Prospective and cross-sectional mood reports offer no evidence of a "blue Monday" phenomenon.

Conducted 3 studies, 2 using prospective and 1 using cross-sectional methods, to examine mood variation in married men over the days of the week. In Study 1, 46 Ss (mean age 42 yrs) kept a record of daily events, illnesses, and moods for 90 consecutive days. In Study 2, 58 Ss (mean age 43 yrs) also kept records, but for 112 days; severe dysphoric mood was also measured. 57 Ss in Study 2 also were asked on the telephone about which days of the week were worst and best for their mood. 21 Ss from this study also participated in a study in which they reported on their mood 5 times/day for 2 wks. In Study 3, 616 Ss (aged 18–60 yrs) completed 1 depressed mood scale. Although Ss thought that their mood was lowest on Monday, mood measures collected on a daily basis did not support the belief. Monday's mood was not different than mood on Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday, but positive mood was higher and negative mood was lower on the weekend; measures of depressed mood did not vary by day of the week. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Grammatical awareness in the spoken and written language of language-disabled children.

Two experiments examined judgment, revision, and error-identification deficits in relation to expressive language skills and morphemic errors in writing. 12 language-disabled (LND) children (aged 8 yrs 2 mo to 12 yrs 4 mo) and 11 controls (aged 6 yrs 3 mo to 6 yrs 11 mo) matched for language ability participated in Exp 1. 11 LND children (aged 9 yrs 1 mo to 12 yrs 2 mo), 11 age-matched children with no language disability, and 11 children (aged 6 yrs 2 mo to 8 yrs 0 mo) matched to LND Ss for language ability participated in Exp 2. LND Ss who did not lack expressive use of target morphemes also did not differ from language-matched Ss in their ability to (1) judge the grammaticality of spoken sentences, (2) revise them, and (3) identify errors. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Structure of problem behavior in adolescence and young adulthood.

Conducted 3 studies on the structure of behavior, using data collected by the 2nd author and S. L. Jessor (1977). These earlier bivariate findings suggested that diverse problem behaviors, including problem drinking, illicit drug use, delinquent-type behavior, and precocious sexual intercourse, may comprise a single behavioral syndrome in samples of normal adolescents. Data had been collected in 6 self-report waves for 162 male and 222 female Ss from the time they were in Grades 7–9 to when they were aged 25–27 yrs and for 84 males and 100 females from the time they were college students to when they were aged 30 yrs (approximately). In Study 1, a multivariate test of this possible syndrome was carried out through a series of maximum likelihood factor analyses. Analyses were performed by sex on 4 waves of the panel data. In Study 2, multiple random subsamples of adolescents who participated in the 1978 National Study of Adolescent Drinking (J. V. Rachal et al, 1980) were used to determine the generality of the results. In Study 3, the presence of a similar syndrome in Ss in their middle to late 20's was investigated, using data from Study 1. The analyses consistently showed that a common factor accounted for the correlations among the different problem behaviors. The findings support the notion of a syndrome of problem behavior in both adolescence and young adulthood. (45 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Depression, working models of others, and relationship functioning.

Two studies examined depressives' working models of others and the relative contribution of these models and depression to relationship functioning. Respondents reported on their childhood relationships, adult attachment style, and relationship functioning. Study 1 compared 163 mildly depressed and nondepressed college women (aged 17–48 yrs), and Study 2 compared 25 married women recovering from clinical depression with 23 nondepressed married women (mean age 40 yrs for both groups). Mildly depressed college women evidenced greater preoccupation and fearful avoidance in romantic relationships than did nondepressed women; recovering depressed women evidenced greater fearful avoidance. In both studies, relationship functioning was predicted more strongly by adult attachment style than by depression status. Among college women, positive experiences with mother also were linked to better relationship functioning; however, attachment style and depression status mediated this effect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Negative priming for spatial location?

Examined negative priming for spatial location in 2 studies. Study 1 involved combinations of target, distractor, or both, across prime and probe, being presented once to each S in a negative priming for spatial location procedure. Specifically, stimuli were presented using an oscilloscope controlled by a computer system, and the fixation display appeared immediately after a foot pedal was depressed. After 500 msec, the prime array was added to the fixation display until the S responded (depressing the key corresponding to the location of the target). In the 1st Exp, the procedure was examined across a number of Ss (12 university students; aged 20–30 yrs). In the 2nd Exp, the procedure was tested over repeated sessions with 1 S (university student; aged 23 yrs) on consecutive days. Study 2 verified the results in 13 university students. The findings suggest that negative priming in the spatial location procedure may be more closely related to inhibition of return, or to the automatic attraction of attention by new objects, than to the concepts of distractor inhibition, episodic retrieval, and feature mismatch which have traditionally been used to explain negative priming for spatial location. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Differential recall as a function of mood disorder in clinically depressed patients: Between- and within-subject differences.

In Study 1, 23 depressed outpatients (aged over 60 yrs); 23 controls matched to the depressed group on age, sex, education, and SES; and 23 undergraduates rated trigrams as liked or disliked and were asked to recall a portion of these after a study period. Results show that depressed Ss recalled more trigrams they had disliked than ones they had liked. Both control groups had the opposite pattern, but undergraduates recalled significantly more trigrams than did older Ss. In Study 2, 20 of the 23 depressed Ss from Study 1 were administered different trigram packets at the middle and end of therapy using the same procedure. Results show that the change from a depressed to a nondepressed state across therapy correlated with a change from the superiority of disliked trigrams in the recall to a superiority of liked trigrams. It is suggested that this simple differential-recall procedure can be used as a moderate measure of the continuum of depression and success in therapy. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

évaluation et modification de conceptions erronées au sujet des loteries.

Studied misconceptions concerning pseudoactive lotteries among regular and occasional players, and assessed the possibility of changing these misconceptions. Ss were 100 regular and 100 occasional lottery players in Study 1 and 22 experimental (mean age 36 yrs) and 22 control (mean age 34 yrs) regular lottery players in Study 2. In Study 1, Ss completed a questionnaire assessing their beliefs and practices concerning the lottery. Differences between regular and occasional players were analyzed. In Study 2, experimental group Ss received information on the odds of winning in the lottery. The effects of this information on beliefs concerning the lottery and on playing habits were analyzed. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Adult age differences in predicting memory performance: The effects of normative information and task experience.

Two experiments addressed the effects of task information and experience on younger and older adults' ability to predict their memory for words. The 1st study, which involved 36 women (aged 20–30 yrs) and 36 women (aged 65–75 yrs), examined the effects of normative task information on Ss' predictions for 30-word lists across 3 trials. The 2nd study, which involved 2 groups of men and women (128 Ss total; aged 19–30 yrs and 54–77 yrs), examined the effects of making predictions and recalling either an easy or a difficult word list prior to making predictions and recalling a moderately difficult word list. Results from both studies showed that task information and experience affected Ss' predictions and that elderly adults predicted their performance more accurately than did younger adults. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interactional correlates of premature termination.

Examined the relation of premature termination (PT) from individual psychotherapy to topic determination (TD), which was defined as the proportion of the topic initiations subsequently followed by the other participant, in 2 studies. It was hypothesized that those therapist–client dyads that terminated prematurely would evidence lower degrees of topic determination in the early sessions than continuing dyads. Study 1 compared 4 continuing dyads (2 successful and 2 unsuccessful) and 2 PT dyads. All dyads involved nonpsychotic female clients (mean age 22 yrs) seen at a university counseling center using a time-limited therapy format. The PT dyads had lower levels of TD than the continuing dyads. Specific threshold levels of TD were associated with client failure to return. Study 2 examined 12 dyads that included male and female clients (mean age 22 yrs) of average disturbance (based on psychiatric outpatient norms). Results confirm the PT–TD relation and the TD threshold found in Study 1. For the continuing dyads, low TD values were also found to be associated with client "no-shows" but not cancelled sessions. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Filial therapy with Native Americans on the Flathead Reservation.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 18(1) of International Journal of Play Therapy (see record 2009-00564-006). This article was originally published with the wrong first page. Printed issues contain the first page for the preceding article, "Effectiveness of Filial Therapy for Korean Parents," by Mikyung Jang. The online version has been revised to present the correct first page. The URL for the corrected online version is provided in the erratum.] Examined the effectiveness of the 10-wk filial therapy model as an intervention for 25 Native American parents (aged 23–46 yrs) and their 21 children (aged 3–10 yrs) residing on the Flathead Reservation in Montana. Results show that Native American parents significantly increased their level of empathy in their interactions with their children. Children significantly increased their level of desirable play behaviors with their parents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Construction et validation du Questionnaire sur les réactions parentales aux émotions positives exprimées par l'enfant.

Studied the psychometric properties of the French-language Questionnaire on Parental Reactions to Children's Expression of Positive Emotions (QPRCEPE). The QPRCEPE includes 12 scenarios that may elicit positive affect in children. The scenarios are accompanied by 4 parental reactions: socialization, encouragement, reprimand, and discomfort. Two studies were conducted in Canada. The results of Study 1, performed with 164 mothers of children aged 4-7 yrs, showed good construct validity. The results of Study 2, performed with 200 mothers of children aged 4-7 yrs, showed that each QPRCEPE subscale had satisfactory internal consistency and high temporal stability. It is maintained that the findings are consistent with the model proposed by T. Dix (1991), according to which parents' emotional state affects their child rearing practices and their perception and interpretation of child behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behavioral treatment of "nightfears" in children: Maintenance of improvement at 2?- to 3-year follow-up.

Subsequent to a 3-wk, behaviorally oriented self-control training program for families, 39 of the 40 participating children (aged 6–13 yrs) had significantly reduced or completely overcome their severe, chronic nighttime fears. Maintenance of improvement from 2? to 3 yrs, without additional treatment and without the occurrence of new problems, was demonstrated in 31 of the 34 follow-up Ss. (2 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Filial therapy with Native Americans on the Flathead Reservation": Correction to Glover and Landreth (2000).

Reports an error in "Filial therapy with Native Americans on the Flathead Reservation" by Geri J. Glover and Garry L. Landreth (International Journal of Play Therapy, 2000, Vol 9[2], 57-80). This article was originally published with the wrong first page. Printed issues contain the first page for the preceding article, "Effectiveness of Filial Therapy for Korean Parents," by Mikyung Jang. The online version has been revised to present the correct first page. The URL for the corrected online version is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2001-00558-004.) Examined the effectiveness of the 10-wk filial therapy model as an intervention for 25 Native American parents (aged 23–46 yrs) and their 21 children (aged 3–10 yrs) residing on the Flathead Reservation in Montana. Results show that Native American parents significantly increased their level of empathy in their interactions with their children. Children significantly increased their level of desirable play behaviors with their parents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Screening for depression among women attending their family physicians.

In Study 1, 437 women (aged 18–65 yrs) who completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES–D) while visiting their family doctors and received a score of 10 or higher were interviewed. A cut-off score of 13 on the CES–D resulted in zero false negatives among Ss when a classification (i.e., depressed vs nondepressed), based on total CES–D scores, was compared with a classification of these Ss on the basis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) criteria. In Study 2, a screening instrument for depression was tested among 679 women (aged 18–65 yrs) attending their family doctors and whose score on the CES–D was 13 or higher. The screening instrument consisted of the CES–D items plus items measuring recent stressful life events and chronic difficulties, social supports, and personal and family history of psychiatric disorder. The inclusion of additional screening items did not meaningfully improve the detection of depressed Ss beyond the level provided by total scores on the CES–D. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Treatment of major depressive disorder in older adult outpatients with brief psychotherapies.

Examined (a) whether older adults in a current major depressive episode would improve systematically when treated with short-term psychotherapies and (b) if they would respond differentially to treatment approaches emphasizing the importance of either cognitive, behavioral, or relational/insight factors in the therapy process. 30 elderly outpatients (aged 59–80 yrs) were assigned to 1 of the 3 individual treatment conditions for 16 sessions over a 12-wk period. Evaluation (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Beck Depression Inventory, and Self-Rating Depression Scale) occurred before and after therapy and at 4 times during a 1-yr follow-up. Comparable improvement in depressive symptoms was seen from pre- to posttest for Ss in all 3 treatment conditions. However, improvement during the 1-yr follow-up was maintained more effectively by Ss treated with behavioral or cognitive therapy than with relational/insight therapy. Results indicate that brief psychotherapies can be effective in the treatment of elderly depressives and that structured therapies may be more beneficial than nonstructured relationally oriented therapy during a treatment-free follow-up period. (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Implementing a time-limited therapy program: Differential effects of training and experience.

Assessed the relationship between level of clinical experience, training format (no training, self-instructional, or intensive training), and therapeutic outcome in time-limited therapy (TLT). Six experienced therapists (aged 40–55 yrs) and 6 therapists-in-training (aged 25–31 yrs) underwent 1 of the 3 training formats prior to conducting 8 TLT sessions with a prescreened homogeneous group of 57 clients at a university counseling center. Clients of experienced therapists had consistently superior outcomes when compared with clients of their less experienced counterparts, with the exception of intake officers' outcome ratings. The more intensely trained therapists realized better outcomes, irrespective of therapist experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Measurement and training of AVC discrimination skills: Independent confirmation and extension.

Describes the AVC test of discrimination skills developed by N. Kerr et al (see record 1981-23872-001) and presents 2 validation studies of the test. In Study 1, 135 mentally handicapped Ss (aged 17–60 yrs) were assessed on all 6 levels of the AVC and 42 Ss were retested at 3-mo follow-up. Results are consistent with the findings of Kerr et al and support the AVC's reliability and resistance of AVC behaviors to change without systematic training. Study 2 examined the potential of the AVC for predicting performance of 6 severely retarded Ss (aged 21–50; Stanford-Binet IQs 30–36) who were learning a vocational assembly task. Findings reveal that brief training sessions were as effective as extended ones in teaching the tasks and that the AVC was an accurate predictor of Ss' performance. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Research training in counseling psychology: Some preliminary data.

Surveyed 35 current students (aged 21–40 yrs) and 34 PhD graduates (aged 28–52 yrs) from a graduate program in counseling psychology to assess (a) whether attitudes toward research changed during and after graduate school and (b) what activities/factors within graduate training affect research skill and interest. Using a combination of current and retrospective reports, it was found that although Ss at all levels perceived their training program's expectations for research as greater than students' own wants, students' interest in research (doing and valuing) increased as they progressed through training and afterwards. Three factors within graduate training that facilitate interest and skill in research are hypothesized: (1) social/interpersonal interaction; (2) training in applied, practical, and less traditional approaches to research; and (3) early, active involvement in research. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correlates of locus of desired control in two samples of elderly persons: Community residents and hospitalized patients.

Describes the correlates of a new measure of desired control in 2 groups of elderly persons. Study 1 examined the desired control correlates for 88 elderly community residents (mean age 75 yrs). As predicted, desired control was significantly negatively correlated with depression and positively correlated with health, knowledge of services for the elderly, and use of services for the elderly. Study 2 examined the correlates of desired control for 77 male patients in a chronic care hospital ward (mean age 72 yrs). Desired control was significantly correlated with 4 of 5 indices of psychological adjustment. The 2 studies together indicate the breadth of relationships of desired control to diverse aspects of psychological well-being, including a measure of subjective senescence. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of a workshop fee on women's stress management skills and evaluations.

Investigated the effects of a workshop fee on stress-management skills and workshop evaluations of 34 women (aged 24–62 yrs) who participated in a 2-evening stress-management workshop. Ss were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: $30 treatment fee or no fee (control). At the conclusion of training, all Ss completed the State scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory twice (before and after using stress reduction techniques), a cognitive recall test, and a workshop evaluation. Two weeks after training, Ss responded to a scale measuring their present level of experienced stress. Significant differences were found between the groups: Those paying for the workshop scored significantly higher in content recall of stress reduction techniques and significantly lower in follow-up stress levels than Ss who paid no fee. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)