基于政策比较的中国和欧盟乳业研究

概述了当前欧盟和中国乳业主要实施的政策:包括欧盟的贸易政策、市场支持政策和农户支持政策,以及中国的贸易政策、牧草业发展政策、规模化奶牛养殖促进政策以及乳品加工业政策;进一步地从政策层面对欧盟和中国乳业进行比较分析,发现二者乳业政策的不同侧重点以及可供中国借鉴的乳业政策;最后,提出进一步扩大国际市场、逐步建立和完善生鲜乳...     

Public participation in soil surveys: lessons from a pilot study in England

In many countries there are policies in place that impact on soils, but very few legislative or policy tools specifically for the protection of soil. Recent EU legislative proposals on soil protection have been met with opposition on the grounds of excessive cost and resource demands. With the need for evidence based policy, and recognition that involving the public in environmental monitoring is an effective way of increasing understanding and commitment, there has been growing interest in soil surveys. In addition, it is accepted that the success of environmental policies depends greatly on how effectively scientists, regulators, stakeholders, and society communicate. This paper presents the Open Air Laboratories (OPAL) Soil and Earthworm Survey as an example of public participation in soil surveys that aims to integrate the above. It is demonstrated how such surveys generate data that can be used to prioritise soil assessment, in order to address some of the concerns and objections to soil protection policies. Lessons from this pilot study in England highlight that with strategic planning of civic participation activities, this approach can deliver improvements in the quality of the evidence collected and allow for effective public involvement in policymaking and implementation, on top of direct educational benefits.     

European Union policy on smokeless tobacco: a statement in favour of evidence based regulation for public health

Rationale: This statement is an updated version of one released by the same authors in February 2003. The statement was produced to follow up the Royal College of Physicians (RCP) Tobacco Advisory Group report "Protecting smokers, saving lives: the case for a tobacco and nicotine regulatory authority",¹ which argued for an evidence based regulatory approach to smokeless tobacco and harm reduction and posed a series of questions that regulators must address in relation to smokeless tobacco.

The purpose of this statement is to provide arguments of fact and principle to follow the RCP's report and to outline the public health case for changing existing European Union (EU) regulation in this area. A review of regulation in relation to harm reduction and regulation of tobacco products other than cigarettes is required in Article 11 of EU directive 2001/37/EC,² and this is a contribution towards forming a consensus in the European public health community about what policy the EU should adopt in the light of this review, or following ongoing legal action that may potentially strike out the existing regulation altogether.

Public health case: We believe that the partial ban applied to some forms of smokeless tobacco in the EU should be replaced by regulation of the toxicity of all smokeless tobacco. We hold this view for public health reasons: smokeless tobacco is substantially less harmful than smoking and evidence from Sweden suggests it is used as a substitute for smoking and for smoking cessation. To the extent there is a "gateway" it appears not to lead to smoking, but away from it and is an important reason why Sweden has the lowest rates of tobacco related disease in Europe. We think it is wrong to deny other Europeans this option for risk reduction and that the current ban violates rights of smokers to control their own risks. For smokers that are addicted to nicotine and cannot or will not stop, it is important that they can take advantage of much less hazardous forms of nicotine and tobacco—the alternative being to "quit or die"... and many die. While nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) may have a role in harm reduction, tobacco based harm reduction options may reach more smokers and in a different, market based, way. Chewing tobacco is not banned or regulated in the EU but is often highly toxic, and our proposal could remove more products from the market than it permitted.

Regulatory options: We believe that the EU policy on smokeless tobacco should adapt to new scientific knowledge and that the European Commission should bring forward proposals to amend or replace Article 8 of directive 2001/37/EC with a new regulatory framework. Canada has developed testing regimens for tobacco constituents and these could be readily adapted to the European situation. A review of EU policy in this area is required no later than December 2004, and we believe the Commission should expedite the part of its review that deals with harm reduction and regulation of tobacco products other than cigarettes so as to reconsider its policy on smokeless tobacco. We held this view before Swedish Match brought its legal proceedings to challenge EU legislation and we will continue to hold these views if its action fails.

     

Oenological potential of wines produced from disease-resistant grape cultivars

Within the EU, changes in policy and public sentiment have made it more urgent to consider the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. Consequently, one of the EU’s goals is to reduce pesticide use by 50 per cent by 2030, including in viticulture. One of the proposed approaches is to expand the use of disease resistant hybrid grape-cultivars (DRHGC), such as ‘PIWI’ grapes (German, Pilzwiderstandsfähige Rebsorten), and to introduce new DRHGCs. However, the characteristics of DRHGCs are different from those of Vitis vinifera, which makes it necessary to take measures and make changes in winemaking technology to maintain high wine quality. This paper examines the chemistry of wines made from DRHGC and discusses their impact on aroma and flavor profiles. It also reviews the main winemaking practices suggested to produce high-quality wines from DRHGCs. The chemistry of DRHGCs is different to wine produced from V. vinifera, which can lead to both challenges during winemaking and unusual flavor profiles. Although newer DRHGCs have been bred to avoid unexpected flavors, many DRHGCs are still rich in proteins and polysaccharides. This can make tannin extraction difficult and produce wines with little astringency. In addition to this, new or alternative winemaking techniques such as thermovinification and the use of alternative yeast strains (non-Saccharomyces) can be used to produce wines from DRHGCs that are acceptable to consumers.     

Regulating food nanotechnologies in the European Union: Open issues and political challenges

BackgroundSince the end of the last century nanotechnologies have been identified as the most promising tool to cope with the major health, energy and environmental problems afflicting the world population. However, many voices have warned against the possible health and environmental risks of such new technologies, with calls for public monitoring and regulation.Scope and ApproachThe paper investigates a particular matter related to the nano regulatory issue, namely concerning the political attitudes lying behind policy makers' decision processes. The paper specifically refers to the European Union (EU) case. It endeavours to give an overview of the potential risks of these new technologies and to assess the ability of public regulatory bodies in the EU to promote innovation whilst effectively protecting the environment and human rights. A conceptual framework is used in order to assess the political stances lying beyond the current EU regulatory choices.Key findings and ConclusionsContrary to the common view, which explains the regulatory delay only on the basis of the difficulties involved in carrying out a sound risk assessment, the paper suggests that the delay also depends on the neoliberal attitude of EU policy. The main conclusion is that, in order for the benefits of new technologies to outweigh the costs, it is necessary to acknowledge the political issues which are at stake. Direct forms of regulation should be put in place, such as mandatory labelling and the establishment of a public register of products and producers.     

欧盟纺织品纤维含量标签法规的新进展

根据最新发布的欧盟纺织品标签法规Regulation 1007/2011,对新的欧盟纺织纤维含量标签法规和原有欧盟指令之间的相互关系及异同进行了分析和对比,同时讨论了该法规中的有关政策走向,对今后可能产生的挑战提出了应对建议.     

欧盟动物福利政策的发展及对我国的启示

随着公众对动物福利的关注度不断上升,近年来欧洲各国出台了一系列改善动物福利的政策。本文介绍了欧盟动物福利政策的发展历程,讨论了动物福利对市场、政策制定与全球国际贸易的影响,阐述与评价了可供选择的动物福利政策,并以欧盟为鉴,对我国动物福利政策的发展提出了政策建议。     

Policy integration in the EU governance of global food security

The global food price spikes of 2007–8 and 2010 led to increased awareness of the complexity of food (in)security as a policy problem that crosscuts traditional sectoral, spatial and temporal scales. At the European Union (EU) level, this awareness resulted in calls for better integrated approaches to govern food security. This paper addresses the question of to what extent these calls were followed by an actual shift towards better integrated EU food security governance. We address this question by applying a processual policy integration framework that distinguishes four integration dimensions: (i) the policy frame, (ii) subsystem involvement, (iii) policy goals, and (iv) policy instruments. The empirical body of evidence for assessing shifts in these dimensions draws upon an extensive analysis of EU documents complemented with interview data. We find that policy integration advanced to at least some degree: the policy frame expanded towards new dimensions of food security; a wider array of subsystems started discussing food security concerns; food security goals diversified somewhat and there was an increased awareness of coherence and linkages with other issues; existing instruments, including internal procedural instruments, were expanded and made more consistent; and new types of instruments were developed. At the same time, significant differences exist between policy domains and policy integration efforts seem to have come to a halt in recent years. We conclude with various policy recommendations and suggestions for follow-up research.     

欧盟植物健康保护政策及其未来展望

过去的一个世纪以来,经济的发展对环境以及植物造成的危害越来越大。伴随着世界贸易组织动植物卫生检验措施协议（WTO—SPS）和国际植物保护公约（IPPC）的推行,植物健康保护的国际标准也逐渐被确定下来;同时,也保证了该政策仅应用于植物的保护,而不是为了形成不公平的贸易壁垒。在此背景之下,为确保植物源食品的安全,欧盟相继出台了植物鉴定证书政策等一系列的法律法规。同时为了迎接未来更为严峻的挑战,欧盟正在开发新的植物健康保护政策。本文介绍欧盟植物健康保护政策,并对该政策的未来发展进行展望。     

Strengthening national capital: a postcolonial analysis of lifelong learning policy in St Lucia, Caribbean

This paper provides a postcolonial policy analysis of the Education Sector Development Plan: 2000-2005 and Beyond in the small Caribbean island nation of St Lucia. The specific focus is upon the nature of the lifelong learning policy as incorporated in the Plan. This is shown to be a globalised policy discourse. Drawing on a number of postcolonial theorists, the paper works with a concept of the postcolonial as an aspirational politics. Bourdieu's concept of 'national capital' is also utilised in the analysis in relation to the attempt to manage some autonomy for the nation in the process of policy text production in education. The analysis demonstrates the way a postcolonial politics, manifest as strengthening national capital, worked in relation to the production of the Plan in its consultative mode of production and in its extensive cross-sector coverage. However, the analysis also shows evidence of the effects of residues of the colonial past in the hegemony of English in the Plan's recommendations, in the restriction of lifelong learning facilitation to schools and in the denial of a place for indigenous knowledges. The mode of lifelong learning supported is also dominated by a human capital framework and neglect of other capitals (social, cultural, etc.) for constituting what might be seen as a postcolonial and creole learning society. The paper also reflects upon the extent of the postcoloniality of the analysis provided.     

Determinants of fishery and aquaculture products consumption at home in the EU28

The European Union (EU) is the world’s largest market for fishery and aquaculture products (FAPs) in nominal terms. Given the importance of these products, EU authorities and policy-makers are continuously monitoring consumer preferences and attitudes, analysing whether or not the implementation of EU policies and regulations improves the market conditions. For example, the Eurobarometer (European Union, 2018a) surveyed 27,732 EU residents including a specific module to analyse the fishery and aquaculture EU market. In this study, the dataset is used to estimate Ordered Probit models using effects coding and their marginal effects to identify the main determinants of the frequency of FAPs at-home consumption. Results indicate that the highest probability to consume more frequently FAPs is related to considering that one of the main reasons for buying or eating fishery and aquaculture products is because they are healthy, while the highest probability to consume less frequently FAPs is related to consumers who do not understand at all the information accompanying the products. Similarly, other important reasons for consuming FAPs more frequently are their good taste and low relative price. Also, results indicate a higher frequency of consumption of FAPs for those consumers who are over 55 years of age, are wealthy, have a wild product preference, live in a household of 3 persons or more and are very satisfied with their lives. To our best knowledge, there is not a similar approach in the current literature that considers such an extensive sample which is representative of all the countries that conform the EU28. Results provide valuable information especially for producers and authorities in terms of marketing and policy analysis.     

欧盟动物健康的新政策及对我国的启示

近年来,传染性动物疾病对动物健康和人类社会经济生活产生了较大的危害。就欧盟动物健康新政策的提出与实施进展进行探讨的基础上,深入分析欧盟动物健康政策框架及其新策略的内容,总结该策略的四大特点:欧盟具有优先介入权;完善动物健康政策框架;强调预防、监督、预警;强调科学创新与研究。基于以上欧盟政策经验,对我国动物健康政策提出相关的政策建议。     

论欧盟化学品新政策和我国纺织品贸易

分析了欧盟化学品新政策对我国纺织品贸易的影响及我国企业应采取的防范措施,对我国纺织品产业的发展及对欧盟贸易有一定的借鉴作用。     

Technology limits for reducing EU transport sector CO2 emissions

Using a new data set describing the techno-economic characteristics of current and projected future transport technologies and a synthesis of existing transport demand models, lifecycle CO(2) emissions from 27 EU countries (EU27) were estimated in the absence and presence of new policy interventions to 2050. Future CO(2) emissions are strongly dependent on geographical scope and economic growth assumptions, and to a lesser extent on uncertainties in technology characteristics, but in the absence of new policy intervention they continue to rise from present-day values in all three scenarios examined. Consequently, EU27 emissions goals, which may require a 60% decrease in transport sector greenhouse gas emissions from year-1990 values by 2050, will be difficult to meet. This is even the case under widespread adoption of the most promising technologies for all modes, due primarily to limitations in biofuel production capacity and a lack of technologies that would drastically reduce CO(2) emissions from heavy trucks and intercontinental aviation.     

Reflexivity, community and education for the learning society

In this article it is argued that the idea of a learning society is consonant with developments in the social world conceived as part of the ongoing project of reflexive modernity. This project is characterised by a dynamic process of individualisation which on the one hand results in widening opportunities for self-creation and the construction of democratic, flexible communities, but on the other is associated with new kinds of structures and cultural processes which continue to reproduce inequality whilst failing to counter the tendency to fragmentation. The idea of a learning society is a response to the dilemmas of these 'new times'. The New Right idea of such a society is reviewed and found wanting; the particular mix of neo-liberal free market ideas and neo-conservative authoritarianism just cannot deliver the flexibility, diversity and scope for reflexivity required at the level of the self or the community. It is then argued that the most appropriate conception of the learning society is that which grasps the nettle of individualism whilst at the same time deploying an understanding of the self as constituted in practices - a model which avoids the conceptual split between the individual and society and captures the duality of persons as individuals and as members of communities. An attempt is then made to outline a curricular and pedagogical strategy appropriate for a democratic version of the learning society. This involves two aspects: first a teaching approach which focuses on the nature of commitment to and participation in reflexive communities and second, one that fosters the kind of self-reflexivity and self-knowledge required for individuals to sustain and develop their self identities in the circumstances of reflexive modernity.     

Spinning, shaming and winning: new right into new labour - the metamorphosis of educational policy in England and Wales, 1976-97

This article examines the continuities in educational policy-making in England and Wales between 1976 and 1997. It does this in four stages: considering the quality, style and characteristics of the debate about education and society; the main traditions of the English educational system towards which all educational policy-making has to genuflect; the moral and intellectual origins and rise of the New Right; and finally, an analysis of how far New Labour has taken over the agenda, assumptions, rhetoric, style, and policy framework that they inherited from the New Right.     

Standpunkte, Praktiken und Kenntnisstand zur Ferkelkastration in Europa (PIGCAS) – Projektziele und erste Ergebnisse

Most of the male piglets in the EU are castrated. According to the current EU legislation, surgical castration can be performed without anaesthesia up to the age of 7 days. A report of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) on the welfare aspects in relation to the castration of pigs has underlined the need for further research. As a follow up, the EU has launched a two-year project (Specific Support Action PIGCAS) within the 6^th EU Framework Programme, starting in January 2007. “PIGCAS” is the acronym for “Attitudes, practices and state of the art regarding piglet castration in Europe”. The main objectives are: [A] to collect information on the attitudes of the various stakeholders (consumer groups, NGOs and industry stakeholders); [B] to collect information on the extent of the practice of castration of piglets (male or female) within the EU and the conditions under which castration is performed; [C] to evaluate research work and other sources of information, in order to examine surgical castration without anaesthesia and its possible alternatives from different perspectives and derive research priorities; and [D] to integrate the collected information and evaluation in a report providing support for EU policy in the field of research and legislation. Preliminary results are now available on objectives [A] and [B]. When referring to the alternatives to surgical castration, one has to distinguish between short-term and long-term solutions. Surgical castration with anaesthesia was mentioned by most of the stakeholders as a short-term alternative. Genetic control of boar taint and sperm sexing to select only females for pork production are considered as long-term alternatives. Current practices of castration and levels of acceptability vary substantially between and within countries and regions. The current research focuses on practical methods for acute and postoperative pain alleviation and analyses the complex consequences of raising entire males or immunocastrated boars. Considering the different dimensions (attitudes, extent of practice, animal welfare, pork quality and economy) of importance, it is intended to propose to the EU short and long-term strategies to handle this problem.

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Eingegangen: 26. Februar 2008; angenommen: 29. Februar 2008     

Public health impacts of combustion emissions in the United Kingdom

Combustion emissions are a major contributor to degradation of air quality and pose a risk to human health. We evaluate and apply a multiscale air quality modeling system to assess the impact of combustion emissions on UK air quality. Epidemiological evidence is used to quantitatively relate PM(2.5) exposure to risk of early death. We find that UK combustion emissions cause ～13,000 premature deaths in the UK per year, while an additional ～6000 deaths in the UK are caused by non-UK European Union (EU) combustion emissions. The leading domestic contributor is transport, which causes ～7500 early deaths per year, while power generation and industrial emissions result in ～2500 and ～830 early deaths per year, respectively. We estimate the uncertainty in premature mortality calculations at -80% to +50%, where results have been corrected by a low modeling bias of 28%. The total monetized life loss in the UK is estimated at ￡6-62bn/year or 0.4-3.5% of gross domestic product. In Greater London, where PM concentrations are highest and are currently in exceedance of EU standards, we estimate that non-UK EU emissions account for 30% of the ～3200 air quality-related deaths per year. In the context of the European Commission having launched infringement proceedings against the UK Government over exceedances of EU PM air quality standards in London, these results indicate that further policy measures should be coordinated at an EU-level because of the strength of the transboundary component of PM pollution.     

CAP reform,competitiveness and sustainability

Franz Fischler has recently published his proposals for (further) reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). In summary they amount to an attempt to achieve an agricultural industry that is not only more competitive and profitable but also ecologically and environmentally sustainable. For Franz Fischler, sustainability is defined as more than the effective conservation and regeneration of natural resources; it also involves sustaining the presumed contribution of farming to rural development. This latter objective is the focus of the newly introduced second pillar of the CAP and can be interpreted as an attempt to arrest the steady decline in the number of smaller‐sized farm businesses. Franz Fischler has pointed to the widespread support for these three objectives across EU populations and, subject to WTO constraints on trade distorting policies, the right of every society to choose its own agricultural policy. However, the analysis of the reform's objectives contained in this paper is that they form an irreconcilable trinity and ultimately policy makers will have to choose between a competitive industry and the protection of smaller farm businesses. This paper argues that in reality there is no choice. Globalisation will both drive and demand a more productive and competitive food chain in order to meet the demands of rising affluence and a burgeoning world population. It also argues that the industrialisation of farming is not automatically in conflict with the conservation and regeneration of natural resources. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

论本领恐慌与能力建设

面对高速发展的社会，人人几乎都存在本领恐慌和能力不足的危机，学习恰是加强干部能力建设、克服本领恐慌的有效途径。只有通过不断学习中国特色社会主义政治理论知识、履行职责必需的专业知识、能够自主创新的科学知识、处理复杂问题的政策法律知识和善于为人处事的做人知识，边干边学，学以致用，才能成为一个知识丰富、素质较高、能力较强的人，才能提高领导干部依法决策、依法行政和依法管理水平。