Effect of Washing on the Nutritional and Quality Characteristics of Dried Minced Rockfish Flesh

Yield and nutritional characteristics of unwashed and washed minced rockfish flesh and fillets were determined. The yield of fillets from whole fish was 26% compared to 43% for minced flesh. Washing minced flesh resulted in a 37% loss of solids. The greatest reductions were found in the ash (80%) and lipid (65%) levels in the washed flesh. Most of the sarcoplasmic proteins were lost during washing, but 77% of the total protein (N × 6.25) was recovered in the washed fraction. Washing minced flesh did not affect the amino acid composition, and PER values for all three fish treatments were higher than the casein reference. The rapid formation of trimethylamine and dimethylamine in the dried fillets and dried minced unwashed flesh may explain the development of off-flavors in wafers containing 10% dried fish after 8 wk of storage at 30°C.     

不同漂洗处理对罗非鱼浆的影响

分析了水洗、酸洗和盐洗对罗非鱼浆的脱水性、罗非鱼糜凝胶的持水性、白度及凝胶强度的影响,并对漂洗中干物质的损失率作了分析.结果表明:酸洗和盐洗可以使鱼浆易于脱水,各种漂洗都可以提高鱼糜凝胶的持水性、白度及凝胶强度,但提高程度随漂洗处理的不同而异.酸洗可以降低鱼浆中干物质的损失.     

Procedures for the Efficient Washing of Minced Whiting (Merluccius productus) Flesh for Surimi Production

Low volume exchanges of water and washing at pH 4,9–6.7 were evaluated as means of reducing the water used for surimi processing. A single washing at a 3:1 water-flesh ratio and washing under acidic conditions at pH 5.0–5.3 were determined to be the most efficient procedures. Acidic conditions were the most effective in removing lipid and trimethylamine oxide. Water requirements were reduced by 80%, and yield was improved by up to 34% over conventional processing. Texture of gels was poorer when prepared from surimi produced under acidic conditions. Results suggested that reduced amounts of water might be possible in surimi processing and that Pacific whiting was a suitable resource for surimi production.     

Effect of Delayed Filleting on Quality of Cod Flesh

A study was undertaken to determine the effect of delayed filleting on overall shelf life of cod. One lot of gutted cod was divided into three groups for iced storage and filleted 1,4 or 7 days postmortem. Quality of fillets during subsequent storage at 1–2°C was assessed by physical characteristics, trimethylamine values, and total aerobic plate counts. After day 7, comparison of fillets of the same postmortem age showed that fish which had been most recently filleted was superior to that processed one day after landing, and stored subsequently in plastic trays. Results indicated that maximum overall shelf life could be attained by minimizing time stored as flllets, i.e. delaying filleting.     

The Improved Whitening of Minced Cod Flesh Using Dispersed Titanium Dioxide

A simple effective method of whitening fish mince using titanium dioxide has been developed. The whitener comprised a dispersed titanium dioxide (TiO₂) suspension stabilised with xanthan gum (20 g TiO₂/1 g xanthan gum/79 ml water) which produced significant whitening of fish mince derived from cod waste. The whitener was incorporated during the mixing stage of conventional fish mince manufacture, and achieved an even spread of coloration. The whitened fish mince was found to be stable to high temperature cooking systems, such as frying. Taste and texture of the fish mince were not affected by the level of xanthan gum and TiO₂ used. Xanthan gum and TiO₂ were sufficiently heat stable and inert with respect to taste, odour and chemical reactivity, to be suitable for use for such a purpose, unlike other compounds investigated and conventional dispersed fat/oil whiteners. A level of 1 g kg^-1 of TiO₂ in the fish mince was found to give optimal level. © 1997 SCI.     

微生物发酵对猪肉脯品质的影响

以猪里脊肉为原料,分别接种0.02%商业发酵剂THM-17(木糖葡萄球菌、戊糖片球菌)、VHI-41(木糖葡萄球菌、戊糖片球菌、植物乳杆菌)、PROMIX-5(木糖葡萄球菌、类植物乳杆菌、清酒乳杆菌)和WBX-43(木糖葡萄球菌、肉葡萄球菌)制成4组猪肉脯,以未发酵型猪肉脯为对照组,采用排序检验法对样品进行感官评定并测定其pH值、红度值a*、水分活度和水分含量,筛选适宜生产发酵猪肉脯的发酵剂。结果表明,发酵能够显著影响猪肉脯的pH值进而影响其组织状态、色泽和口感,改善产品品质。发酵剂PROMIX-5制成的产品组织状态最好,WBX-43和PROMIX-5促进产品发色作用效果,红度值达到22和25,VHI-41制成的猪肉脯pH值最低(4.8),不适宜用于生产猪肉脯。添加0.02%发酵剂WBX-43或PROMIX-5制成的猪肉脯在外观、风味和色泽方面均优于传统工艺猪肉脯。     

保温贮藏对煎制肉饼品质特性的影响

试验模拟快餐店生产模式,将肉饼煎制后采用65℃保温贮藏,跟踪检测其品质变化情况,探究保温贮藏对煎制肉饼品质的影响。试验将煎制好的猪肉饼于65℃条件下保温贮藏,考察保温第0、30、60、90、120、180分钟时肉饼的pH值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid resctive subastances,TBARS)、挥发性盐基总氮值(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)、过氧化值、感官评价等指标的变化,确定肉饼可接受的最长保鲜时间。试验结果表明:在保温贮藏过程中,煎制肉饼色pH值、TBARS值、TVB-N值、过氧化值、酸价等不断上升,L*、a*和感官评分不断下降。前90 min内,TVB-N值、TBARS值、酸价值、过氧化值、感官评价变化不显著(P0.05),90 min后与前期相比差异显著(P0.05)且感官评价为不可接受。因此,在65℃保温贮藏条件下,煎制肉饼的最长保鲜时间是90 min。     

山梨醇对预调理猪肉糜制品品质的影响

研究无磷持水剂山梨醇对预调理肉糜制品(猪肉丸)品质的影响.将0%、1%、5%、8%、10%的山梨醇分别加入猪肉丸中,研究其对猪肉丸的持水、质构、感官指标的影响.结果表明:山梨醇的添加能够显著减少猪肉丸滴液损失、解冻损失、蒸煮损失,提高猪肉丸得率(P<0.05);对猪肉丸的硬度有明显的改善作用(P<0.05),但对质构的其他指标影响不显著;感官各项指标加权综合评分,添加量为5%时,评分最高.     

冷藏过程中一氧化碳对白乌鱼肉品质的影响

为了使白乌鱼肉在冷藏期间呈现并保持良好色泽,本文初步探讨了一氧化碳(CO)对白乌鱼肉色泽及其他品质的影响。通过分析CO处理对白乌鱼肉颜色、菌落总数、pH、失水率、硬度、咀嚼性、TBA和感官品质的影响,发现随着CO处理天数的增加,鱼肉的a~*值呈先显著上升(p0.05)后下降的趋势,鱼肉贮藏13d时的a~*值为8.66,比新鲜白乌鱼肉的a~*值提高了18.79%;随着CO处理天数的增加,白乌鱼肉的菌落总数、失水率和TBA值呈整体上升趋势,pH值呈先下降后上升趋势,硬度、咀嚼性和感官评分整体呈下降趋势。因此,CO处理白乌鱼肉,可使鱼肉在冷藏期间保持良好的红色,但CO处理对鱼肉在冷藏期间的贮藏稳定性和其他品质无明显影响。因此,用CO处理白乌鱼肉能有效保持白乌鱼肉的色泽。     

宰前二氧化碳麻醉对罗非鱼肉品质影响的研究

研究了宰前二氧化碳麻醉对罗非鱼肉肉品质的影响。本研究以敲头作为对照组,比较二氧化碳麻醉放血宰后于1±1℃下贮藏,测定7 d各组僵直度、pH值、质量耗损率、挥发盐基氮、感官评价、质构硬度和剪切力等指标。结果表明:宰前二氧化碳麻醉能延迟进入僵直期的时间,且有较高的初始pH和较低的最终pH。随贮藏时间的延长,两组的质量耗损率呈显著上升趋势,在宰后3 d内两组间无显著性差异,却在宰后4到7 d内,二氧化碳麻醉组要明显低于对照组。除宰后0 d和4到5 d外,二氧化碳麻醉组的TVB-N均明显低于敲头对照组。另外,两组间的质构恶化和感官评价在宰后无显著差异,但两组的剪切力和硬度以及感官评价在宰后第7 d要明显劣于0 d。结合各项指标,宰前二氧化碳麻醉比敲头致晕更适合于罗非鱼鱼片的生产加工。     

加工前净化处理对团头鲂肌肉品质的影响

采用循环水净化装置净化处理团头鲂（Megalobrama amblycephala）,研究净化时间（0～10 d）对团头鲂肌肉品质的影响。结果表明：净化处理对团头鲂肌肉的理化成分、风味、质构及感官品质均有显著影响;随着净化时间延长,团头鲂肌肉的粗脂肪含量、总糖含量、水溶性蛋白含量、总挥发性盐基态氮（total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、羰基值（carbonyl value,COV）和硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid,TBA）值明显下降,游离氨基酸含量和灰分含量显著增加（P＜0.05）;质构、电子鼻及感官评价结果表明,净化处理可显著增加鱼肉的弹性、咀嚼性和甜味,降低其腥味及异味;净化处理8 d的团头鲂肌肉TVB-N含量、COV和TBA值分别比对照组（未净化处理）样品降低12.73%、20.35%和35.13%,鱼肉中的游离氨基酸含量则比对照组样品提高43.83%。综上所述,在加工前对团头鲂净化处理8 d可显著改善鱼肉的食用品质。     

牛肉饼中植物源添加物的配方优化及对牛肉肉糜品质的影响

为了得到品质较好、低脂健康的含有植物源添加物的牛肉饼配方,本研究基于Box-Behnken设计原理探究卡拉胶、调和油、香菇对牛肉糜品质、微观结构的影响。结果表明,卡拉胶、植物油、香菇添加量对牛肉糜的蛋白质含量、水分含量、脂肪含量、色泽、感官评分、硬度等均存在显著性影响（p<0.05）。通过响应面试验获得了感官评分=32.00+73.83*卡拉胶添加量+3.23*油脂添加量+4.37*香菇添加量-126.92*卡拉胶添加量2-0.15*油脂添加量2-0.16*香菇添加量2的方程,进行了验证。验证结果显示,添加香菇的优化组降低了硬度、咀嚼性、回复性。只添加油脂的试验组弹性、黏着性最强;添加香菇的优化组结构较为致密,脱脂留下的痕迹较均匀。结论：植物源添加物的最佳添加量为卡拉胶、调和油、香菇分别添加0.29%,11.04%,13.68%,为低脂、健康的牛肉饼的研究提供参考,为探究不同添加物对牛肉肉糜品质的影响提供理论依据。     

漂洗工艺和热处理对鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

研究了不同的漂洗工艺、加热温度和冻藏时间对鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶特性(包括破断强度、凹陷度、凝胶强度和析水率)的影响。结果表明:用4倍质量水漂洗3次,得到鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶品质最佳;用0.5%的CaCl2漂洗对改善鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的效果最明显;90℃一段加热的鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶的品质最好;在50～70℃加热时,鲤鱼鱼糜会发生一定程度凝胶劣化现象;冻藏对鱼糜凝胶品质的影响很大,随着冻藏时间的延长鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶的品质降低。     

胖大海胶对猪肉糜品质的影响

以胖大海的中层皮层吸水胀润后形成的胶状物为研究对象,研究了胖大海胶对猪肉内糜蒸煮损失、色泽、质构及感官品质的影响.结果表明:胖大海胶的加入可明显减小肉糜的蒸煮损失,提高肉制品产率,且与胖大海胶的加入量和加入方式有关,0.2％的胖大海胶溶解后加入效果最好;胖大海胶的加入对内糜色泽有一定的影响:亮度减弱,红度和黄度有所增加;质构方面,胖大海胶可减小肉糜的硬度和咀嚼性,增大其弹性,感官评价结果基本与质构测定一致.     

基于臭氧技术的食品净化设备清洗对猪肉食用品质的影响

近年来基于臭氧技术的食品净化设备受到人们的广泛关注,其抑菌作用及降解农残作用已被许多研究证实。但由于净化原理是利用臭氧的强氧化性,因此对于其在净化食材过程中是否会造成食材食用品质的劣变需要更多的研究进行系统评价。采用市售食品净化设备产生臭氧水以清洗新鲜猪肉,并与传统水洗方式对比,分析食品净化设备清洗对猪肉的保水性、质构、脂肪氧化程度、新鲜度、气味及鲜味等食用品质的影响。结果表明,采用食品净化设备清洗,没有改变猪肉的保水性和质构特性,不会促进猪肉的脂肪氧化,对生物胺、三甲胺所代表的新鲜度,吲哚、脂肪氧化产生的醛酮等异味物质,以及呈味核苷酸和鲜味氨基酸产生的鲜味强度均几乎没有影响。因此,基于臭氧技术的食品净化设备清洗与传统的水洗方式相比不会对猪肉的食用品质造成不利影响。     

单片机自控系统在鱼糜加工设备漂洗槽中的应用

为了提高鱼糜生产过程的自动化程度 ,介绍了用 80 5 1单片机为核心的微机对鱼糜加工生产线中漂洗槽进行温度和水位的控制 ,给出了该系统的组成原理、硬件结构及软件设计     

乳酸钙对牛肉糜色泽稳定性的影响

为研究乳酸钙对牛肉糜色泽稳定性的影响,将牛背最长肌绞碎成肉糜,分别添加0.1%、0.3%、0.5%的乳酸钙溶液,研究在(4±1)℃的冷藏条件下,肉糜肉色稳定性、色素含量、脂肪氧化及高铁肌红蛋白还原酶活性随时间的变化。结果表明：在7d的贮藏期内,添加不同质量分数乳酸钙均可有效抑制高铁肌红蛋白的生成和脂肪氧化的发生,并显著提高高铁肌红蛋白还原酶活性和肉色稳定性,但会使肉糜L*值显著降低(P＜0.05)。其中0.3%的乳酸钙对稳定肉色有显著作用,护色效果明显。     

Trypsin Treatment to Improve Freeze Texturization of Minced Bream

Mild trypsin proteolysis (enzyme concentration 0.05% at 15°C, pH 7.4; mixing 30 min at 20 rpm) of bream mince improved mince susceptibility to freeze texturization. Formation of porous-fibrous texture of heat-set, freeze-texturized minces was associated with strong fragmentation of myosin heavy chain (MHC), decrease in extractability of myofibrillar protein and increased insoluble protein and thermal drip. Some deamidation of protein was also observed. We concluded that limited trypsin proteolysis accelerated transglutaminase mediated cross-linking of protein by acyl transfer reactions. Protein polymerization through plastein reactions and intermolecular hydrophobic interaction probably also occurred.     

射频对冷冻鱼浆的解冻效果研究

为提高冷冻鱼浆生产过程中的解冻效率和品质,试验使用射频及其他解冻方式对冷冻鱼浆进行解冻,并对不同方式解冻后的冷冻鱼浆的温度分布进行对比研究,相应制成的鱼糜制品进行质构、白度和持水力的分析。结果表明:当射频系统的极板间距为14 cm时,解冻耗时最短(5 min 40 s);当极板间距为16 cm时,解冻后鱼浆的温度均一性较好,并且3 min间歇解冻能缓解局部过热现象,改善鱼糜品质;采用射频解冻后鱼糜的凝胶性与传统解冻方式差异较小,采用0.125 W/g微波解冻鱼浆,由于水分的散失凝胶强度略有降低,导致鱼浆凝胶性较差;不同解冻方式并不会影响鱼糜的白度及持水力。     

贮藏温度对不同脂肪含量牛肉糜品质及水分变迁的影响

为探索贮藏温度对不同脂肪含量牛肉糜品质及水分变迁的影响,本试验将牛脂肪添加量不同的牛肉糜(添加0%、10%、20%牛脂肪)托盘包装,分别在低温(2℃)和冰温(-1.5℃)条件下贮藏,于贮藏第0 d、3 d、6 d、9 d和12 d天测定其微生物和理化指标。试验结果表明,冷藏6 d时,添加20%牛脂肪组菌落总数及嗜冷菌数均超过6.00 log(cfu/g),为各处理组中最高值。贮藏第12 d时,三组冰温组的TVB-N值均低于国标规定的25 mg/100 g最高限值,而此时冷藏组(25.34～25.81 mg/100 g)已超过该限值。脂肪添加量对TBARS值影响显著,TBARS值增加速率从高到低变化顺序依次为:牛脂肪添加量20%10%0%。利用LF-NMR(low-field nuclear magneticresonance,LF-NMR)检测水分存在状态及迁移规律,发现冰温贮藏组T_(22)水分变化较小,T_(23)水分的自由度增大,不易流动水含量(P_(22))降低,自由水含量(P_(23))先增加后减少,温度对水分变迁影响显著。试验结果表明贮藏温度影响牛肉糜的理化品质及水分变迁,冰温贮藏可抑制微生物生长,提高产品的理化性质及水分存在状态的稳定性,同时牛脂肪添加对牛肉糜微生物性质及水分迁移影响不显著,但是会加剧脂质氧化,导致牛肉糜L*值和b*值增大,a*值降低。本研究为牛肉饼的原料配比及其贮藏方式提供理论指导和科学依据。