大型锅炉煤粉稳燃技术对NOx生成的研究

本文主要研究直流燃烧器与旋流燃烧器的一次风煤粉的稳燃技术（包括烟气回流与煤粉浓淡偏差技术）,论述它们对炉内燃烧与NOx生成的作用,证明它们是稳燃低NOx燃烧器。     

空气分级燃烧下NO_x生成特性的研究

利用数值模拟方法对空气分级燃烧下NOx的生成特性进行了研究,分析了燃烧器附近局部区域和炉膛整体区域NOx的反应速率,得到了不同燃尽风率下NOx的生成特性.结果表明:NOx主要产生于燃烧初期,当燃料与O2混合不充分时会发生NOx的还原反应;从炉膛整体来看,燃料型NOx的生成速率明显大于热力型NOx,主燃区和燃尽区均生成燃料型NOx,而热力型NOx几乎只在温度很高的主燃区生成,且对O2体积分数的敏感性弱于燃料型NOx;主燃区和燃尽区NOx反应速率的主要控制因素分别为O2体积分数和焦炭燃烧速率;燃尽风率增大,主燃区NOx生成速率和生成区域减小,还原区域增大,NOx排放质量浓度明显减小.     

旋流燃烧器的稳燃及其结构优化分析

简要叙述了国内常见几种旋流燃烧器的稳燃措施，从燃烧器流场和煤粉颗粒运动轨迹的角度分析了对低挥发份煤燃烧稳定性的影响。介绍了新近研究的花瓣稳燃器及其流场特点。指出该稳燃器在加速煤粉气流与高温回流烟气之间的混合时，避免煤粉气流过早向二次风扩散，引导煤粉颗粒进入回流区，有利于燃用低挥发份煤和低负荷稳燃及降低NOx排放等。另外，还介绍了ABT公司最近推出的“弓形”低NOx燃烧器；最后，提出了旋流燃烧器，并提出了旋流燃烧器结构优化的建议。     

通过煤粉浓缩预热低NOx燃烧器实现高温空气燃烧技术的研究

以煤粉浓缩预热低NOx燃烧器(PRP)为例,说明了通过组织高温烟气回流快速预热低风煤比的一次风煤粉气流,可以在燃煤锅炉上实现具有高稳燃和低NOx排放性能的高温空气燃烧.工业试验和应用表明:PRP燃烧器特殊的预热室结构可以有效控制一次风粉的预热,快速加热煤粉颗粒并使之在达到燃烧器喷口时接近着火温度,因而具有优异的煤种适应性、低负荷稳燃能力和低NOx排放特性,是在燃煤锅炉上实现高温空气燃烧的一种良好的燃烧器.     

新型直流燃烧器燃烧性能的数值模拟分析

为了解决超低负荷下煤粉燃烧器的稳燃和NOx排放等问题,研发了一种新型直流煤粉燃烧器,通过数值模拟分析发现该燃烧器具有高浓缩比的特点,出口NOx排放浓度在180mg/m3(O2 =6％)以内,同时喷口处能够形成稳定的回流区,保证了煤粉着火的稳定性,可见该新型燃烧器具有良好的低NOx排放及稳燃特性.     

百叶窗式水平浓淡煤粉燃烧器在燃贫煤300MW机组的应用

从百叶窗式水平浓淡煤粉燃烧器的结构入手,分析了其稳燃性、NOx低排放的机理,通过安阳电厂9号和10号炉燃烧器的改造情况和试验结果看,NOx低排放量、稳燃性达到了理想效果,对同类型机组有一定的参考价值。     

大速差射流型双通道自稳式煤粉燃烧器的高效低NOx燃烧特性分析

研究了双通道自稳式煤粉燃烧器高效低NOx排放特性 ,定量得出双通道自稳式燃烧器具有降低NOx排放的效果。试验和运行表明 :双通道煤粉燃烧器与其它燃烧器配套使用 ,具有燃烧稳定性好、锅炉效率高、NOx排放低等特点。     

新型燃气低氮燃烧机设计理念及结构研究

与燃煤燃烧主要以燃料型NOx不同的是,燃气燃烧产生的氮氧化物主要为热力型NOx,因此燃气低氮燃烧技术与燃煤有很大不同。热力型NOx的关键控制参数是炉膛温度,故合理优化燃料与助燃空气的混合过程,使得炉膛温度更加均匀,避免局部高温的出现是燃气低氮燃烧的关键技术。另外,要求燃烧机除了有比较好的低氮特性以外,还要有极强的燃料适应性和负荷适应性。目前现有的燃气燃烧机在燃烧其设计燃料的情况下,燃烧效率和污染物排放都很不错,但如果燃料有一定的偏差,其稳燃特性不好,燃烧效率和污染物排放性能都急剧恶化。因此,一个好的超低氮燃烧机除了可以在燃烧设计燃料时达到非常好的燃烧效率和污染物排放标准,同时还应对燃料的变动具有比较宽的适应性,依然具有好的稳燃特性。     

天然气低氮氧化物燃烧研究进展与展望

相比于其他化石燃料,天然气燃烧所生成的污染物较少,但NOx排放量仍然较多.随着我国天然气消费量的逐年增加,降低NOx的排放量成为人们普遍关注的重要课题.文章简述了天然气燃烧过程中的NOx生成和还原机理,综述了几种不同低氮燃烧技术的减排效果及研究进展,对比分析了各项低氮燃烧技术的动力学原理及其优缺点,最后展望了天然气低氮燃烧的研究趋势.天然气燃烧生成的NOx主要是热力型NOx,针对热力型NOx的生成机理,减少NOx排放的有效手段包括降低燃烧温度、控制氧气浓度,缩短反应物在高温区的停留时间等.由此发展出了分级燃烧、贫燃预混燃烧、烟气再循环、MILD燃烧和催化燃烧等低氮燃烧技术.其中,分级燃烧、烟气再循环等技术已广泛应用在工程实践当中.这些技术都是通过营造不利于NOx生成的反应气氛来控制NOx排放,但同时这些措施也会引起燃烧不稳定、燃烧效率低等问题.因此,低氮燃烧、稳定燃烧以及燃料完全燃烧之间的协同研究将是今后的研究方向.MILD燃烧、催化燃烧等新兴技术具有优良的低氮燃烧特性,但其反应机理还有待进一步研究.降低MILD燃烧的形成条件、开发高活性和高稳定性的催化剂仍是目前的研究重点.     

燃尽风率对四角切圆锅炉燃烧及NOx生成特性的影响

对某电厂一台300 MW四角切圆锅炉低氮改造后的NOx生成特性进行了数值模拟计算,分析了燃尽风率对NOx生成特性的影响。分析结果表明:燃尽风率增大时,在主燃烧区喷入空气量减少,导致煤粉燃烧不完全、温度降低;燃尽区的富氧氛围使未燃尽的煤粉进一步完全燃烧;主燃烧区的还原性氛围使得该区域NOx会随着燃尽风率的增大而减少;燃尽区的高温以及较低的CO浓度降低了该区域的还原性氛围,使NOx排放量增加。综合考虑NOx排放和消旋效果,该炉型锅炉采用30%的燃尽风率是比较合理的。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.