光强和温度对球等鞭金藻（Isochrysis sphaerica）生长及其脂肪酸的影响

本研究测定了光照强度为16～58μmol／（m^2·s）和15～30℃条件下球等鞭金藻（Isochrysissphaerica）的生长曲线以及脂肪酸组成和含量。结果表明,在设置的光照强度范围内,光照强度越强,微藻的生长速度越快。光强对各种脂肪酸的含量影响有差异,过低和过高都不利于藻体内多不饱和脂肪酸（PolyunsaturatedFattyAcids,PU—FAs）的积累。当光强为24μmol／（m^2·s）时二十二碳六烯酸（DoeosahexaenoicAcid,DHA,C22：6n～3）的积累量最高,占总脂肪酸的11．77％。球等鞭金藻的最适生长温度在20～25℃之间,低温条件有利于不饱和脂肪酸的积累。光强20μmol／（m^2·s）、温度20℃条件下总不饱和脂肪酸（TotalUnsaturatedFattyAcids,TUFAs）含量最高,达64．99％;同样的光强,温度15℃条件下DHA占总脂肪酸的12．19％。可见适宜的光强和温度是利用球等鞭金藻收获PUFAs的关键。     

Fe3+对三角褐指藻生长和脂肪酸组成的影响

为了探讨培养基中Fe^3 浓度对微藻生长和脂肪酸的影响，作者用含不同Fe^3 浓度的培养基对三角褐指藻(Phaeodacrylum tricornutum)进行了培养，并测定了其生长和脂肪酸组成。结果表明，Fe^3 浓度为0．5umol／L，三角褐指藻生长缓慢，比生长速率仅为0．40／d，但C18：2(n-6)和C18:3(n-6)占总脂肪酸的比例最高，而C20：5(n-3)(eicosapentaenoic acid，EPA)占总脂肪酸的比例最低。当Fe^3 浓度高于24．5μmol／L时，三角褐指藻的生长受到抑制，但EPA和多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids，PUFAs)占总脂肪酸的比例最高。随着Fe^3 浓度的增加，三角褐指藻的EPA和PUFAs占干重的比例逐渐下降。     

低温环境对球等鞭金藻3011抗氧化系统和二十二碳六烯酸产量的影响

以球等鞭金藻（Isochrysis galbana）3011为对象,通过研究降低培养温度后其超氧化物歧化酶（superoxidedismutase,SOD）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）和过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）活性以及还原型谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）、脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）、活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）和二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid,DHA）含量的变化,以阐明低温环境对球等鞭金藻细胞抗氧化系统和DHA含量的影响。用流式细胞术结合荧光染色法测定低温环境对球等鞭金藻细胞内ROS水平的影响;并采用气相色谱法检测球等鞭金藻细胞内DHA含量。结果表明：在21、18、15 ℃低温环境处理下,球等鞭金藻细胞SOD、CAT和POD活性均随培养时间延长而呈现先升高后降低的趋势;温度越低,峰值出现越早,且峰值越大,峰后酶活性下降越快;GSH含量的变化趋势与上述酶活性的变化相似,MDA含量则持续增加;ROS水平随着温度的降低而呈现出较为复杂的变化,15 ℃和18 ℃诱导16 h出现ROS水平爆发,20 h时达到峰值,分别为（14.11±0.11）%和（14.74±0.58）%（P＜0.05）;经18 ℃低温诱导24 h后,球等鞭金藻细胞内DHA含量为0.105 mg/g,比对照组高0.06 mg/g。因此,低温环境可以作为提高代谢物产量的诱导子,使球等鞭金藻细胞产生主动防御反应,引起清除活性氧相关的酶活性的升高,同时也提高了DHA产量。     

DBP对球等鞭金藻和三角褐指藻的致毒效应

有机污染物邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)作为塑化剂被工业生产广泛使用,为了研究其对球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)的致毒效应,设置6个质量浓度梯度,分别测定两种藻的藻细胞密度和光合色素质量浓度。结果表明,DBP对球等鞭金藻和三角褐指藻均有致毒效应,抑制球等鞭金藻和三角褐指藻的细胞生长,使其细胞密度降低,并对光合色素叶绿素a产生一定的破坏作用,抑制作用随DBP质量浓度升高而增大。当DBP质量浓度为5.0 mg/L时对三角褐指藻的毒性抑制作用明显增强,三角褐指藻前2 d几乎停止生长,于第3 d恢复了生长,藻细胞密度和叶绿素a的质量浓度均明显低于空白对照组;当DBP的质量浓度为7.0 mg/L时,三角褐指藻藻细胞几乎全部死亡,不能耐受。当DBP质量浓度为5.0 mg/L时,球等鞭金藻几乎全部死亡;当DBP质量浓度为0.5 mg/L时球等鞭金藻的细胞密度和叶绿素a的质量浓度已显著低于空白对照组。球等鞭金藻对于DBP反应较三角褐指藻敏感。     

海洋微藻粗脂肪、EPA和DHA含量的测定

对八种海洋微藻(硅藻门3株,绿藻门2株,金藻门2株,红藻门1株)进行了粗脂肪、EPA和DHA含量测定.结果表明八种微藻中粗脂肪含量有明显的差异,在这些藻类中以硅藻门中新月菱形藻EPA含量最高,达到了16mg/L,占粗脂肪重的26%,占细胞干重的3.3%;其次为硅藻门的三角褐指藻含量为7.1mg/L,占干重的12%.DHA含量最高的是硅藻门的等边金藻,为3.2mg/L,占粗脂肪重的9.1%,占细胞干重的5.2%.     

等鞭金藻生长和脂肪酸组成随Fe3+浓度变化的研究

研究了一种重要的海洋微量元素铁对等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)生长和脂肪酸组成的影响.研究结果表明,等鞭金藻在天然海水中(铁浓度为0.5 μmol/L)生长缓慢,但当培养基中Fe3 浓度超过12.5 μmol/L时,等鞭金藻生长差异不显著.C18:2(n-6)和C18:3(n-6)占总脂肪酸的比例随着Fe3 浓度增加而下降,但C22:6(n-6)(DHA)随着Fe3 浓度增加而上升.Fe3 浓度在12.5～120.5μmol/L,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)占总脂肪酸的比例显著下降(P＜0.05).DHA和PUFA含量(W/W)随着Fe3 浓度的增加先上升后下降,二者达到最大值时Fe3 浓度分别为62.5和24.5μmol/L.     

工业化生产EPA和DHA藻株的选育

为筛选出高产EPA和DHA藻株,对8种海洋微藻(硅藻门3株,绿藻门2株,金藻门2株,红藻门1株)进行培养,测定了它们的最佳吸收波长和生长曲线.藻体在对数期末收获,经过提取脂肪,进行皂化、酯化处理后用气相色谱测定EPA和DHA的含量.结果表明,EPA高产藻株为新月菱形藻,产量为16 mg/L,占粗脂肪重的26%,占细胞干重的3.3%;等鞭金藻为DHA高产株,DHA产量为3.2 mg/L,占粗脂肪重的9.1%,占细胞干重的5.2%.     

氮源对等鞭金藻生长和脂肪酸组成的影响

研究了在培养基中添加不同浓度的NaNO3、NH4 Cl、NH2 CONH2 对等鞭金藻生长和脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明 ,当不在培养基中添加氮源时 ,等鞭金藻生长缓慢。但C16∶0 ,C18∶0 和多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFAs)占总脂肪酸的比例最高。氮浓度在 0 9～ 7 0mmol/L之间 ,等鞭金藻的生长随着NH4 Cl浓度的增加而下降 ,随着NH2 CONH2 浓度的增加而升高 ,而受NaNO3浓度变化的影响不显著。以NaNO3或NH2 CONH2 为氮源 ,DHA占总脂肪酸的比例随着其浓度的增加先上升后下降 ,最适浓度为 3 5mmol/L。以NH4 Cl或NH2 CONH2 为氮源 ,PUFAs占总脂肪酸的比例随着氮浓度的增加而下降 ,且等鞭金藻DHA占干重的比例在 1 8mmol/L的浓度时达到最高 ,分别为1 8%和 1 6% ;以NO- 3为氮源 ,在浓度为 3 5mmol/L时DHA含量最高 ,为 2 2 %。在相同氮浓度下 ,DHA占干重的比例以NaNO3为氮源最高 ,以NH2 CONH2 为氮源时最低。     

盐度对等鞭金藻生长的影响研究

研究了水体盐度变化对等鞭金藻生长的影响.在盐度12至盐度35的范围内,该微藻均能正常生长;在盐度为27时,等鞭金藻生长速率最高,并且指数生长期长.和已有研究结果比较,等鞭金藻最适生长的盐度值偏低.这些研究可以了解盐场水体的盐度变化后,海洋微藻的生长和演替状况,有助于盐场海水养殖.     

环境因子对球等鞭金藻脂肪酸含量和组成的影响

用气相色谱法分析了不同的光照强度、通气量及不同生长时间下生长的球等鞭金藻的脂肪酸组成及含量.结果表明,不同环境因素下生长的微藻,其脂肪酸组成及不饱和程度有差异.一定范围内高光照有利于总不饱和脂肪酸（TUFA）的积累,尤其有利于二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）和亚麻酸含量的增加,但是过高的光照反而不利于不饱和脂肪酸含量的增加;高的通气速率有利于TUFA及DHA含量的增加,当通气量为3 vvm时TUFA和DHA的含量均达到最大,并且DHA的含量一般在对数生长初期即达到最大,而TUFA含量则在稳定期后才达到最大.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the