共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
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We study why multinational enterprise (MNE) subsidiaries adopt dissimilar political strategies, and seek to advance the understanding
of international political strategy from an MNE parent-subsidiary perspective.
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Drawing on the MNE parent-subsidiary literature, we contend factors at the subsidiary, corporate, and host country levels
contribute to subsidiary political strategy dissimilarity. We test our hypotheses with a sample of U.S. MNE subsidiaries within
Western Europe.
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2.
Abstract and Key Results
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From a network view of multinational enterprises, we argue that foreign subsidiaries in multinational networks have access
to resources in heterogeneous institutional environments, and that by taking advantage of these linkages they can capitalize
on the latent flexibility that resides in being part of a multinational network.
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We compare the performance of subsidiaries during times of economic crisis versus stable periods to determine the environments
in which intra- and inter-firm organizational linkages matter most.
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Results indicate that the enhanced flexibility associated with intra- and inter-firm organizational linkages is more likely
to increase the performance of subsidiaries operating in crisis rather than economically stable environments.
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3.
Abstract and Key Results
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This study examines antecedent factors that influence foreign subsidiaries’ innovation through learning from local environments,
which in turn influences their knowledge contribution back to the headquarters. We argue that subsidiary local embeddedness,
subsidiary top management team heterogeneity, and MNC corporate entrepreneurial culture are the key enablers for subsidiaries
to learn and innovate in the local environments.
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The findings support that the learning and innovation of U.S.-based subsidiaries are significantly influenced by their local
embeddedness, their top management team heterogeneity, and the corporate entrepreneurial culture of their parent company,
along with the control variables including subsidiary size and the internationalization of parent company.
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In this study, we examine the impact of cumulative experience that arise from a series of sequential entries on the performance
of foreign subsidiaries of multinational firms. Drawing upon the literature on organizational learning, we propose that multinational
firms acquire different types of experience at the firm level, including general entry experience, entry specific experience,
and exporting experience, which exert different influences on their performance. We also investigate the effect of experience
on performance at the subsidiary level.
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Using a dataset of 245 subsidiaries of 81 large U.S. firms in China, we find that firms’ entry specific experience, exporting
experience, and subsidiary level experience exhibit significant effects on the return on sales of foreign subsidiaries.
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Further, the effect of exporting experience gets weaker as firms accumulate more entry specific experience. Firms’ general
entry experience, however, is not related to subsidiary performance.
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5.
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Both scholars and practitioners have paid much attention to the impact of retaining top-performing knowledge workers on organizational
effectiveness.
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This study hypothesizes and analyzes how a bundle of high-commitment human resource practices (HCHRPs) influence affective
organizational commitment, a strong predictor of employee turnover, of top performers versus ordinary employees.
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This study suggests that HCHRPs may enable organizations to retain not only ordinary employees but also top performers through
their positive impact on employees’ organizational commitment.
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Using a sample of middle level managerial and R&D workers in 11 subsidiaries of a multinational conglomerate located in East
Asia, this study showed that a bundle of high commitment human resource practices was positively related to the affective
organizational commitment of top performers more than that of lower performers.
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6.
Abstract and Key Results
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We explore the differences in international strategy between multinational enterprises (MNEs) in services and manufacturing,
especially in terms of their international diversification, as measured by their sales and asset dispersion.
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Our longitudinal data show that the largest MNEs in services have a much stronger home-region orientation than manufacturing
MNEs. Large MNEs in the services sector average 83.9 percent of their sales in their home region, which is significantly higher
than large manufacturing firms at 65.6 percent.
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We explore the possible reasons for the relative lack of globalization of services firms. The two main reasons are: the difficulty of adapting separately upstream activities and downstream activities in high distance host environments, and the difficulty of selecting activity locations as a function of supply side criteria.
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We offer a refinement of regional strategy theory applicable to services MNEs. |
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8.
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This paper develops and tests a model that explains how the quality, quantity and timing of knowledge flows from headquarters
influence subsidiary performance. It extends recent research on vertical knowledge flows between global headquarters and international
subsidiaries. 相似文献
9.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of two categories of sources of technology on subsidiary performance.
These technology sources can be associated either with the internal Multinational Enterprise (MNE) system; or, the local environment
in which the subsidiary is based.
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A questionnaire-based survey was carried out on 88 subsidiaries located in Greece and results were derived through the use
of ordered probit analysis.
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Internal MNE technology sourcing has a positive impact on subsidiary performance, which is stronger than that of local (Greek)
technology sourcing. Contrary to our expectations, technology sourcing linked to the local context primarily has a negative
influence on subsidiary performance.
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10.
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This focused issue examines the role of headquarters in modern multinational corporations (MNCs). We examine how headquarters
add value, which roles they play and how existing theory needs to be modified in light of recent developments. 相似文献
11.
Abstract and Key Results
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This study revisits the “national cultural distance paradox” based on a sample of Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI)
in 53 countries and regions over 30 years. Earlier studies on cultural distance assumed linear relationships and showed mixed
results. We examine nonlinear relationships between cultural distance (CD) and entry mode and between CD and performance.
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Results suggest that there is a nonlinear (inverted U-shape) relationship between CD and the choice of a joint venture as
the preferred market entry mode, and between CD and performance.
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We also found that the relationship between CD and performance is moderated by entry mode choice: the nonlinear relationship
between CD and performance is stronger for joint ventures than for wholly owned subsidiaries.
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12.
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This paper considers the proportion of skilled labour employed by subsidiaries in small countries in the context of the strategic
role of subsidiaries. Strategic role is connected to autonomy and intra-organisational relationships and the mandates given
to the subsidiary. In the paper, we draw on the literature on the strategic development of multinational corporations, and
insights from inward foreign direct investments in small developed countries. This is presented in a unifying framework in
order to predict diverse categorizations of the impact of subsidiary role on the proportion of their employment of skilled
labour.
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The paper derives two propositions that postulate interactions between three roles containing different levels of autonomy
and intra-organisational relationships in small developed countries that lead to different proportions of skilled labour in
subsidiaries.
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We predict the highest proportion of skilled labour by subsidiaries located in small developed countries in the case of world
mandates when autonomous-based operations are emphasized. When there is an emphasis on intra-organizational relationships,
measured by product flows and integrated international value-chain configurations, we predict the proportion of skilled labour
to be highest in the cases of specialized contributors. We propose the proportion of skilled labour to be lowest in the case
of local implementers.
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This paper examines the FDI location strategies of firms from one of the Asian NIEs (Taiwan) in a rapidly emerging market
(China). Although there is a substantial literature on FDI location choice, most studies model the choice as a function of
a range of location-specific attributes such as local market size, labour costs etc. Few studies consider the impact of firm-specific
characteristics, other than potential country-of-origin effects.
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Yet locations, and especially those in emerging markets where institutions are weak and capital markets are immature, also
differ in terms of their risk. Different shareholder constituencies within the parent company will typically have different
preferences with regard to risk, and are therefore likely to favour some locations over others.
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We find that the ownership structure of the parent company matters with regard to its FDI location decision and, in particular,
that both family and non-family insider shareholders exert influence over the choice of location.
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Furthermore we show that firms’ location and entry mode choices are inter-related, and establish that the extent of their
resource commitments in their foreign affiliates leads parent companies to favour locations where the perceived risks are
lower.
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Finally we show that the efficacy of firms’ external relational linkages varies according to the strength of the cultural
and historic ties between the location of the foreign affiliate and the home country.
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14.
Abstract and Key Results
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The service sector is becoming increasingly important in the global economy; this is especially true for ‘soft’ services involved
in providing information and knowledge-based solutions. It has been suggested that soft service firms are restricted to internationalising
through market entry modes requiring substantial resource commitment, such as wholly owned subsidiaries and equity based joint
ventures. We argue that this assessment is based on overly simplistic assumptions regarding the characteristics of these information-intensive
soft service firms.
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Focusing on the nature of the value-adding activities and operations of these firms, an information transformation model is
proposed to describe the value creation process for information-intensive soft service firms.
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Using the model to represent different types of internationalisation situations yields 10 lower-involvement approaches available
to information-intensive soft service firms seeking to enter foreign markets.
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This study investigates Penrose’s analysis of the relationship between resources (especially knowledge), management of those
resources and innovation in a sample of 313 Australian subsidiaries of foreign-owned multinational corporations (MNCs).
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The frequency of use of knowledge management (KM) techniques by subsidiaries tended to be associated with factors internal
to the MNC/subsidiary such as MNC size, level of technology and extent of communications networks.
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The subsidiary’s involvement in the MNC’s innovations network tended to be associated with external factors such as the innovativeness
of the industry and degree of involvement with local organizations.
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Nevertheless, in accordance with the expectations from the literature, there remained a significant association between frequency
of use of KM techniques and involvement in the innovations network of the MNC.
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An earlier version of this paper received the International Management stream best paper award at the 2004 Australia and New
Zealand Academy of Management conference. 相似文献
16.
Abstract and Key Results
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MNEs are moving away from a ‘centralised hub’ to a ‘multi-hub’ network of R&D units. Using evidence from European pharmaceutical
MNEs, this study analyses the challenges associated with promoting and integrating knowledge flows in multi-hub R&D organisational
structures.
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While these new structures provide greater potential for cross-fertilization of technologies and access to location-specific
competences, firms also need to overcome greater levels of inter-unit geographical, organisational and technological distance.
Firms also suffer from organisational inertia, which further hinders lateral communication and inter-unit knowledge transfer.
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There are important variations in the way in which integrated network structures have been implemented, but in general, these
new structures have increased the need for coordination mechanisms, but ironically most companies have reduced or eliminated this ‘traditional’ headquarters
function.
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While socialization mechanisms help to overcome some of these bottlenecks, there remain a number of obstacles in optimising
knowledge flows in physically and technologically dispersed R&D facilities.
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17.
Abstract and Key Results
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A two-step modelling strategy is applied to a panel of 5,861 foreign-invested and 7,697 indigenous Chinese firms for the period
1998–2001 to investigate whether export spillovers may represent a mechanism underpinning Dunning’s Trade Development Path
hypothesis.
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Such spillovers are found, and the results emphasize the importance of a wide spectrum of spillover channels involving labour
mobility, spatial agglomeration, technological imitation and the diffusion of exporting experience.
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Multinational enterprises in China positively affect local Chinese firms’ exports through various spillover channels, and
inward FDI brings significant, indirect spillovers.
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18.
Abstract and Key Results
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Existing multinational subsidiary typologies tend to be derived from strategy types, rather than from examining the subsidiaries
themselves. However, there seems to be limited convergence of results. We propose a four-dimensional subsidiary framework
to understanding the national subsidiary based on the subsidiary’s roles in capability creation and capability utilization
within the multinational firm as well as the geographic scope and product scope over which the subsidiary has influence.
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The paper shows that this approach, grounded in the basic strategic choices of market and activity scope at the subsidiary
level, allows for an organization and unification of earlier conceptualizations of the national subsidiary in a way that lower
dimensionality frameworks cannot. The resulting typology provides a rich set of possibilities for further theoretical and
empirical development.
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19.
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This paper shows that the role of managerial incentives is highlighted by a relatively complex relationship between technological
competence and international diversification. By studying a sample of Standard & Poor’s 500 member firms, we explore the relationships
between technological competence, managerial pay, and international diversification.
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Results indicated a curvilinear relationship (an inverted U-shape) between technological competence and international diversification. |
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In line with agency theory, contingent pay (stock options and bonuses) was positively related to international diversification. |
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Beyond these direct effects, both contingent and non-contingent pay (cash compensation) moderated the relationship between
technological competence and international diversification.
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20.
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We examine the effect of the institutional environment (IE) on the mortality of overseas subsidiaries. We develop hypotheses
to study the impact of political openness and social openness, two dimensions of the institutional environment and how joint
venture status moderates these relationships. We test our hypotheses using a sample of 12,000+ Japanese overseas investments
from 1986–1997 in 25 countries, using Cox hazard models.
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Our results suggest that the sociopolitical context has a strong influence on the mortality of overseas subsidiaries. We theorized
a negative main effect for political and social openness and positive interaction effects with openness when the FDI is through
a JV. The results are consistent with the hypotheses. However, political and social openness show significantly different
influences on subsidiary mortality.
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