某F级燃气轮机压气机跨音级特性计算

本文作为某F级燃气轮机轴流压气机整机特性计算的一部分,考虑到跨音级存在激波及其与附面层的相互干涉、动叶叶顶泄漏等复杂的流动现象,针对该压气机的跨音级(第一级)进行单独计算.采用NUME-CA软件对压气机内部流场进行数值计算.实际计算表明:文中使用的方法可以很好地计算出压气机全工况特性.选取近失速点、近设计点、近堵点,对...     

动叶正弯对压气机性能影响的数值研究

对某多级高亚音轴流压气机的第七级动叶叶片进行了正弯设计的参数研究,得到了适用于所研究压气机的弯动叶气动性能变化规律,数值研究结果表明:对于正弯叶片,弯角和弯高存在一个最佳数值.动叶正弯改善了压气机级的气动性能,提高了整级的效率和压比.     

跨音轴流压气机动叶的三维弯掠设计研究

对一单级跨音轴流压气机中的动叶分别进行了前掠和正弯设计的参数研究,并根据研究得到的弯、掠动叶气动性能变化规律对动叶进行了前掠和正弯联合的三维设计,同时对动叶中部截面的叶型进行了二维设计以弥补弯掠动叶中部性能的降低.最终设计的跨音级性能显著提高,级最大效率提高3%,失速裕度提高40%,同时压比有所增加.数值计算结果表明,前掠和正弯叶片都可以使叶顶激波位置移向下游,降低激波强度,减轻叶顶激波与边界层和泄漏涡的作用.弯掠动叶控制激波强度和端壁流动的能力更加突出.     

轴流压气机叶片优化设计

开发了基于梯度法的数值优化程序,并与三维粘性流场求解程序相结合对跨音压气机动叶片进行了以绝热效率最大为目标的三维气动优化设计。先对其进行了沿弦长方向掠设计,绝热效率可提高约0．65％。再对所得掠叶片进行叶型中弧线优化设计得到最终叶片,与初始叶片相比绝热效率提高达1．05％。优化结果表明,动叶片的单纯掠型叶片改进气动性能有限,而弦向掠与中弧线的联合优化设计可以显著改善叶片排内流动状况,并具有良好的变工况性能。     

基于数值优化的跨音速压气机动叶三维设计

实验验证了三维粘性流场求解程序,然后采用基于梯度法的数值优化程序对跨音压气机动叶积叠线进行优化设计,得到了弯掠结合的三维叶片,并对其进行了数值模拟及详细的流场分析.结果表明采用弯掠的三维动叶可以有效的改变叶片排内三维激波结构,降低尾迹损失,显著提高动叶的整体绝热效率,并使动叶具有更加良好的变工况性能.     

增压器压气机叶片结构/振动一体化优化设计

以废气涡轮增压器压气机叶轮为研究对象,创建了压气机叶片的三维参数化模型,通过全三维流场仿真分析,得到压气机的气动性能及叶片表面的压力分布.在不改变叶片形状、保证压气机气动性能的情况下,对叶片的静强度及振动特性进行了一体化优化设计.以叶片4个关键截面的叶顶、叶根厚度为设计变量,以离心力及气动压力作用下叶片的最大Mises应力、叶片的一阶动频为约束,以叶片体积为目标函数,在iSIGHT优化平台上集成了I-DEAS、ANSYS软件,采用混合整型优化和自适应模拟退火算法的组合优化方法,在满足叶片静强度小于屈服强度和一阶动频大于3倍工作频率的条件下,叶片体积(质量)减小了14.7%.     

整机环境下的风扇_增压级叶片气动优化

采用自主研发的三维粘性气动优化设计平台对某双涵道风扇/增压级进行了气动设计优化;采用NURBS技术对该风扇/增压级各排叶片进行了参数化造型,包括二维叶型的参数化表达以及基选线的弯、扭联合造型;采用NUMECA商用软件进行了风扇/增压级三维内外涵联算作为气动性能评估指标;基于该风扇/增压级三维内外涵联算,采用iSIGHT优化软件对风扇/增压级各排叶片进行了气动优化设计.在整机流量降低0.342 8%的情况下,内涵增压级效率提高了1.43%;对风扇优化,在整机流量基本不变的情况下,整机效率提高了1.566%,并扩大了增压级的稳定工作范围.     

基于F级燃机压气机的跨音级特性数值分析

以F级重型燃气轮机压气机的跨音级为研究对象,采用三维数值模拟方法计算了不同转速下压气机的性能曲线,并在设计转速下,对其内部流场进行了分析研究.研究结果表明:所使用的计算方法能够很好地计算出跨音级压气机全工况特性,并通过典型工况点的计算,研究了跨音级叶栅内部流动的特点,为跨音级的改进设计工作提供依据.     

定制叶型在多级压气机中的应用研究

为验证某定制叶型在多级轴流压气机中的实际应用效果,采用该叶型对一台两级轴流压气机进行了叶片优化设计。三维数值模拟结果表明:采用此种定制叶型后,压气机的设计效率提高1.15%,设计点流量增加1.08 kg/s;同时,对优化后的压气机进行了性能试验,并采用激光多普勒相位测速(PDA)技术对第一级动叶前后的相对气流角沿径分布进行了测量,试验结果证明,优化后的压气机能够达到设计性能指标,并且沿径气流分布与设计情况吻合较好。     

舰船大功率轴流压气机气动设计研究

基于建立的舰船大功率多级轴流压气机气动设计体系,开展了舰船用某型大功率燃气轮机压气机设计研究,完成了6级轴流压气机的气动设计。进行了一维反问题设计、一维特性计算分析、S2反问题计算、叶片造型以及三维CFD计算分析。各级载荷分布从前面级到后面级逐渐降低,叶展方向按照等压比分配以避免径向掺混损失过大,S2设计并没有严格遵循传统的设计规律(等环量、等反动度等),而是基于一维设计方案通过不断调整优化获得的。根据CDA的特点,开发了可用于工程应用的叶片造型程序,可实现不同中弧线、不同厚度分布调节,能够实现叶片弯、掠等功能。三维数值模拟结果表明,考虑动叶叶顶具有0. 5 mm间隙的情况下,6级压气机设计点效率达到89. 75%,设计转速下的喘振裕度为22. 5%,同时具有较好的变工况性能。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.