have shown that elements such as calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, selenium, and zinc are essential for reproduction and can prevent oxidative stress. However, toxic elements such as lead, nickel, and arsenic can have adverse effects on reproduction. In this paper, we applied a simple and fast method of multi-element analysis to bovine semen samples from Zebu and European classes used in reproduction programs and artificial insemination. Samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS) using aqueous medium calibration and the samples were diluted in a proportion of 1:50 in a solution containing 0.01% (vol/vol) Triton X-100 and 0.5% (vol/vol) nitric acid. Rhodium, iridium, and yttrium were used as the internal standards for ICP-MS analysis. To develop a reliable method of tracing the class of bovine semen, we used data mining techniques that make it possible to classify unknown samples after checking the differentiation of known-class samples. Based on the determination of 15 elements in 41 samples of bovine semen, 3 machine-learning tools for classification were applied to determine cattle class. Our results demonstrate the potential of support vector machine (SVM), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and random forest (RF) chemometric tools to identify cattle class. Moreover, the selection tools made it possible to reduce the number of chemical elements needed from 15 to just 8.     

液氮冻结温度对冻藏黄鳝脂质氧化和气味变化的影响

目的 探讨液氮冻结温度对冻藏黄鳝脂质氧化和气味变化的影响。方法 测定液氮冻结(?50、?80、?110℃)和?20℃冰柜冻结(对照)的冻藏黄鳝的脂质和游离脂肪酸(free fatty acids, FFAs)含量、过氧化值(peroxide value, POV)、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARs)、脂肪酸组成、挥发性气味物质, 并进行感官评价。结果 随着冻藏时间的延长, 整体上4种温度条件下黄鳝的脂质、单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFAs)和多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs)含量显著下降(P<0.05), FFAs、POV、TBARs值及饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acids, SFAs)含量显著上升(P<0.05)。液氮冻结黄鳝的脂质、MUFAs、PUFAs含量和感官评分高于对照, ?80℃和?110℃液氮冻结黄鳝的FFAs、SFAs含量显著低于?50℃液氮冻结和对照(P<0.05); ?80℃和?110℃液氮冻结黄鳝的脂质氧化差异基本上不显著(P>0.05)。气相色谱-离子迁移谱法检测出25种挥发性气味物质。此外, 液氮冻结温度越低, 冻藏黄鳝的正己醛和正丙醛相对含量越低。结论 降低液氮冻结温度能够显著抑制冻藏黄鳝的脂质氧化和气味变化, 有效保护黄鳝的品质。     

Comparison of reproductive management programs for submission of Holstein heifers for first insemination with conventional or sexed semen based on expression of estrus,pregnancy outcomes,and cost per pregnancy

Our objective was to evaluate reproductive management programs for submission of Holstein heifers for first insemination with conventional or sexed semen. In experiment 1, nulliparous Holstein heifers (n = 462) were submitted to a 5-d progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID)-Synch protocol [d 0, GnRH + PRID; d 5, PGF_2α − PRID; d 6, PGF_2α; d 8, GnRH + TAI] and were randomly assigned for PRID removal on d 5 or 6 of the protocol followed by timed artificial insemination (TAI) with conventional semen. Delaying PRID removal decreased early expression of estrus before scheduled TAI (0.9 vs. 12.2%), and pregnancies per AI (P/AI) did not differ between treatments. In experiment 2, nulliparous Holstein heifers (n = 736) from 3 commercial farms were randomized within farm to 1 of 3 treatments for first AI with sexed semen: (1) CIDR5 [d −6, GnRH + controlled internal drug release (CIDR); d −1, PGF_2α − CIDR; d 0, PGF_2α; d 2, GnRH + TAI]; (2) CIDR6 (d −6, GnRH + CIDR; d −1, PGF_2α; d 0, PGF_2α − CIDR; d 2, GnRH + TAI); and (3) EDAI (PGF_2α on d 0 followed by once-daily estrous detection and AI). Delaying CIDR removal decreased early expression of estrus before scheduled TAI (0.004 vs. 27.8%); however, CIDR5 heifers tended to have more P/AI at 35 (53 vs. 45 vs. 46%) and 64 (52 vs. 45 vs. 45%) days after AI than CIDR6 and EDAI heifers, respectively. Overall, CIDR5 and CIDR6 heifers had fewer days to first AI and pregnancy than EDAI heifers which resulted in less feed costs than EDAI heifers due to fewer days on feed until pregnancy. Despite greater hormonal treatment costs for CIDR5 heifers, costs per pregnancy were $16.66 less for CIDR5 than for EDAI heifers. In conclusion, delaying PRID removal by 24 h within a 5-d PRID-Synch protocol in experiment 1 suppressed early expression of estrus before TAI, and P/AI for heifers inseminated with conventional semen did not differ between treatments. By contrast, although delaying CIDR removal by 24 h within a 5-CIDR-Synch protocol in experiment 2 suppressed early expression of estrus before TAI, delaying CIDR removal by 24 h tended to decrease P/AI for heifers inseminated with sexed semen. Further, submission of heifers to a 5-d CIDR-Synch protocol for first AI tended to increase P/AI and decrease the cost per pregnancy compared with EDAI heifers.     

不同储藏温度下稻谷的品质劣变

探讨了在不同温度的储藏条件下 ,稻谷的发芽率、脂肪酸和粘度等指标随着时间和温度的变化情况。     

贮藏温度对甜瓜果实采后病害和生理代谢的影响

以甘肃省厚皮甜瓜主产品种黄河蜜、玉金香和天露为试验材料,分别在7～8℃、15～17℃和20～22℃条件下研究温度对甜瓜保鲜及采后生理代谢的影响。结果表明:低温下贮藏的甜瓜发病晚、感病轻;低温还可以延缓厚皮甜瓜呼吸高峰的出现及细胞膜完整性的破坏、减缓甜瓜可溶性固形物的消耗,从而延缓甜瓜果实的成熟衰老,具有良好的保鲜效果。     

贮存温度和贮存时间对复原乳稳定性的影响

研究了贮存温度和贮存时间对复原乳的pH值、流变特性、粒径、乳析率和离心沉淀率的影响,在此基础上分析了贮存过程中乳浊液粒径与乳析率、离心沉淀率之间的相关性。结果表明:随着贮存温度的升高,复原乳的pH值与表观黏度逐渐降低,而随着贮存时间的延长,二者均先升高后降低,其中25℃和37℃下贮存在第15天时达到最大值,而55℃下贮存在第7天时达最大值;贮存过程中乳浊液顶部粒径d4,3与乳析率有较好的相关性(P<0.05),二者均随着贮存温度的升高和贮存时间的延长而增大;贮存过程中乳浊液底部粒径d4,3与离心沉淀率有很好的相关性(P<0.05),二者随着贮存温度的升高先增大后减小,在37℃时达最大值,随着贮存时间的延长均有所增大。     

不同储藏温度及储藏方法对稻谷品质的影响

为了掌握不同储粮温度及储藏方法稻谷的发芽率、脂肪酸值、过氧化氢酶活动度等品质指标随储藏时间的变化规律,测定了不同储藏温度下常规和气调储藏稻谷的各项品质指标。结果表明:当储藏温度较低时,常规和气调储藏稻谷的各项检测指标较为接近;而高温储藏时,气调储藏稻谷的各项检测指标均优于常规储藏。因此,稻谷储藏时,低温储粮应是首选方案,当低温不易实现时,可选择气调储藏以减缓温度对稻谷品质的影响。     

低温干燥冷藏调湿多功能储粮系统及特性分析

干燥是粮食行业的主要耗能环节,目前粮食干燥多采用烘干机或烘干塔,热损失大、能耗高,有些以煤炭作为热源,环境污染严重。另外,粮食长期储藏过程中易发生霉变和虫害,同时长期储藏会导致粮食水分过低影响粮食加工品质。实现粮食高品质、低能耗干燥及长期安全储藏和保证出库粮食的品质具有重大意义,因此提出了一种低温干燥冷藏调湿多功能储粮系统,并基于该系统开发了具有低温干燥模式、低温冷藏模式和加湿调质模式的设备,可实现“一站式”储粮,使储粮全程自动化控制。通过实验测试,结果表明,三种工作模式下,机组出风参数均满足设计要求。对玉米和萝卜进行了初步干燥实验,玉米的平均干燥速度约1.1%/h、萝卜干燥平均干燥速度2.9%/h左右。通过对系统进行能耗分析可知,本机组与烘干机相比可节能19.4%左右,与冷凝去湿干燥机相比可节能51.7%左右。该设备的驱动能源为电能,环境友好,便于实现粮库的智能化建设,市场应用前景广阔。     

Short communication: Optimization of a timed artificial insemination program for reproductive management of heifers in Canadian dairy herds

Pregnancy per AI (P/AI) following the use of 1 of 2 timed AI (TAI) protocols and 2 different intervals between TAI and resynchronization were compared in heifers that were inseminated with either conventional or sex-sorted semen. Holstein heifers (n = 317; 527 inseminations) were submitted to a 5-d Cosynch protocol with (+) or without (–) GnRH at the time of controlled internal drug release (CIDR) insertion on d 0, CIDR removal and a single PGF_2α treatment on d 5, and TAI plus GnRH on d 8 (72 h later). Visual estrus detection (ED) was conducted on d 6 in the afternoon and d 7 in the morning and heifers observed in estrus were artificially inseminated on d 7 in the afternoon. Heifers were alternately assigned conventional or sex-sorted semen. Pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasound 27 and 42 d after AI, and heifers diagnosed as nonpregnant were resynchronized, up to 3 times, starting on d 27 or 34 to provide an interbreeding interval of 35 or 42 d. Overall, TAI protocol had no effect on P/AI at 27 or 42 d after artificial insemination or on pregnancy loss, but P/AI following the first service tended to be higher in the –GnRH TAI group (66.3 vs. 56.8%). Pregnancy per AI at 27 d (61.9 vs. 55.5%) tended to differ between conventional and sex-sorted semen. Heifers artificially inseminated based on ED tended to have a greater P/AI (67.6 vs. 58.2%) and had decreased pregnancy loss (0.0 vs. 4.1%) than those submitted to TAI. A greater number of heifers in the –GnRH TAI protocol were artificially inseminated on ED than the +GnRH TAI protocol (21.5 vs. 13.7%). No difference in P/AI was observed between the 35- and 42-d interbreeding intervals; however, more heifers in the 42-d group were artificially inseminated based on ED than in the 35-d group (22.7 vs. 7.8%). A 5-d Cosynch+CIDR TAI protocol without the initial GnRH and with a single PGF_2α at CIDR removal is an acceptable alternative to achieve high P/AI when either conventional or sex-sorted semen is used in Holstein heifers. Breeding heifers based on detected estrus increases labor, but has the potential to increase fertility.     

Aggregation behaviour of bovine serum albumin as a cause of sauce liquid separation by heating

Heating white sauce with bovine serum albumin (BSA) at 90 °C caused the sauce to separate into aggregates and liquid phase, although this did not occur at 75 °C. Data from differential scanning calorimetry of BSA solution suggested that heat denaturation of BSA was insufficient at 75 °C but was complete at about 90 °C. Larger aggregates of BSA were formed by heating at 90 °C compared with 75 °C, as shown by gel permeation chromatography combined with a multi‐angle laser light‐scattering detector. Dynamic viscoelasticity measurement showed a higher storage modulus of BSA solution formed by heating at 90 °C than at 75 °C. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a random agglomerate structure of aggregates (spherical aggregates) obtained by 75 °C heating, while a well‐developed network structure containing voids was observed after heating at 90 °C. These findings suggest that sauce liquid separation induced by heating at 90 °C is due to encapsulation and restriction of white sauce components by large structured aggregates of BSA containing voids. Aggregates generated at 75 °C were not sufficiently developed and structured; therefore there was no sauce liquid separation due to encapsulation and restriction of components. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同储藏温度下小麦的品质劣变

小麦是我国的主要储备粮,小麦陈化是粮食储存中一个不可避免的问题,通过测定不同温度的储藏条件下,小麦的脂肪酸值和发芽率随着储藏时间延长的变化情况,探讨小麦品质劣变的变化规律,研究结果表明,储藏时间越长,储藏温度越高,小麦的脂肪酸值越大,发芽率越低,小麦的品质下降越快。     

贮存温度和时间对山楂汁品质的影响

目的:研究不同储藏温度下山楂汁中组分及品质的变化情况。方法:将同一浸提工艺得到的山楂汁,分别在4、25、37℃下放置,每隔2、4、6、8、10d取样测定,以透光率、总色度、可溶性固形物、蛋白质含量、总酸、有机酸为考察指标,研究不同温度下各参数的变化规律。结果:透光率、总色度、褐变度、褐变指数随温度升高而升高;相同贮存温度下,随着贮存时间的延长,可溶性固形物的含量逐渐降低,最后趋于平稳。相同贮存时间下,37℃条件下贮存的山楂汁的蛋白质含量略有下降,4℃和25℃条件下储藏的山楂汁的蛋白质含量下降幅度较大,最后趋于稳定。原始山楂汁液中总酸的含量为24.27g/kg,随着贮存时间的延长,37℃贮存下山楂汁中总酸的降幅最大,较起始阶段降低13.1%;结论:相同贮存条件下,山楂汁透光率、总色度、褐变度、褐变指数均与温度成正相关;相同贮存时间下,低温条件固形物含量相对较高,一定程度上可以降低蛋白质含量而更加有利于汁液的稳定性;低温贮存能更好的保留山楂汁中的有机酸以及更大程度的保证山楂汁的口感。      

包装与温度对欧芹贮藏效果的影响

研究了不同贮藏温度(常温、0℃)和包装(20μm、30μm和60μmPE膜)条件下欧芹枝叶Vc、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量以及失重率、含水量变化情况。结果表明:随着贮期的延长,欧芹失重率增加,Vc、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量逐渐减少。低温和包装能够显著抑制水分蒸发,保持较高的Vc、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,30μmPE包装较20μm和60μm贮藏效果好。     

冰温贮藏对采后葡萄果实品质的影响

为了明确冰温贮藏对葡萄果实品质的影响,对超冰温(-3,-2℃)、冰温(-1℃)及普通低温(4℃)4种不同贮藏温度下意大利葡萄的品质进行研究。结果表明:-3℃超冰温贮藏的意大利葡萄叶绿素、可滴定酸以及VC含量都相对较高,能较好地维持葡萄中营养成分不受损失,有利于葡萄在贮藏过程中保持较好的色泽及口感。