纳滤处理模拟电镀废水

分别以硫酸铜、氯化铜、硝酸铜溶液为模拟电镀废水进行了纳滤实验,所采用纳滤膜为Osmonics的DK、DL膜和日东电工的NTR-7450膜.实验表明,三种膜通量大小顺序为DL>DK>NTR-7450,随原料液浓度的增大膜通量降低,而膜对铜离子的截留率有升高的趋势;纳滤膜对各盐的截留率大小排序为硫酸盐>氯盐>硝酸盐.实验还考察了添加其它离子对纳滤膜通量和截留率的影响.结果表明,加入CaCl2后,对DL膜性能影响不显著;加入Na2SO4后,DL膜的通量变化不明显,截留率略有升高;加入EDTA能明显提高DL膜通量和对铜离子的截留率.     

陶瓷膜技术在再造烟叶萃取液预处理中的应用

通过陶瓷膜技术对造纸法再造烟叶萃取液进行预处理,降低料液中的不溶物含量.考察了陶瓷膜孔径和操作压力对处理过程的影响,并开展了连续稳定性实验,考察不同清洗剂对陶瓷膜通量恢复的影响.结果表明,20nm的陶瓷膜分离效果最好,透过液中不溶物含量仅为0.013%;优选陶瓷膜操作压力为0.3 MPa,以达到较高的通量.此外,在连续稳定性实验中得知,水洗0.5 h+1%NaOH溶液清洗1 h+水洗0.5 h+1%HCl溶液清洗1 h+水洗至中性是最好的清洗方法,膜通量恢复良好.     

预处理剂对陶瓷膜表面性质及渗透通量的影响

考察了不同预处理剂对陶瓷膜表面性质及渗透通量的影响,结果表明:表面活性剂的加入,使陶瓷膜表面的负电性以及亲水性得到提高,膜渗透通量从100L/(m2·h)提高到200L/(m2·h);碱式氯化铝中Al3+在膜表面的吸附,导致膜表面呈现正电位,相应的膜渗透通量只有50L/(m2·h);吸附剂对渗透通量的影响主要体现其在乳化废水中表面电位的不同,呈负电性的二氧化硅有利于渗透通量的提高,而呈正电性的氧化铝会导致膜通量的下降.     

凝胶条件对PVDF／PVC中空纤维膜性能及结构的影响

采用干-湿相转化法制备PVDF/PVC共混中空纤维膜,通过对水通量、孔隙率、平均孔径的测试及扫描电镜的微观分析,讨论了凝胶浴组成、温度和芯液浓度对PVDF/PVC中空纤维膜性能及结构的影响,并进行了详细的理论分析.试验结果表明,提高凝胶浴温度和浓度有利于增加膜的水通量,但对孔隙率有一定的影响,在芯液中加入一些溶剂是提高通量的一种手段.但加入量要合理.     

PVA对氧化铝支撑体性能的影响

研究了有机物PVA作为粘接剂的同时,也作为开孔剂使用,对于多孔氧化铝支撑体性能的影响.研究结果表明以PVA作开孔剂可以极大地提高氧化铝支撑体的纯水通量,对氧化铝支撑体的各种性能进行分析发现,PVA作开孔剂时其加入方式和加入量对氧化铝支撑体的平均孔径及孔径分布、孔隙率、抗弯强度等性能都有影响.实验制得了纯水通量较大、平均孔径为5μm、孔隙率为47.3%、抗弯强度为21.05 MPa的氧化铝支撑体.     

无机纳米颗粒对聚氯乙烯(PVC)/聚醚砜(PES)共混膜的性能影响

首先探讨了ZnO、Al2O3、TiO2、SiO2四种无机纳米颗粒的加入对PVC/PES共混溶液剪切黏度的影响,在此基础上研究了纳米颗粒的加入对PVC/PES共混膜断面和表面微观结构、水通量、截留率、亲水性、孔隙率、机械性能等的影响.结果表明,四种无机纳米颗粒均使共混膜的表面孔径和孔隙率减小,亲水性和截留率增大.添加无机纳米颗粒的膜,其孔隙率越大,水通量也越大.未添加无机纳米颗粒的PVC/PES共混膜,孔隙率最大,但水通量小于添加SiO2和ZnO后的膜.这一点说明膜的水通量不仅与孔隙率有关,与膜的亲水性也有密切的关系.另外,加入无机纳米颗粒还可以略微改善膜的抗拉伸性能.     

混合添加剂对PVDF微孔膜结构和性能的影响

采用浸没沉淀相转化法(NIPS)制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微孔膜。研究了不同纳米二氧化硅(n SiO2)用量加入磷酸(H3PO4)形成不同配合比的混合添加剂,对PVDF微孔膜结构及性能的影响。研究结果表明,H3PO4和n SiO2可以改善膜的性能。在铸膜液中加入H3PO4和n SiO2后都获得了较高的孔隙率、平均孔径、纯水通量、膜通量。在n SiO2用量为0. 05%(wt,质量分数),H3PO4用量为5%(wt,质量分数)条件下,制得的PVDF微孔膜的性能相对较好,膜的孔隙率为63. 4%,膜的平均孔径为0. 76μm,膜通量为22kg/(m2·h),纯水通量为70. 6L/(m2·h)。     

微粒子辅助过滤控制膜污染

基于微粒子辅助过滤原理,提出了一种新型膜污染控制方法,通过在膜表面形成一层疏松滤饼层控制膜污染.通过向原水中加入硅藻土颗粒,使其在膜表面形成一层疏松滤饼层,防止污染物直接在膜表面形成致密性滤饼层导致膜通量急剧衰减,从而达到缓解、控制膜污染的目标;进行周期性气-液混合清洗后,膜与硅藻土颗粒同时得到清洗再生.实验通过加入不同量、不同粒度硅藻土粒子验证膜污染控制效果.结果表明:硅藻土助滤剂对超滤过程膜污染控制效果与助滤剂粒径大小以及投加量有关.加入适量较大粒径助滤剂可有效降低过滤阻力,提高膜通量.而助滤剂粒径过小或投加量过多反而会增大过滤阻力,加剧通量衰减.投加2.0g/L粒径为35μm的硅藻土助滤剂为实验最佳条件,可使相对膜通量和通量恢复率分别提高9%和8%.     

PVA/PVP/Ag+共混膜渗透汽化分离苯/环己烷混合物

PV/PVP/Ag+膜在苯、环己烷混合物中的溶胀实验发现,膜优先吸附苯,且膜中Ag+含量越大,膜在苯中的溶胀率越大,在环己烷中溶胀率越小.渗透汽化测试结果也表明,PVA/PVP/Ag+膜对苯/环己烷的分离性能明显优于PVA/PVP膜.而且,随着膜中Ag+含量的增加,膜的渗透通量J增大;分离因子先增大后减小,当膜中w(聚合物)∶w(AgNO3)＝1∶1时,分离因子α达到最大值,为47.5,通量为7.8 g/(m2*h)(进料的质量分数为10%,20 ℃).而对膜进行交联改性后,分离因子可进一步提高,但通量下降.     

胶束增强陶瓷膜处理镧离子废水的研究

将十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)与孔径5nm的陶瓷膜结合,探索胶束增强陶瓷膜法处理镧离子废水的可行性.考察了SDS摩尔浓度、跨膜压差(TMP)、溶液pH值等因素对陶瓷膜过滤性能的影响.结果表明,随着SDS摩尔浓度的增大,陶瓷膜对La3+的截留率从70％增大到99.9％;当SDS摩尔浓度大于临界胶束浓度(CMC)后,膜对La3+的截留率略有降低,大约维持在95％～97％左右;膜通量则随SDS摩尔浓度增大先减小后增大,最后趋于65 L/(m2·h).随着TMP提高,膜通量基本呈线性关系增大,膜对SDS和La3+的截留率略增大.随着溶液pH的升高,渗透通量略有下降,膜对La3+和SDS的截留率均显著增加.采用体积浓度为0.5％的稀硝酸清洗污染的陶瓷膜,膜的纯水通量可恢复到95％以上,重复性好.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.