发动机排气口快速取样及示踪HC喷射的研究

采用快速取样阀在一台单缸发动机排气口进行ＨＣ取样，对排气口ＨＣ取样浓度曲线进行分析，并采用向排气口喷射ＨＣ示踪气体来研究滞留在排气口附近的ＨＣ的氧化情况及其影响因素。试验表明：在排气开始阶段，ＨＣ浓度高峰是由于上一循环排出并停留在排气口附近、ＨＣ浓度较高的气体倒流产生的。此外，排气口处的温度对ＨＣ的氧化也有较大影响     

火花点火发动机的 HC 排放

本文综合国外火花点火发动机ＨＣ排放领域的研究成果，对发动机燃烧过程中部分燃料脱离主燃段及其在发动机缸内和排气系统内的不完全氧化和传输机理加以分析和讨论。总结了发动机在稳定工况和冷起动工况下ＨＣ排放形成的主要原因。     

循环流化床煤与生活垃圾混烧过程中HCL的排放

在０．２ＭＷｔｈ循环流化床上进行垃圾与煤混烧实验．测量ＨＣｌ排放浓度,探讨城市生活垃圾掺烧比率和床层温度对ＨＣｌ排放浓度的影响．实验结果显示,在混烧过程中,随垃圾加入量的增加。ＨＣｌ排放量增加,温度对ＨＣｌ排放浓度的影响很小。垃圾中Ｃａ／（Ｓ＋０．５Ｃｌ）摩尔比对ＨＣｌ自脱除有影响．采用三相流态化垃圾净化系统时,ＨＣｌ在尾气净化系统中的脱除效率高于８０％。     

有催化重整反应时热球点燃预混气的理论研究

进行了催化性热球和非催化性热球点燃静止ＣＨ４和水蒸气预混气非稳态问题的计算研究，并与实验结果对比。热球表面平行地生成ＣＯ、ＣＯ２以及相应的Ｈ２；同时空间还存在ＣＨ４、Ｈ２和ＣＯ的氧化反应。实验和计算结果都表明，与传统的氧化反应同步发生的催化重整反应所生成的少量Ｈ２大大降低了着火温度，Ｈ２的高反应率和高扩散性对着火有显著影响。     

气体燃料后燃期的HC氧化

部分燃料逃离主燃烧与燃产物一起排出气缸，形成了发动机的ＨＣ排放，ＨＣ在气缸和排气系统内的氧化程度决定了发动机的排放水平。尽管人们对燃料逃离主燃烧的机理进行了广泛的研究，但是后燃期的氧化过程还有待进一步探讨。本采用７种气体燃料来鉴定挖掘氧化程度的因素。结果显示，温度，扩散速率，燃料化学特性是影响ＨＣ排放的主要因素。     

燃料结构对HC排放的影响

火花点火发动机缸内一小部分ＨＣ燃料未经燃烧即与已燃气体一起排出缸外。为了研究燃料结构对ＨＣ排放的影响,在一台单缸发动机上燃用单一燃料及燃料混合物,对排放的循环平均值进行了研究。结果表明,燃料结构对ＨＣ排放有重要影响。     

火花点火发动机燃用含氧燃料对冷起动和怠速时未燃碳氢排放影响的实验研究

本文以在汽油中掺混不同体积百分比乙醇形成“模型”燃油的方法，研究了含氧燃料对火花点火发动机冷起动和怠速时未燃碳氢（ＨＣ）排放的影响。实验结果表明：燃油的挥发性和汽化潜热的大小对这两种工况的未燃碳氢排放有很大影响。掺混１５％（Ｖｏｌ）的乙醇能有效降低冷起动时的未燃碳氢排放。     

硅锰弹簧钢少氧化加热的分析与模拟计算

分析了少氧化加热的供热特点及燃烧条件。通过燃烧模拟计算,分析了空气消耗系数对炉内气氛ＣＯ／ＣＯ２、Ｈ２／Ｈ２Ｏ的影响及实现少氧化加热的条件;通过少氧化加热炉内热过程模拟,得出了硅锰弹簧钢少氧化加热的升温曲线     

泥炭水解制木糖的研究

泥炭稀酸水解制木糖是泥炭综合利用的有益探索。通过对水解反应条件的研究，其最佳工艺条件为：泥炭粒度１２０目，液固比Ｌ／Ｓ＝１１，反应时间ｔ＝１５０ｍｉｎ，反应温度Ｔ＝１００℃，盐酸浓度ＣＨＣｌ＝５．０％，助催化剂ＦｅＣｌ３·６Ｈ２Ｏ浓度Ｃａｌ％＝１．５％。     

电喷汽油机冷起动过程研究

本文根据实测的催化器入,出口温度及HC排放浓度，结合示功图对电喷汽油机冷起动时HC排放量在台架上进行了模拟分析，认为起动过程以节气门突开为界，可划分为2个阶段，其中HC排放主要集中在开始起动到节气门开这一段时间内，而这段时间的HC排放又以起动后最初几秒钟为主，适当减稀空燃比，促使缸内发生不完全燃烧，则未燃HC在排气管内可继续氧化，使得最终排出的HC量降低，并有利于催化剂的起燃。     

A new thermoeconomic methodology for energy systems

Thermoeconomics, or exergoeconomics, can be classified into the three fields: cost allocation, cost optimization, and cost analysis. In this study, a new thermoeconomic methodology for energy systems is proposed in the three fields. The proposed methodology is very simple and clear. That is, the number of the proposed equation is only one in each field, and it is developed with a wonergy newly introduced in this paper. The wonergy is defined as an energy that can equally evaluate the worth of each product. Any energy, including enthalpy or exergy, can be applied to the wonergy and be evaluated by this equation. In order to confirm its validity, the CGAM problem and various cogenerations were analyzed. Seven sorts of energy, including enthalpy and exergy, were applied for cost allocation. Enthalpy, exergy, and profit were applied for cost optimization. Enthalpy and exergy were applied for cost analysis. Exergy is generally recognized as the most reasonable criterion in exergoeconomics. By the proposed methodology, however, exergy is the most reasonable in cost allocation and cost analysis, and all of exergy, enthalpy, and profit are reasonable in cost optimization. Therefore, we conclude that various forms of wonergy should be applied to the analysis of thermoeconomics.     

A comparison of conversion efficiencies of various sugars as reducing agents for the photosensitizer eosin in the photogalvanic cell

The efforts have been made to convert solar energy into electrical energy by eosin as photosensitizer with different sugars fructose, arabinose, D‐xylose, and mannose systems in photogalvanic cell along with providing them commercial viability using lower concentrations of the solutions. The generated photopotential and photocurrent are 848.0, 679.0, 825.0, and 758.0 mV and 240.0, 240.0, 250.0, and 170.0 μA, respectively. The maximum powers are 203.52, 162.96, 206.25, and 128.86 μW, respectively. The observed conversion efficiency is 0.8415, 0.6461 0.7026, and 0.6812% and the determined fill factors are 0.34, 0.37, 0.28, and 0.27 against the absolute value 1. The developed photogalvanic cell can work for 55.0, 75.0, 85.0, and 90.0 minutes in the dark. The photogeneration electricity is proved by a proposed mechanism. Conclusively, the photogalvanic cell so developed has shown appreciable conversion and storage of solar energy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A review on alloyed quantum dots and their applications as photocatalysts

Semiconductor driven artificial photocatalysis is the most sustainable technology towards addressing the growing energy and environmental pollution issues. In this context, alloyed quantum dots (QDs) are an emerging class of promising nanomaterials gathering tremendous attention in this area due to several beneficial features. Compared to other bulk semiconductors, alloyed QDs are cost-effective, stable, less-toxic with superior optoelectronic features, which significantly enhances their solar energy conversion efficiency. Herein, the present review summarizes the fundamentals of alloyed QDs, various synthesis techniques, and discusses optical as well as structural properties from data interpretation point of view taking suitably reported literature. Moreover, we have provided a comprehensive summary of recent state of art metal chalcogenides based alloyed QD systems towards H₂ evolution, CO₂ reduction, and pollutant degradation. Finally, the review discusses the associated challenges and future prospects of alloyed QDs with a special focus on preparation, property engineering, theoretical aspect, stability and other field application. Additionally, the overarching aim is to provide researchers an in-depth understanding in the field of alloyed QDs relating to synthesis, characterisation, and promotes their photocatalytic applications, and can foster as a manual to future researchers.     

Investigation of a new integrated system for multiple outputs with hydrogen and methanol

In this study, an integrated multigeneration system that can produce hydrogen, electricity, heat, and methanol simultaneously is thermodynamically investigated. This integrated multigeneration system consists of three subsystems, namely: (i) electrolyzer, (ii) thermal power plant; and (iii) methanol production reactor. Energy and exergy analyses of all system components, as well as the sustainability analysis of the whole system, is performed thoroughly. The integrated system's thermodynamic performance is thoroughly investigated by changing some critical operational and environmental parameters in parametric studies. Based on the results of this study, recommendations for better energetic, exergetic, and environmental performance are presented for better sustainability. The results of this study show that the integrated multigeneration system is capable of producing hydrogen, heat, electricity, and methanol with overall energetic and exergetic efficiencies about 68% and 47%, respectively.     

A chemical mechanism for low to high temperature oxidation of n-dodecane as a component of transportation fuel surrogates

Using surrogate fuels in lieu of real fuels is an appealing concept for combustion studies. A major limitation however, is the capability to design compact and reliable kinetic models that capture all the specificities of the simpler, but still multi-component surrogates. This task is further complicated by the fairly large nature of the hydrocarbons commonly considered as potential surrogate components, since they typically result in large detailed reaction schemes. Towards addressing this challenge, the present work proposes a single, compact, and reliable chemical mechanism, that can accurately describe the oxidation of a wide range of fuels, which are important components of surrogate fuels. A well-characterized mechanism appropriate for the oxidation of smaller hydrocarbon species [G. Blanquart, P. Pepiot-Desjardins, H. Pitsch, Chemical mechanism for high temperature combustion of engine relevant fuels with emphasis on soot precursors, Combust. Flame 156 (2009) 588–607], and several substituted aromatic species [K. Narayanaswamy, G. Blanquart, H. Pitsch, A consistent chemical mechanism for the oxidation of substituted aromatic species, Combust. Flame 157 (10) (2010) 1879–1898], ideally suited as a base to model surrogates, has now been extended to describe the oxidation of n-dodecane, a representative of the paraffin class, which is often used in diesel and jet fuel surrogates. To ensure compactness of the kinetic scheme, a short mechanism for the low to high temperature oxidation of n-dodecane is extracted from the detailed scheme of Sarathy et al. [S. M. Sarathy, C. K.Westbrook, M. Mehl, W. J. Pitz, C. Togbe, P. Dagaut, H. Wang, M. A. Oehlschlaeger, U. Niemann, K. Seshadri, Comprehensive chemical kinetic modeling of the oxidation of 2-methylalkanes from C₇ to C₂₀, Combust. Flame 158 (12) (2011) 2338–2357] and integrated in a systematic way into the base model. Rate changes based on recent rate recommendations from literature are introduced to the resulting chemical mechanism in a consistent manner, which improve the model predictions. Extensive validation of the revised kinetic model is performed using a wide range of experimental conditions and data sets.     

Analysis of air conditioning system impact on a fuel cell vehicle performance based on a realistic model under actual urban conditions

In this study, a practical fuel cell vehicle considering the Heating, Ventilation, and Air conditioning system is considered to analyze hydrogen consumption under different working conditions. As a prevalent hydrogen-fueled vehicle, Toyota Mirai has been meticulously modeled in Simecenter Amesim software. The simulated model covers all of the vehicle's components with a concentration on Heating, Ventilation, and Air conditioning system. Since the air temperature and ‘weather conditions can significantly impact the vehicle's overall performance, various environmental conditions, including temperature variations, humidity, and varied solar fluxes, are taken into account. Furthermore, New York City is chosen as a densely populated megacity to simulate the dynamic behavior of the fuel cell vehicle under actual driving circumstances. The results illustrate that the Heating, Ventilation, and Air conditioning system can notably alter hydrogen consumption under real driving conditions. In this regard, turning on the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning system results in a 19% increase in fuel consumption. Moreover, the degradation phenomenon, which is a typical result of using fuel cell vehicles under urban driving conditions, impacts the vehicle's mileage and hydrogen consumption. The simulation results indicate that a fresh fuel cell stack consumes 80 g of hydrogen, while for 2500 and 5500 working hours fuel cells, the stack consumes 89.6 and 107 g of hydrogen, respectively. Based on the obtained results, a 33.75% increase in fuel consumption occurs by implementing a degraded fuel cell stack under real driving conditions.     

A comprehensive evaluation of energy storage options for better sustainability

Due to ever increasing global energy demand and the limited nature of fossil fuel reserves, there has been tremendous research and development studies in the literature, focusing on alternative and clean energy resources and systems. Renewables are the promising choice when it comes to addressing some critical energy issues such as climate change and energy security. However, renewables have intermittent and discontinuous supplies; hence, they need to be stored in ways that are affordable, reliable, flexible, clean, safe, and efficient. As a result, energy storage is becoming a crucial step to build innovative energy systems for a sustainable future. Energy can be stored in many forms, from electrical to chemical (eg, hydrogen), or electrochemical, thermal, electromagnetic, etc. Each form consists of different technologies, some of which are already commercially mature while others are at early research and development stages. Each of these options can be tailored to meet different end users' needs at different scales. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a comprehensive review on the most recent status of energy storage options, along with the requirements of various end users, and characteristics of smart energy storage systems. The main objective is to summarize the performance evaluation statuses of mechanical, electrochemical, chemical, thermal, and electromagnetic energy storage technologies. The selected performance measures are capacity flexibility, energy arbitrage, system balancing, congestion management, environmental impact, and power quality. In the end, some key recommendations and future directions for energy storage systems are provided.     

Combustion characteristics and flame stability of linear esters of palmitic acid based on OH-PLIF technology

Experimental study on combustion characteristics and method for evaluating flame stability was carried out. Methyl palmitate, ethyl palmitate, propyl palmitate, butyl palmitate, and amyl palmitate were prepared using pyridine n-butyl bisulfate ionic liquid as catalyst in a self-designed reactor to catalyze esterification reaction of palmitic acid with methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and pentanol, respectively. Combustion characteristics including the flame height, flame front area, and flame speed were analyzed; and OH-PLIF time-average total signal strength by the OH-PLIF technique and cold flow properties of linear-chain alkyl esters of palmitic acid were also studied. Image diagnosis was applied to the study of flame stability, and an image segmentation method using three color feature matrices of flame corresponding to the red, green, and blue components was proposed. A color was selected as the evaluation color and the iterative method was used to obtain the optimal threshold for the area where the flame was located. Each pixel in the matrix was compared with an optimal threshold, and the flame stability was evaluated by calculating the ratio variance under continuous conditions. The method is simple in operation, accurate in repeatability, less interfered, and provides some guidance for analysis and optimization of biodiesel combustion process.     

Exergy of Oat Straw

The exergy values of three oat straws were investigated. The effects of moisture content, ash content, S content, correlation factor (C, O, H, and N), and lower heating value (LHV) were also studied. The results showed that the moisture-related exergy, ash-related exergy, and S-related exergy varied in the ranges of 283.630–337.502, 28.474–111.054, and 4.357–13.944 kJ/kg, respectively. They accounted for 1.346–1.661%, 0.164–0.538%, and 0.021–0.068% of the exergy of oat straw, respectively. The O/C, H/C, and N/C atomic ratios varied in the ranges of 0.7042–0.7780 (10.480%), 1.4713–1.6000 (8.747%), and 0.0024–0.0254 (958.333%), respectively, whereas the correlation factors varied between 1.131 and 1.142 (0.973%). The exergy values of the three oat straws were between 20.325 and 21.065 MJ/kg. They were mainly determined by the correlation factors and the LHVs. A positive linear relationship between the exergy and LHV was observed.     

生物质高压液化制生物油研究进展

以生物质为原料进行高压液化制备生物油是目前生物质能领域研究的一个热点。纤维素在水中的降解是复杂的竞争和连串反应机理;在180℃以上,半纤维素就很容易水解,而且不管是酸还是碱都能催化半纤维素的水解反应;在水热条件下木质素会发生分解,生成多种苯酚、甲氧基苯酚等,这些产物可进一步被水解成甲氧基化合物。影响生物质液化产率及生物油组成的主要因素是温度、生物质类型和溶剂种类;次要因素包括停留时间、催化剂、还原性气体和供氢溶剂、加热速率、生物质颗粒大小、反应压力等。纤维素类生物质通过高压液化可以生产生物油,生物油经物理精制及化学加工可以制取车用燃料、生物气及化工产品等。生物油有轻油和重油之分,都是通过对生物质液化产物的分离精制而得到的。目前用来分析生物油的主要方法包括GC-MS(色-质联用)、EA(元素分析)、FTIR(傅里叶变换红外光谱)、HPLC(高效液相色谱)、NMR(核磁共振)、TOC(总有机碳测定)等。人们对生物质高压液化研究已经进行多年,并建立了几套工业试验示范装置。不过因为操作条件太苛刻,到目前为止还没有建立商业化装置。