初始转速对惯性径向摩擦焊接头成形的影响

惯性径向摩擦焊接过程中飞轮初始转速决定了焊接能量输入,对接头成形具有决定性影响.采用45钢径向环和37CrMnMo钢管,试验分析了惯性径向摩擦焊接过程中飞轮初始转速对接头成形的影响,得到了良好接头成形的飞轮初始转速,并从理论上进行了分析.结果表明,当飞轮初始转速为520和560 r/min时,接头成形较为美观,飞边呈现圆弧状卷起并均匀连续地被挤出摩擦界面.根据径向摩擦焊接界面附近温度场的特点,利用分层能量估计法从理论上推导出获得良好接头的飞轮初始转速为548 r/min,与试验结果具有较好的一致性.     

Effect of the surface roughness of friction stir welded joints on the fatigue characteristics of welded joints in V-1461 and V-1469 aluminium–lithium alloys

Investigations were carried out into the effect of friction stir welding conditions of V-1461 and V-1469 aluminium–lithium alloys on surface roughness and mechanical properties of welded joints. The general parameter of the welding conditions was the heat input coefficient determined by the ratio of the speed of rotation of the tool to the welding speed. The optimum range of friction stir welding conditions of sheets of the investigated alloys was determined. In this stage, the surface finish of the welded joint after welding is much better (required for increasing the fatigue characteristics and high-quality deposition of protective coatings), there are no defects and the strength of the welded joint is equal to 0.75–0.85 of the strength of the parent material. The production of the welded joints with reduced surface roughness (R_z ≤ 40 μm) greatly increases the fatigue characteristics of the welded joints (low-cycle fatigue strength equals more than 300,000 cycles without fracture).     

Numerical analysis of thermal process in continuous drive radial friction welding

A heat source model for radial friction welding was proposed, which was determined by friction pressure, friction coefficient, material properties and extrusion speed of material. A 3 D model was established to analyze the continuous drive radial friction welding temperature field of 45 steel pipe. The influences of friction pressure, friction time and rotation speed on the temperature of the friction interface were analyzed. The results showed that the temperature on the friction inter face rapidly rose to a peak temperature in initial friction stage and kept constant in the stable friction stage. Welding parameters of friction pressure, friction time and rotation speed had few influences on the peak temperature, while the increase of friction pressure and rotation speed could shorten the time to reach the peak temperature.     

Microstructural modification and mechanical property improvement in friction stir zone of thixo-molded AE42 Mg alloy

Thixo-molded AE42 Mg alloy was friction stir welded, and the soundness of joints was evaluated, together with the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties in friction stir zones. According to X-ray radiography, the optimum FSW condition range of AE42 alloy exists between AZ61 and AZ31 alloys, and it seems that the optimum welding condition range increases with decreasing Al content in the Mg alloys. There are mainly two kinds of compounds in the thixo-molded AE42 alloy, and FSW has little influence on the grainy Al₁₀RE₂Mn₇ compound, but it has great influence on Al₁₁RE₃ phase, which is changed from lamellar eutectic to small particles after welding. Furthermore, the average diameter of Al₁₁RE₃ particles in SZ decreases with increasing the traveling speed at constant rotation speed due to less heat input. The hardness in SZ is higher than that in BM, and tensile strength and elongation are both improved after welding because the stirring refines and uniforms the microstructure and intermetallic compounds.     

厚板铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能沿厚度方向的变化规律

通过分层法对30 mm厚7A05-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头焊核区不同位置的微观组织、力学性能进行了研究.结果表明,上表层附近的再结晶晶粒尺寸最大;当旋转频率为360 r/min,焊接速度为100 mm/min时,TI到T5层的抗拉强度分别为326,354,342,334和307 MPa,呈先高后低的趋势,且屈服强度和断后伸长率也呈一样的趋势;微观断口中存在大量的网状韧窝,其中分层切片T2上韧窝最深.显微硬度分布为焊缝上部高于下部,沿焊缝中心不对称分布.随厚度增加,轴肩产生的摩擦热自上到下不断降低,是造成中下部工件性能下降的主要原因.     

搅拌工具尺寸和工艺参数对塑料搅拌摩擦焊焊缝质量的影响

用不同尺寸的搅拌工具对聚氯乙烯(PVC)板材进行了搅拌摩擦对接焊工艺试验.试验证明,在搅拌工具肩部直径为30 mm,搅拌头直径为10 mm,搅拌头旋转速度为1 660 r/min,焊接速度为25 mm/min的情况下,可以得到焊缝饱满、成形美观的焊接接头.提高搅拌头的旋转速度可以成比例地提高焊接温度;焊接速度的影响较复杂,增大焊接速度一方面会降低焊接热输入,一方面又会间接地增大搅拌头的进给阻力,从而增大摩擦发热功率,提高焊接温度;搅拌工具肩部直径直接影响肩部与被焊材料表面的摩擦发热功率,增大肩部直径可以提高焊接温度,还有利于阻止焊缝材料的飞溅和外溢;而搅拌头直径的影响较复杂,增大它既可以提高搅拌头侧面与被焊材料之间的相对运动线速度,从而提高焊接温度,又会增加被焊材料的吸热功率和传热面积,从而降低焊接温度.     

氧元素分布模式与AA-TIG焊熔池形貌的数值模拟

文中结合电弧辅助活性TIG焊熔池氧元素分布的试验研究结果,提出焊接熔池表面氧元素分别与熔池表面温度和位置相关两种分布模式,建立了更完善的电弧辅助活性TIG焊熔池模型,求解结果与已有的试验结果和理论研究吻合良好. 结合求解结果,利用格拉晓夫数G_r,磁雷诺数R_m和表面张力雷诺数M_a分析了浮力、电磁力和表面张力的相对作用大小; 利用Peclet数分析了熔池热对流和热传导的相对强弱. 结果表明,电弧辅助活性TIG 焊熔池表面张力作用远大于电磁力和浮力,并决定熔池流动形式;熔池热对流主导熔池的传热过程,揭示了不锈钢活性TIG焊活性元素决定深而窄的熔池形貌的内在本质.     

Formation of intermetallic compounds in Al and Mg alloy interface during friction stir spot welding

The spot welding of Al plate to Mg plate was produced by friction stir spot welding using various tool rotation speed and duration time of the tool to investigate the effects of the welding parameters on the reaction of Al and Mg alloy. The interface microstructure and phase were investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties of the joints are evaluated using tensile test. Experimental results show that intermetallic compounds were formed in the interface of the Al and Mg alloys. The thickness of intermetallic compounds layer increases with increasing tool rotation speed and duration time, and has a significant effect on the strengths of the joints. Heavy thickness of intermetallic compounds layer seriously deteriorates the mechanical properties of the joints. The intermetallic compounds layer mainly contains Al₃Mg₂ and Al₁₂Mg₁₇     

Effect of tool rotation rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded copper

Abstract

Defect free copper welds were achieved by friction stir welding (FSW) carried out at a constant welding speed of 100 mm min^?1. The influence of tool rotation rate on microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture location was investigated. As the tool rotation rate increased, the grains of nugget zone grew significantly, the thermomechanically affected zone became indistinct and the grain size increased, but the effect of tool rotation rate on the grain size of heat affected zone was limited. Both ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation increased first and then decreased with increasing rotation rate and the UTS achieved a highest value of 282 MPa at the rotation rate of 400 rev min^?1 together with the welding speed of 100 mm min^?1, which was on the level of the base metal. The fracture occurred at the cavity defect on the advancing side of the joint when the FSW was performed at a low tool rotation rate, while it occurred on the retreating side when the tool rotation rate was relatively high.     

Gas-shielded welding with electrode oscillations. Thermal problem

A method is proposed for calculating the temperature field in welding with trapezoidal oscillations of the welding arc, including the equation of the temperature field for the scheme of the moving surface heat source with normal distribution, the equation of trapezoidal oscillation in the form of the sum of Fourier series and the experimentally determined dependence of the effective radius of the heating spot of the arc r₀ on the welding conditions. The dependence of the effective radius of the heating spot of the arc r₀ on the welding conditions is determined by the similarity methods for welding of low-carbon and low-alloy steels in CO₂ and a mixture of the gases Ar + 20% CO₂. The comparison of the calculated temperatures and the results obtained in full-size experiments in welding of the pipes shows that the proposed calculation method results in sufficiently accurate determination of the temperature fields for practical applications.     

6082铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝的电化学腐蚀行为

通过室温静态挂片试验以及动电位极化曲线测试,在室温0．2mol／LNaHSO3＋0．6mol／L NaCl溶液中,对6082铝合金搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）焊缝以及6082铝合金母材的电化学腐蚀行为进行了研究。结果表明,主轴转速为1200r／min,焊接速度为200mm／min,搅拌头倾角为3°时的焊缝与母材相比,平均腐蚀速率较小,腐蚀电位Ecorr正向移动,腐蚀电流密度J变小。同时使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对室温静态挂片试验试样的表面形貌进行了观察,发现焊缝表面上只出现少量较浅的点蚀坑,而母材表面的点蚀现象较为严重。     

Effect of Tool Rotation Rate on Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Friction Stir Spot-Welded Al/Cu Composite

In this study, the friction stir spot welding of Al/Cu composite produced by accumulative roll-bonding process was performed using a triangular pin with no features. The influence of tool rotation rate on the microstructure, surface hardness, and tensile shear strength was examined. The results indicated that the weld made at lower tool rotation rate was not bonded because there was no intermixing between the upper and lower sheets. The maximum shear failure load increased with the increasing tool rotation rate, and reached a maximum value at 1400 rpm, which can be ascribed to the increasing area and effective length (d) of stir zone (SZ). The experimental observations showed the presence of the intermetallic compounds (Al₂Cu and AlCu₃) in the SZ. It was concluded that the intermetallic compounds, accompanied by the material crushing, increased the hardness of the SZ.     

铝合金无减薄搅拌摩擦焊工艺优化及特征分析

为提高无减薄搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能,基于响应面法对参数进行优化,建立了响应面模型,并对模型进行回归分析. 结果表明,无减薄搅拌摩擦焊是成形优良的焊接工艺,而且焊接参数对接头拉伸性能影响明显,其中主轴转速及焊接速度对其影响更为显著. 在无缺陷条件下,提高主轴转速的同时选取适中的焊接速度,以得到性能更优的焊接接头. 焊接参数为主轴转速1 000 r/min,焊接速度200 mm/min、轴肩下压量0.25 mm时,接头的抗拉强度最大为363 MPa,为母材的94.3%,断后伸长率11.2%. 而且相比于常规搅拌摩擦焊,无减薄搅拌摩擦焊在厚度方向上的性能更加均匀.     

异种搅拌摩擦焊制备铜铝合金双金属纳米复合材料

对纯铜与AA5754合金进行对接搅拌摩擦焊接.为了降低金属间化合物的有害影响,在搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)接头中添加纳米SiC强化颗粒.采用拉伸试验、显微硬度试验、扫描电镜和X射线衍射分析方法研究焊接接头的性能.结果显示,当焊接速度为50 mm/min、转速为1000 r/min时接头的性能最好.纳米SiC颗粒的存在使搅拌区...     

Temperature and Material Flow Prediction in Friction-Stir Spot Welding of Advanced High-Strength Steel

Friction-stir spot welding (FSSW) has been shown to be capable of joining advanced high-strength steel, with its flexibility in controlling the heat of welding and the resulting microstructure of the joint. This makes FSSW a potential alternative to resistance spot welding if tool life is sufficiently high, and if machine spindle loads are sufficiently low that the process can be implemented on an industrial robot. Robots for spot welding can typically sustain vertical loads of about 8 kN, but FSSW at tool speeds of less than 3000 rpm cause loads that are too high, in the range of 11–14 kN. Therefore, in the current work, tool speeds of 5000 rpm were employed to generate heat more quickly and to reduce welding loads to acceptable levels. Si₃N₄ tools were used for the welding experiments on 1.2-mm DP 980 steel. The FSSW process was modeled with a finite element approach using the Forge^® software. An updated Lagrangian scheme with explicit time integration was employed to predict the flow of the sheet material, subjected to boundary conditions of a rotating tool and a fixed backing plate. Material flow was calculated from a velocity field that is two-dimensional, but heat generated by friction was computed by a novel approach, where the rotational velocity component imparted to the sheet by the tool surface was included in the thermal boundary conditions. An isotropic, viscoplastic Norton-Hoff law was used to compute the material flow stress as a function of strain, strain rate, and temperature. The model predicted welding temperatures to within 4%, and the position of the joint interface to within 10%, of the experimental results.     

铝-铜搅拌摩擦焊搭接焊缝共晶组织形成与抑制

采用搅拌摩擦焊技术成功焊接了铝-铜异种金属搭接接头,研究了铝-铜FSW焊缝界面宏观形貌、组织行为特征及其与焊接热输入变化的相关性,揭示出铝-铜FSW焊缝界面行为演变的基本规律.结果表明,在相应的焊接工艺参数下,单位时间、单位焊缝长度的热输入越大,铝-铜界面越容易发生共晶反应,生成Al-CuAl₂共晶体组织,直接影响焊接宏观接头抗剪力学性能,而随着热输入的减小,共晶反应程度及范围减小;也就是说,热输入的减少可明显抑制共晶反应的发生.     

CO2气体保护焊电弧温度场和流场建模与分析

建立了CO₂气体保护焊焊接电弧三维瞬态模型,通过采集实际CO₂气体保护焊瞬变电流数据,运用磁流体动力学(magneto hydrodynamics,MHD)等基本理论,结合ANSYS的多物理场耦合功能,模拟出了CO₂气体保护焊焊接电弧的电场电流密度、磁场电磁力、温度和速度场的分布.电弧温度场分布模拟结果和文献中的试验数据基本一致.同时通过计算系统的流体雷诺数和马赫数对该模型中的流体层流假设和不可压缩假设的合理性进行了验证.该数学模型可为控制CO₂气体保护焊焊接电弧提供理论指导,也为进一步分析CO₂气体保护焊电弧的动态过程打下了基础.     

Effect of friction welding conditions and aging treatment on mechanical properties of A7075-T6 aluminium alloy friction joints

Abstract

This article describes the effect of friction welding conditions and aging treatment on the mechanical properties of type 7075-T6 aluminium alloy (A7075) friction welded joints. A7075 was joined by using a continuous drive friction welding machine with an electromagnetic clutch in order to prevent braking deformation during as rotation speed decreases. That is, it was welded by using the 'Low Heat Input Friction Welding Method' (LHI method) developed by the authors, in which heat input is lower than in the conventional method. The maximum joint efficiency at a friction pressure of 30 MPa was approximately 25%, and that at 90 MPa was approximately 64%. These joints were made without forge pressure. The low joint efficiency was due to the existence of non-joined regions at the welded interfaces. However, the welded joint had approximately 82% joint efficiency when the friction time was 0·5 s at a friction pressure of 90 MPa with a forge pressure of 180 MPa. The welded joint softened at the welded interface and its adjacent region. It had approximately 90% joint efficiency after aging for 730 days at room temperature (natural aging). It also had approximately 95% joint efficiency after aging for 48 h at 393 K (120°C), and had no softened region at the welded interface. The heat input of the welded joint with the LHI method could be decreased to approximately 50% of that with the conventional method. The LHI method has several advantages for A7075 friction welding; less heat input than with the conventional method, and light post-weld processing (machining, etc.) because the flash can be minimised.     

Friction welding – critical assessment of literature

Abstract

Friction welding is now well established as a means of joining many different types of materials, because it has proved itself to be a reliable and economical way of producing high quality welds. The present paper introduces different friction welding processes, their advantages and shortcomings. The history of friction welding and typical applications are also reviewed. In the context of friction welding, a number of subjects, such as frictional behaviour, joining mechanism, interface temperature and heat generation, still exist, where different concepts for explanation of the physical mechanisms have been proposed by different investigators. To clarify some inconsistencies in the interpretation of the friction welding process, a thorough review and critical assessment of the literature associated with this process is attempted.     

Laser welding technologies: high power diode laser application examples

The successful results presented in the literature on friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminium–steel joints ignore the appearance and formation of defects on the joint as reference points for evaluation. It also increases the controversy about the presence of intermetallic compounds of the type Fe_xAl_y, and the lack of information about its origin. The objective of this study is to determine appropriate parameters for obtaining aluminium–steel joints free of defects, and their relationship to the formation of deleterious phases during FSW. Consolidated welded joints were obtained and the microstructure resulting from these welded joints of aluminium alloy 6063-T5 and AISI steel SAE 1020 was determined. A tungsten carbide tool (WC-14Co) was used at rotation and weld speeds of 300 rpm and 150 mm min^? 1, respectively. The results highlight the importance of heat input in obtaining aluminium–steel joints with adequate surface appearance and penetration. The microstructural analysis reveals the formation of seven regions in the welded joint, highlighting the thermo-mechanically affected zone on the steel, a band of ultra-fine grains of ferrite and the absence of intermetallic compounds on the aluminium–steel interface.