V-Nb微合金化重载齿轮钢的组织和力学性能

研究了Cr-Ni-Mo系重载齿轮钢经V-Nb微合金化处理前后的组织及力学性能.结果表明:经过V-Nb微合金化处理后,钢的奥氏体晶粒得到显著细化,在渗碳温度范围内10h保温时不会发生奥氏体晶粒的异常长大;伴随着晶粒的细化,冲击吸收功得到了提高;晶粒细化也使该钢渗碳层的组织和性能得到了改善.     

V-Nb微合金化重载齿轮钢的组织和力学性能

研究了Cr-Ni—Mo系重载齿轮钢经V-Nb微合金化处理前后的组织及力学性能。结果表明：经过V-Nb微合金化处理后，钢的奥氏体晶粒得到显著细化，在渗碳温度范围内10h保温时不会发生奥氏体晶粒的异常长大；伴随着晶粒的细化，冲击吸收功得到了提高；晶粒细化也使该钢渗碳层的组织和性能得到了改善。     

机车牵引齿轮直接淬火工艺的探讨

高速重载机车牵引齿轮通常采用钢20CrMnMo钢和17CrNiMo6钢制造,对这两种钢制齿轮进行了渗碳后直接淬火的工艺试验,然后进行弯曲疲劳试验和金相分析。结果表明,齿轮渗碳、直接淬火后其显微组织和弯曲疲劳极限均符合要求,并优于经重新加热淬火的齿轮,但应控制原材料的奥氏体晶粒度和渗碳层的碳浓度。     

不同材质的重载齿轮热处理后的疲劳性能研究

齿轮是一种普遍使用的传动件,其疲劳性能对机械装备的使用寿命具有极其重要的影响。为了弄清齿轮的材料和热处理工艺对齿轮疲劳性能的影响,分别采用42CrMo、22CrNi2MoNb、20CrMnMo和20CrMnTi钢等4种材料制作了一种推土机用重载齿轮,并进行了不同工艺的热处理:42CrMo钢齿轮离子渗氮,渗层深度0.4 mm;22CrNi2MoNb、20CrMnMo和20CrMnTi钢齿轮渗碳和淬火,渗层深度1.8～2.4 mm。随后检测了齿轮的显微组织和硬度,进行了断口分析,并在120 kN的载荷下进行了疲劳试验。结果表明:经离子渗氮的42CrMo钢齿轮由于渗层较浅,其疲劳性能比渗碳淬火的其余三种钢齿轮差;而三种经渗碳和淬火处理的齿轮中,22CrNi2MoNb钢齿轮由于含碳量稍高,晶粒较细小及强韧性较好,疲劳性能最佳。     

渗碳淬硬层残余应力的分布特征

以17Cr2N i2Mo钢齿轮和20CrMnMo钢代表性试样为对象,测试了深层渗碳淬硬层的残余应力。对多种渗碳淬硬层残余应力的分布特征和对疲劳性能影响进行了比较研究。通过硬化层残余应力测试,掌握硬化层残余应力分布特征,可为较合理地确定重载大模数齿轮的有效硬化层深度提供技术支撑。     

18CrMn2SiMo钢齿轮渗碳后的组织与性能

研究了18CrMn2SiMo齿轮用钢的组织、力学性能及渗碳性能。结果表明,18CrMn2SiMo钢渗碳后空冷低温回火,渗层的组织为高碳马氏体和奥氏体,非渗碳区为贝氏体铁素体和奥氏体。用18CrMn2SiMo钢制造的齿轮具有优异的渗碳性能,并具有良好的强韧性配合。介绍了18CrMn2SiMo钢在重载齿轮方面的应用。     

18CrMnNiMo钢螺旋伞齿轮表面产生裂纹的原因分析

分析了18CrMnNiMo钢螺旋伞齿轮渗碳淬火后表面产生裂纹的原因。结果表明,齿轮渗碳时出于气氛碳势过高造成渗层组织中的碳化物沿晶界呈连续网状分布增大了渗层的脆性．而齿轮渗碳空冷后产生的表面拉应力导致裂纹沿晶界产生和扩展,因此网状碳化物是产生表面裂纹的主要原因。     

20CrMnTi钢齿轮疲劳寿命研究

齿轮是推土机等工程机械的常用重要传动件,使用中其失效主要由疲劳所致。为了弄清这类齿轮疲劳失效的原因,提高齿轮的疲劳寿命,制作了试验用20CrMnTi钢齿轮,对其渗碳至1.8~2.4 mm和2.4~3.0 mm两种深度,炉冷至840℃油淬,随后再次加热至840℃油淬,180℃回火。采用MTS Landmark250KN型电液伺服试验机对齿轮进行了动态压缩试验,采用电子显微镜观察齿轮的疲劳断口形貌。结果表明,渗碳层越深,齿轮的疲劳寿命越高,疲劳断口可分为裂纹源区、裂纹扩展区和瞬断区三部分,距表面100~200μm处有少量产生裂纹源的微孔洞。此外,齿轮表面的机加工缺陷也易导致裂纹源的形成。     

渗碳钢的显微组织

渗碳是制造承受重载的机器零件,如齿轮、轴和轴承的一种非常有效的工艺。就弯曲和接触疲劳而言,渗碳钢的抗弯曲、抗接触疲劳性能优于完全硬化钢和用其它表面硬化处理方法处理的钢。     

BH催渗工艺对12CrNi3渗碳钢组织和性能的影响

针对12CrNi3钢薄壁齿轮气体渗碳工艺存在温度高、周期长、畸变大的弊端,导致薄壁重载齿轮组织状态不佳,畸变不受控等问题,在原超级渗碳工艺的基础上添加BH-5催渗剂,开展BH催渗试验。结果表明,当渗碳层深为(1.5±0.1) mm时,BH渗碳可提升效率20%以上;使用BH催渗使12CrNi3钢渗碳后晶粒度达到7级,渗层硬度梯度下降更平缓,摩擦性能提高,畸变减小。     

Microstructure evolution during continuous cooling in niobium microalloyed high carbon steels

Effects of microalloyed niobium (Nb) on the austenite decomposition behaviors and microstructure evolution during continuous cooling in the near eutectoid steels were investigated. Compared to the Nb free steel, the Nb microalloyed steel was refined with regard to polygonal ferrite grain, pearlite block and colony sizes. This was because its austenite grain size was smaller. The volume fraction of polygonal ferrite transformed was more in the Nb microalloyed steels, which indicated the eutectoid carbon content exceeded that of pure carbon steel. The spheroidization of pearlite during continuous cooling was enhanced by Nb microalloying, mainly due to a higher critical transformation temperature and the finer pearlite structure with smaller colony size and narrower interlamellar spacing. Hot deformation right above the equilibrium eutectoid temperature accelerated the spheroidization kinetics of pearlite, especially in the Nb microalloyed steel.     

Effects of niobium additions on the structure,depth, and austenite grain size of the case of carburized 0.07% C steels

Carbon (0.07%) steel samples containing about 0.04% Nb singly and in combination with nitrogen were carburized in a natural Titas gas atmosphere at a temperature of 1223 K (950 °C) and a pressure of about 0.10 MPa for 1/2 to 4 h, followed by slow cooling in the furnace. Their microstructures were studied by optical microscopy. The austenite grain size of the case and the case depths were determined on baseline samples of low-carbon steels and also on niobium and (Nb + N) microalloyed steel samples. It was found that, when compared to the baseline steel, niobium alone or in combination with nitrogen decreased the thickness of cementite network near the surface of the carburized case of the steels. However, niobium in combination with nitrogen was more effective than niobium in reducing the thickness of cementite network. Niobium with or without nitrogen inhibited the formation of Widmanstätten cementite plates at grain boundaries and within the grains near the surface in the hypereutectoid zone of the case. It was also revealed that, when compared to the baseline steel, niobium decreased the case depth of the carburized steels, but that niobium with nitrogen is more effective than niobium alone in reducing the case depth. Niobium as niobium carbide (NbC) and niobium in the presence of nitrogen as niobium carbonitride, [Nb(C,N)] particles refined the austenite grain size of the carburized case, but Nb(C,N) was more effective than NbC in inhibiting austenite grain growth.     

渗碳齿轮钢18CrNiMo7-6的疲劳性能及其影响因素

以18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢为研究用基础钢,在传统真空脱气冶炼方式基础上,采用Nb微合金化和电渣重熔冶炼相结合获得一种对比试验钢,通过旋转弯曲疲劳试验表征了两种试验钢的疲劳性能,并利用显微组织、硬度分布、疲劳断口表征以及夹杂物分析等手段,探究了两种试验齿轮钢疲劳性能的影响因素。结果表明,采用电渣重熔方法冶炼并Nb微合金化的试验钢的疲劳极限较基础钢提高90 MPa,且相同载荷下寿命显著提高,渗碳层晶粒度由基础钢的7.5级细化至9级,而残留奥氏体含量的增加导致其表面硬度降低。通过Aspex夹杂物表征发现试验钢中夹杂物数量较基础钢大幅度降低,且硬质氧化物夹杂较少,与断口表征结果相一致。综合分析可知,晶粒细化和非金属夹杂物水平下降是提升试验钢疲劳性能的主要因素。     

热处理工艺对含Nb焊缝金属组织与力学性能的影响

采用含Nb及不含Nb两种焊丝对高速列车转向架用S355J2G3钢板进行焊接,分析了焊态下接头各区域的性能差别,研究了合金元素Nb和焊后热处理制度对焊缝金属组织和性能的影响.结果表明:焊缝金属的韧性是焊接接头性能的薄弱环节.焊态下Nb的加入提高了焊缝金属的强度,但对塑性和韧性无明显影响.经去应力退火后,不含Nb焊缝金属的强度降低,延伸率和冲击功升高,而含Nb焊缝金属的强度升高,延伸率和冲击功降低,退火后含Nb焊缝金属中NbC颗粒析出是影响焊缝金属组织和性能的主要因素.在焊后正火处理条件下,随着正火温度的升高,不含Nb焊缝金属的组织和性能均无明显变化,而含Nb焊缝金属的强度明显升高,延伸率和冲击功显著降低.严格控制正火温度是含Nb焊缝金属获得高强韧性的关键.含Nb焊缝中魏氏组织的含量随正火温度的升高而明显增多.电镜观察表明,经920℃正火处理后,焊缝中的NbC颗粒尺寸大于退火态焊缝金属中的NbC相,而在1200℃正火处理后NbC颗粒溶解消失.     

低碳结构用Nb-V和Nb-Ti复合微合金钢性能的比较

简述低碳结构钢微合金系的发展,重点介绍NbV和NbTi微合金钢在强度、韧塑性、织构及焊接性能方面的差异。     

铌对高强度51CrV钢组织及性能的影响

借助光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)与万能拉伸试验机等研究了铌元素的添加对51CrV钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸、淬火和回火组织以及力学性能的影响.结果表明:0Nb和0.02wt％Nb试验钢的奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸分别为10.0μm和3.1μm,添加0.02wt％Nb的51CrV钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸显著细化、板条...     

Thermodynamic model for precipitation of carbonitrides in microalloyed steels and its application in Ti–V–C–N system

Based on mass balance and solubility product equations, a thermodynamic model enabling the calculation of equilibrium carbonitride composition and relative amounts as a function of steel composition and temperature was developed, which provides a method to estimate the carbonitride complete dissolution temperature for different steel compositions. Actual carbonitride precipitation behavior was further verified in Ti–V–C–N microalloyed steel system. The model suggests that for higher [V] and [Ti] dissolved in steels, it is available to decrease the addition of C and N during alloy composition design. The resultant longer fatigue life of the modified steel could be attributed to the more [V] and [Ti] dissolved in the matrix, inducing finer dispersion of carbonitrides. Therefore, this model is proved to be effective in determining better chemical composition for high-performance steels, leading to possible reductions in the cost of production and improvements in the combined mechanical properties of the steels.     

添加Mo对高Nb管线钢组织和CCT曲线的影响

测定了一种低C高Nb和一种低C高Nb加Mo X80级管线钢的动态连续冷却转变曲线,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察两钢不同条件下的显微组织和细微组织的形貌特征。结果表明,随着冷速的增加,两钢的组织由多边形铁素体、准多边形铁素体转变为针状铁素体,同时晶粒得到细化;试验钢组织在低冷速时变化较明显,当冷速大于5℃/s时组织类型变化不明显,此时主要是组织均匀性及M-A岛发生变化,随冷速增加M-A岛更细小、弥散;Mo使CCT曲线中针状铁素体转变线右移,促进针状铁素体组织形成。     

超细组织空冷贝氏体钢

对３种空冷贝氏体钢在不同热处理状态下的组织进行了观察和分析。微合金变质处理可细化奥氏体晶粒和显微组织;调整微合金含量和种类,可增加钢中碳化物数量、种类和弥散度,从而提高钢的硬度和冲击韧度。经多元微合金变质处理,组织更为细小均匀,变为超细组织。所研制的贝氏体钢具有制作产品工艺简单,价格低廉的特点,制作的板锤在现场使用证明,比原来使用的高锰钢板锤耐磨性提高两倍。