切向燃烧电站锅炉采用综合空气分级燃烧技术的数值研究

切向燃烧的电站锅炉将水平浓淡低NO_x燃烧器与顶部燃尽风同时使用,即综合空气分级燃烧技术,可有效地降低NO_x排放。对350 MW电站锅炉数值计算结果表明:常规直流煤粉燃烧器改造成低NO_x燃烧器,可降低NO排放浓度7%;对于同一种燃烧器采用OFA可降低NO排放浓度9%;同时使用低NO_x燃烧器和OFA,可降低NO排放浓度18%。水平浓淡低NO_x燃烧器与周界风偏置等设计,在提高燃烧稳定性、预防炉壁结焦腐蚀等方面有诸多优点。对造成的飞灰含碳量增加,本文给出了合理的指导建议。     

径向浓淡旋流燃烧器NOx排放和燃尽率的试验研究

在设计热功率为1 MW的热态模化实验台上,研究了带有燃尽风的径向浓淡双调风旋流燃烧器的运行特点,得到燃尽风布置的相对位置、一次风率、内二次风率、外二次风率以及二次风旋流强度对NOx生成和飞灰含碳量的影响.结果表明:旋流对冲的煤粉浓淡燃烧配合采用燃尽风(OFA)空气分级燃烧技术,对降低NOx的生成和减少飞灰含碳量非常有益;只有合理地设计和布置OFA燃烧器,才能在降低NOx生成量的同时,尽量减少飞灰含碳量;增大一次风率时,NOx的生成量先增加后减少,而飞灰含碳量先减少后增加;增加内、外二次风的旋流强度,NOx的生成量不断提高,而飞灰含碳量则呈现降低趋势.     

660MW旋流对冲锅炉低NO_x燃烧优化数值模拟

对一台660 MW旋流对冲锅炉在不同层燃烧器组合运行工况下进行了炉内流动、燃烧和NOx排放特性的数值模拟,模拟结果与试验值相对误差小于10%。模拟结果表明:额定负荷时,5层燃烧器运行,停前墙和停后墙同层燃烧器时NOx排放和飞灰含碳量基本相同;停上层燃烧器相比于停中层燃烧器,空气分级效果强化,煤粉颗停留时间增加,NOx和飞灰含碳量分别降低9.5%和9.8%,在锅炉实际运行过程中,停上层燃烧器更有利于降低NOx排放和提高燃烧效率。     

1 000 MW超超临界锅炉燃烧优化调整对NOx排放及锅炉热效率的影响

为了控制NO_x排放,在3 100 t/h锅炉上进行了燃烧优化调整试验。通过调整二次风配风方式、主燃烧器上方的OFA风门开度、锅炉运行氧量、燃烧器与燃尽风摆角开度、燃尽风率和磨煤机的投运方式等因素,研究不同工况下炉膛出口NO_x浓度及锅炉热效率变化规律。试验表明:不同的配风方式下,束腰配风工况的锅炉热效率最高,炉膛出口NO_x排放量最低。主燃烧器上方的OFA风门开度在0%~25%之间变化时,炉膛出口NO_x浓度随着OFA风门开度的变大呈下降趋势;OFA风门开度在25%~100%之间变化时,炉膛出口NO_x浓度随着OFA风门开度的变大呈上升趋势;而OFA风门开度在0%~100%之间变化时,膛出口CO的浓度随着OFA风门开度的变大呈下降趋势。锅炉运行氧量变化对燃烧器区域火焰的平均温度影响较小,随着运行氧量的增加,锅炉热效率先升高后降低,而燃料型NO_x的生成量是随着运行氧量的增加而急剧增加的。在实际运行中,燃烧器的摆角向下倾斜,燃尽风的摆角向上倾斜能够延长火焰中心,防止主燃烧区局部高温发生,可以有效的抑制热力型NO_x的产生。在燃尽风率分别为10%、15%、20%和25%时,炉膛出口CO浓度和飞灰中的含碳量随着燃尽风率的升高而增加,炉膛出口NO_x浓度和锅炉热效率则随着燃尽风份额的增加而降低。     

600MW超超临界锅炉墙式切圆燃烧系统的特点及性能分析

对某电厂600 MW超超临界燃煤锅炉墙式切圆燃烧系统的特点进行了分析,并通过变O2体积分数、变二次风配风方式、变OFA、变AA和变油枪风等试验对其进行了性能优化研究.结果表明：锅炉飞灰含碳量较高,但通过高O2体积分数运行、开大OFA和设置合理的二次风配风方式及AA风开度,可有效降低飞灰含碳量;油枪风对NOx排放影响最大,通过关小油枪风开度,可有效降低NOx排放;优化后的锅炉各主要性能参数均达到或优于设计值.     

600MW超临界对冲燃烧锅炉CO和NOx排放特性的研究

采用现场试验研究和数值模拟的方法对布置前后墙对冲燃烧器的某600Mw超临界锅炉CO和NO,的排放特性进行了研究．结果表明：锅炉尾部烟气中CO质量浓度为500～2500mg／m3,当主燃烧区过量空气系数a,为0．86～0．90时,高于该锅炉低NO。排放的设计过量空气系数（0．80）,对应的燃尽风占二次风的比例约为27％～32％,NOx排放质量浓度出现拐点;锅炉的NOx排放特性与HT—NR3燃烧器的低NOx设计有关,并与该锅炉的CO排放特性呈负相关关系;在负荷为600Mw和总风量一定的工况下,当燃尽风比例从32％提高至49％时,CO排放质量浓度显著下降,飞灰可燃物浓度降低,氧气量对CO和NOx排放的影响明显减弱,但NOx排放质量浓度升高,主燃烧区侧墙高温腐蚀的风险增大．     

新型中心给粉燃烧器及燃尽风系统在600MW机组锅炉的应用研究

针对某电厂一台采用斗巴LNASB燃烧器的600 MW机组超临界锅炉存在NOx排放量较高、燃烧器区喷口烧坏变形和结焦等问题。采用新型中心给粉燃烧器和燃尽风系统对锅炉进行改造。改造后的锅炉在600 MW负荷下稳定运行,锅炉NOx排放量降低了50.07%;飞灰含碳量和大渣含碳量分别为1.11%和1.08%,锅炉效率可达到93.51%。     

1000MW机组锅炉氮氧化物排放影响的试验研究

基于现场燃烧调整试验方法,对某厂1台1000MW超超临界切圆燃烧锅炉NOx的排放特性及其影响因素进行了系统的分析。针对锅炉燃烧系统的运行特点,主要进行了氧量、负荷、燃尽风量(包括AA风和OFA风)、主燃烧区燃烧器风量和配风方式、磨煤机运行组合方式、燃烧器摆角、煤质等因素的试验研究。研究结果表明:对于具有先进低NOx燃烧系统的锅炉,其锅炉负荷、锅炉燃用的煤质、运行时氧量的变化和燃烧器喷口摆角及磨煤耗机组的运行方式都是锅炉NOx排放的影响因素,其中运行时氧量的变化对NOx排放影响最重,随着氧量的增加,锅炉NOx排放浓度呈线性增加。而在保持大量燃尽风实现空气分级燃烧的条件下,主燃烧区燃烧器风量和配风方式对NOx排放浓度的影响是微弱的。     

烟煤型旋流燃烧器燃烧试验研究

为了验证烟煤型旋流燃烧器的燃烧特性,在哈尔滨锅炉厂有限责任公司全尺寸旋流燃烧器开发平台进行热态试验研究.试验结果表明:相比四次风旋流角度,三次风旋流角度对NOx排放影响更大,NOx排放随三次风旋流角度减小而增大.三次风旋流角度不变时,四次旋流角度减小,飞灰含碳量呈现先减小后增大的趋势;四次风旋流角度不变时,飞灰含碳量随...     

亚临界W火焰锅炉磨煤机组合运行方式优化数值模拟

在不同磨煤机组合运行方式下对一台600 MW亚临界W火焰锅炉炉内流动、燃烧、传热及NOx排放特性进行了数值模拟,并与实测结果进行了对比.结果表明:不同磨煤机组合运行方式对煤粉颗粒在炉内的燃烧、平均停留时间、燃尽率、NOx排放特性及侧墙壁面附近温度分布等均有不同的影响;在兼顾燃烧效率、大屏过热器入口截面烟气温度和飞灰含碳量的同时,相比于6台磨煤机同时运行,5台磨煤机组合运行、停运靠近侧墙磨煤机的方式有利于降低NOx的排放质量浓度,达到了减排目的,同时下炉膛翼墙及侧墙区域结渣程度明显减轻.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.