The association between global and specific measures of the therapeutic relationship.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 31(3) of Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training (see record 2009-17141-001). This article contained, as Figure 1, an SASB model. The authorship and copyrights for the model were not acknowledged. The following acknowledgement should have been included: "From Benjamin (1983), Intrex User's Manual. Intrex Interpersonal Institute, P.O. Box 581037, Salt Lake City, UT 84158. Reprinted by permission." An apology is offered to the author, Dr. Lorna Smith Benjamin. The particular version used in the article was developed in collaboration with Clinton W. McLemore.] Examined the association between global and specific measures of the therapeutic relationship in Sessions 3, 5, and 15 of 9 cases of time-limited psychodynamic psychotherapy. L. S. Benjamin's (see PA, Vol 53:2991; see also, 1984) structural analysis of social behavior (SASB) model provided the specific measure of relationship. There were more consistent associations between ratings of client contributions to the alliance and SASB ratings of client behaviors than there were for the same therapist variables. Additionally, analyses show that external (i.e., nonself) judgments of client and therapist contributions to the alliance, rather than therapist or client self-ratings of contributions to the alliance, were most frequently associated with the SASB behavior codes. Finally, different therapist and client behaviors seemed to be associated with quality of the therapeutic relationship at different points in the therapeutic process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Who has the "relationship" in managed care?

Comments on R. E. Patricelli and F. C. Lee's article (see record 83-35320) describing innovations in managed behavioral health care. The author calls attention to a possible overapplication of the term "continuity of care" in the Patricelli and Lee article, when describing what is more certainly a 'continuum of care". Even the best managed care techniques do not come close to providing continuous, personal contact. It is argued that the difference between a managed continuum of care and continuity of care lies at the crux of the care delivery problems faced by many mental health care providers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Dynamic testing": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by E. L. Grigorenko and R. J. Sternberg (Psychological Bulletin, 1998[Jul], Vol 124[1], 75–111). The original article contained a word-processing error that resulted in an incorrect word substitution in the reference list. Corrections to the references are listed. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1998-04232-004.) This article evaluatively reviews the literature on dynamic testing, a collection of testing procedures designed to quantify not only the products or even the processes of learning but also the potential to learn. The article considers a variety of approaches to dynamic testing and the strengths and weaknesses of each. Moreover, the literature on each approach is reviewed and analyzed in terms of the extent to which it fulfills the claims made for it. In all of these approaches, testing involves learning at the time of test, rather than just static testing of what has been learned before. It is concluded that dynamic testing has great potential for helping to understand people's potentials but that its potential has yet to be realized fully. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Child health psychology": Erratum.

Reports an error in "Child health psychology" by Dennis Drotar, Suzanne Bennett Johnson, Ron Iannotti, Norman Krasnegor, Karen A. Matthews, Barbara G. Melamed, Sharon Millstein, Rolf A. Peterson, Debbie Popiel and Donald K. Routh (Health Psychology, 1989, Vol 8[6], 781-784). The name of the author, Sharon Millstein, should be Susan Millstein. It appears correctly in this record. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2008-09118-001.) The term child health psychology refers to the field of research on the behavioral aspects of children's health and illness. At this time we need to continue the work of the child health psychology special interest group and to draw into the Division of Health Psychology a much larger number of developmental psychologists, who need to be informed about the relevance of their scientific training to child health issues. We call the Division's attention and that of granting agencies such as the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to the following high-priority child health research issues: adherence to pediatric medical regimens; child health promotion; family influences on child and adolescent health and disease; and stress and coping in childhood illness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Role playing and interpersonal-conflict reduction": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by Arthur C. Bohart (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1977[Jan], Vol 24[1], 15-24). On page 18, there is an error in the degrees of freedom for the F test for planned comparisons. The value given for the second degree of freedom is 72. Depending upon the specific comparison concerned, the actual degrees of freedom varied between 37 and 39. Please note that all of the significance levels are correct as originally reported. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1977-13150-001.) 80 female undergraduates attempted to resolve personal anger conflicts by participating in short counseling-analog sessions. Each S used 1 of 4 procedures: role play, discharge, intellectual analysis, or control. It was hypothesized that role play, which provides opportunity for both intellectual insight and emotional experience, would be more effective than discharge, which de-emphasizes insight, and intellectual analysis, which de-emphasizes emotional experience. E. T. Gendlin's (1969) focusing scale, a measure of the degree to which people can use their emotional experience facilitatively, was also administered. It was predicted that high-focusing role-play Ss would show the most reduction of anger and conflict (Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List). On the whole, role play was the most effective procedure for reducing anger, hostile attitudes, and behavioral aggression. None of the predictions on focusing were borne out. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Stroop task: The "gold standard" of attentional measures.

More than 700 studies sought to explain some nuance of the Stroop effect (C. M. MacLeod; see record 1991-14380-001). Thousands of others have been directly or indirectly influenced by J. R. Stroop's (see record 1936-01863-001) article. Two reasons for the popularity of the Stroop effect are suggested: its large and always statistically reliable effect and the lack of an adequate explanation for the effect. A brief biography of Stroop and a sketch of the history of the problem he studied are included. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Nudging aside Meehl's paradox": Erratum.

Reports a typesetting error in the original article by L. Leventhal (Canadian Psychology, 1994[Jul], Vol 35[3], 283–298). On page 295, the sentence should read "Compared to the old views, the new views might give less weight to the confidence interval and more weight to the probability value of .007 which indicates that the theory performed far better than chance." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in PA, Vol 82:8115.) P. E. Meehl (1967) attacked significance tests used to appraise directional theoretical predictions. With perfect statistical power, the probability approaches .5 of significance in the predicted direction, even for meritless theories. Feeble theory corroboration results. This article argues that directional predictions, not significance tests, produce the feeble corroboration. The author reviews previous solutions to Meehl, rejecting all except the multiple corroboration solution by D. T. Lykken (1968) and A. Kukla (see record 1991-31958-001). This solution is defended against Meehl's (see record 1991-31961-001) criticisms and extended.… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Is the nature-nurture debate on the verge of extinction?": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by D. A. Bors (Canadian Psychology, 1994[Jul], Vol 35(2), 231–243). Several mistakes appeared in 1 section of the article. Corrected pages 234 and 235 are reprinted in this issue. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1995-08940-001.) Presents 4 arguments in opposition to the position that the nature-nurture debate is no longer as contentious as it once was. First, the nature-nurture controversy, conceived of as an attempt to assign relative weightings of importance to genotype and environment in relation to psychological phenomena, is no closer to being settled today than it was at any point in the past. Second, though of considerable consequence for psychological theory and practice, the mapping of the human genome will not assist in the settlement of the nature-nurture debate. Third, heritability studies are of little value to psychologists and cannot help in the resolution of the debate. Fourth, the nature-nurture controversy is not a scientific issue. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Assessment of environment-therapy systems: The Group Atmosphere Scale": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by S. Silbergeld et al(Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 1975[Aug], Vol 43[4], 460-469). On page 467, the profiles for Figures 1 and 2 were inadvertently reversed. The profiles for Groups C2 and T1 should be placed in Figure 1; those for Groups T1 and TS, in Figure 2. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1975-28112-001). Describes the Group Atmosphere Scale (GAS) which was developed to measure systematically the psychosocial environment of therapy groups. 12 content subscales, each containing 10 true-false items, assess the consensual psychosocial environment. Several of these serve as indicators of group cohesion and conformity. GAS analyses were based upon data from 149 members of 17 therapy groups. The GAS differentiated among 3 modalities of therapy: academic counseling, long-term psychotherapy, and short-term intervention. Within each treatment modality, the GAS distinguished among different therapy groups. Since identical dimensions have been used to measure psychiatric ward and classroom atmospheres, the GAS makes feasible a comparison of psychosocial environment for diversified milieus. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comments on "The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change."

This commentary describes the impact of Carl Rogers' classic article (see record 2007-14630-002) on the field of psychotherapy in general and on control-mastery theory and research in particular. The relevance of Rogers' model in the current psychotherapy literature and debates is addressed as are some of the limitations of the model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Mental rotation and the identification of disoriented objects": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by P. Jolicoeur (Canadian Journal of Psychology, 1988, Vol 42 [4], 461–478). On page 475, footnote 7 should read "Although I prefer to think about the facilitation of the identification process following practice in terms of effects on representations, it may be possible to model the practice effects in terms of effects on identification procedures and priming of procedures." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared as follows in record 1989-21225-001). Compared the effects of stimulus orientation among 30 undergraduates across an object-naming task and a left-right decision task using the same line-drawing stimuli in a within-Ss design… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Hypnosis and risks to human subjects": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by W. C. Cole and K. Ryken (American Psychologist, 1979[Aug], Vol 34[8], 673–681.) On page 673, a quotation was incorrectly attributed to the US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW) when it was the specific interpretation of California State University, Fresno, of the more general guidelines provided by DHEW. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1979-32919-001.) Concerns for the safety of human Ss have led to the creation of institutional review boards that evaluate experimental procedures according to the risks involved. Because establishing criteria for evaluating the risk of specific psychological procedures is difficult, the judgments of reviewing committees may be quite variable and unpredictable. The US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare has labeled hypnosis as being at risk. This article attemps to clarify the degree of risk associated with the use of standard hypnotic susceptibility scales. The aftereffects of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C, were compared with the same aftereffects of (a) participating in a brief verbal learning experiment, (b) taking a college exam, (c) attending a college class, and (d) college life in general for a sample of 209 undergraduates. The results indicate that hypnosis was no more bothersome than the comparison activities. The authors discuss the limitations of the study… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Neuropsychological assessment of memory in the elderly": Erratum.

Reports an error in "Neuropsychological assessment of memory in the elderly" by Donald E. Read (Canadian Journal of Psychology Revue Canadienne de Psychologie, 1987[Jun], Vol 41[2], 158-174). On p. 171: The last sentence of the first paragraph should read "This finding has now been replicated in a follow-up study with the same subjects (Read, 1986)." (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1988-30166-001.) Administered 3 tests designed for the neuropsychological assessment of older people. The tests focus on evaluating the storage abilities of the brain for both explicit and implicit aspects of memory. Ss were volunteers in 3 age groups: 89 males and 153 females (aged 50–59 yrs); 122 males and 181 females (aged 60–69 yrs); and 77 males and 112 females (aged 70–79 yrs). The tests were (1) the Supermarket Test, designed to measure both immediate and delayed episodic memory for test items, plus episodic recall of the spatial location of the same items; (2) the Visual Closure Test, designed to measure implicit and explicit memory; and (3) the Sequential Geometric Design Test, designed to measure visuoperceptual ability and nonverbal memory. Findings show the tests to work well with patients suffering from mild to severe memory loss and with those in the early stages of dementia. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Rereading text: Words and their context": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by B. A. Levy et al (Canadian Journal of Psychology, 1991[Dec], Vol 45[4], 492–506). Corrections to tables 2 and 3 regarding mean reading times during original reading and rereading in Exps 1 and 2, respectively, are provided. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in PA Vol 79:18597.) Two experiments examined whether the benefits of rereading are mediated by abstract word-level representations and are subject to the reader's focus of attention (T. H. Carr and J. S. Brown; see record 1990-27485-001). The effect of prior reading history was measured when 50 undergraduates reread a normal text and a scrambled word version of the text. The prior reading history was either with the normal or the scrambled version. In Exp 1, readers were oriented to surface level processing by a Greek letter detection task while reading. In Exp 2, Ss were oriented to message level processing by being required to write a summary of the text after each rereading. Transfer to normal text rereading is context specific, and this specificity is resistant to influences by focus of attention. Transfer to rereading scrambled word displays is variable, usually nonspecific, and perhaps open to attentional strategy. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Making Psychology a Household Word": Erratum.

Reports an error in "Making Psychology a Household Word" by Ronald F. Levant (American Psychologist, 2006[Jul-Aug], Vol 61[5], 383-395). This erratum clarifies the APA Council of Representatives response to the PENS Task Force Report at its August 2005 meeting. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2006-08928-002.) This article addresses Ronald F. Levant's four APA presidential initiatives for 2005. "Making Psychology a Household Word" was both the general theme for his presidency as well as an initiative in its own right. The other three initiatives were "Promoting Health Care for the Whole Person," "Enhancing Diversity Within APA," and "Developing an APA Position on Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Erratum: "Moral Internalization, Parental Power, and the Nature of Parent-Child Interaction."

Reports an error in the original article by M. L. Hoffman (Developmental Psychology, 1975[Mar], 11[2], 228-239). The sentence beginning on the fifth line in the third paragraph, second column, page 233, should read: "An affectionate, trusting child, for example, may be expected to elicit more inductive and less power-assertive discipline than a less affectionate, less trusting child." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1975-20841-001.) The following arguments are offered for the view that the frequent correlation between discipline and internalization reflects parental influence: (a) Since parental discipline exerts more constraint on the child than the child exerts on the parent, child attributes like internalization that probably derived from behaviors and inner states associated with compliance are more apt to be consequents than antecedents of discipline. (b) Congenital and other factors that may affect discipline do not negate its effects on internalization. It is also hypothesized that discipline is important because it gives children the experience, necessary for internalization, of achieving balance between expressing and controlling desires. The parent-child relation is conceptualized so as to fit the facts of both everyday interaction and long-term effects, especially on the child. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Testing the robustness of the job demands-resources model": Erratum.

Reports an error in "Testing the Robustness of the Job Demands-Resources Model" by Susana Llorens, Arnold B. Bakker, Wilmar Schaufeli and Marisa Salanova (International Journal of Stress Management, 2006[Aug], Vol 13[3], 378-391). Several corrections of errata in a paper by the authors published in the 2006 issue of the International Journal of Stress Management are presented: (1) The sentence beginning on page 385, line 16 should read "To avoid identification problems, the error variance of Organizational commitment and Emotional load were constrained using the formula (1 - α) × sigma2." (2) The sentence on page 385, line 18, should be deleted. (3) Degrees of freedom for M3 in Table 2 were incorrectly reported. The correct degrees of freedom were 54. The corrected table is provided. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2006-10511-007.) According to the job demands-resources (JD-R) model, job demands and resources evoke two relatively independent processes: health impairment and employee motivation. The robustness of the JD-R model was tested in two different occupational samples, the first of 654 Spanish employees and the second of 477 Dutch employees. Structural equation modeling analyses provided partial evidence for the two processes. Multigroup analyses showed that the structural paths of the model were invariant across countries, although the strength of the relationships differed. We conclude that the basic structure of the JD-R model is maintained, even when applied in different national and occupational contexts, when using different ways of gathering data (computerized versus paper and pencil), and when using slightly different measures to assess the key variables of the model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Casebook for providers of psychological services": Erratum.

Corrects a statement in the article in the American Psychologist (see record 1988-37041-001), which presented cases to provide clarification of the General Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services as approved by the American Psychological Association Council of Representatives in February 1987. The correction states that the statement (p. 558), "The psychologist recognized the illegality of doing psychological evaluations on minor children without the knowledge and permission of their custodial parent," was overbroad. The legality or illegality of doing psychological evaluations of minor children at the request of noncustodial parents is determined by state law. The correction concludes with the advice that state law and regulations should be carefully researched to determine the legal status of such evaluations at the request of noncustodial parents. (0 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)