论核电工程物项采购质量保证要求的传递与验证

核电工程物项采购质量保证深远地影响着核电工程的建设及建成后的安全性。如何将设计中的质量保证要求有效、准确地向下游传递,并验证传递的有效性和下游供应商的执行情况非常重要。文中借鉴国外核电工程物项采购的先进管理经验和流程,结合国内实际情况,阐述了要求的传递以及验证流程与策略。旨在提高核电工程物项采购的质量以及过程的法律法规的符合性。     

岭澳二期核电安全阀制造过程中的质量保证

通过阐述核电安全阀产品实现过程中质量保证工作的开展,强调质量保证在核电产品制造过程中的重要作用.     

公司成功研制我国首根具有完全自主知识产权的"华龙一号"核电汽轮机转子

我国自主三代核电 "华龙一号" 全球首堆示范工程——中核集团福清核电5号机组穹顶吊装成功, 又从东汽200吨高速动平衡试验台传来喜讯. 2017年6月5日下午两点, 为 "华龙一号" 全球首堆示范工程——中核集团福清核电5号机组配套的汽轮机组—HD1160A首台高中压转子成功完成高速动平衡试验, 标志着首根具有完全自主知识产权的新一代核电汽轮机转子已经研制成功, 具备了发货条件.     

600MW汽轮机低压转子制造质量控制

论述了在６００ＭＷ汽轮机低压转子制造过程中,动用ＧＢ／Ｔ１９００１－ＩＳＯ９００１质量保证模式中有关产品标识和可追溯性、过程控制、检验和试验、检验和试验状态等要素的具体做法,主宰质量控制是保证发电设备制造质量的重要一环和最后关口,也是企业奋力追求“一次并网成功”的唯一选择。     

风电机组桨叶扭矩加载试验浅析

桨叶在不同工况下的扭矩是变桨控制系统在驱动过程中的关键,直接影响变桨控制系统的性能。本文利用动量—叶素理论,通过Blade仿真系统得到了不同工况下桨叶扭矩的最大值和最小值。运用直接扭矩控制方式搭建了加载试验系统。通过以上两者的结合提出了风电机组桨叶扭矩加载试验方法,其试验结果和实现过程为工程运用中桨叶载荷分析、研究及变桨控制系统性能验证作参考。     

吸收式热泵COP影响因素修正曲线的试验确定方法

受汽轮机组运行工况、外网供热需求变化等因素影响,试验工况下热泵运行参数往往会偏离设计工况要求.制造厂家一般只给出设计工况下COP值,缺乏相应参数的修正曲线,或只给出一些经验值,难以对其进行准确修正,试验结果不利于热泵的性能考核验收.介绍了影响热泵COP相关参数的试验控制方法,提出了COP修正曲线的试验确定方法,成功应用于某300MW供热机组循环水余热利用工程试验测试中.首次给出了相关参数COP修正曲线的试验测试值,对类似工程的性能考核验收具有工程借鉴价值.     

城市公交车发动机循环工况的试验研究与建立

通过公交车市区道路试验,在获取大量反映公交车市区行驶特性数据的基础上,利用多元统计理论确定了城市公交车行驶工况的解析方法,建立了能够反映城市公交车实际行驶特征的城市公交车行驶循环工况,并对建立的公交车行驶循环工况的有效性进行了试验和理论验证.通过建立试验公交车的整车性能仿真模型,将公交车运行驶工况转化为发动机循环工况.研究表明：GB/T12545.2-2001中规定的用于评价公交车燃油经济性的四工况与循环建立的公交车行驶工况具有较大差别.     

三代核电常规岛设备制造质量控制

总结国内首台三代核电AP1000和EPR1700常规岛设备国产化制造质量控制经验,对核电常规岛产品制造质量保证体系的建立与实施进行介绍,并提出常规岛产品制造过程中的特殊质量控制要点.     

“华龙一号”第二台主设备正式进入安装阶段

<正>12月9日,"华龙一号"示范工程福建福清核电厂5号机组首台主泵泵壳成功引入16.5米平台,为后续主管道过渡段的焊接打下基础。主泵泵壳经过吊索具连接、起吊试验、设备翻转、设备吊装等一系列动作后,顺利引入平台。这是继11月28日首台蒸汽发生器成功吊装就位之后,第二台主设备正式进入安装阶段。"华龙一号"是我国目前唯一实现"走出去"自主三代核电技术,在研制过程中,通过消化、吸收国外先进技术,大力推进自主创新,我国核电关键设备和材料国产化取得了重大突破。压力容器、蒸汽发生器、主管道、控制棒驱动机构、数字     

核电蒸汽发生器水压试验替代厂内水压试验可行性分析

核电蒸汽发生器水压试验是验证蒸汽发生器一次侧和二次侧强度性能、密封性能的关键试验.由核电站现场水压试验替代蒸汽发生器制造厂内水压试验的可行性分析可知,在实施核电项目时,应从减少超压试验对设备的损害,以及因现场安装需求缩短设备厂内制造周期等方面进行考虑,以期为日后相关工作的顺利实施提供一定的参考借鉴.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.