复杂接触运动下非线性摩擦力的求解

提出了复杂接触运动下求解接触非线性摩擦力的数值轨迹跟踪方法,利用该方法对几种复杂接触运动下的非线性摩擦力进行了计算。计算结果表明:数值方法在分析二维接触椭圆运动时可以得到更准确的结果;计算接触面摩擦力时不能忽略法向运动与切向运动之间的相位差,该相位差对接触状态的转变、摩擦力的大小以及迟滞回线的形状都有很大的影响;对于接触面的三维运动,必须同时考虑法向运动与接触面内两个方向切向运动之间的耦合;数值轨迹跟踪方法可以方便地求解一维、二维以及三维接触运动下的非线性摩擦力,为求解带干摩擦阻尼结构的动态响应提供了一种实用算法。     

精密定位系统的摩擦力建模与补偿

为了提高由直线电机驱动的精密定位系统的定位精度,建立了优化Stribeck摩擦模型,对摩擦力这一影响定位精度的主要因素进行补偿。首先,对于传统的Stribeck摩擦模型进行优化,采用改进的最小二乘算法对模型参数进行辨识。然后,对所建立的摩擦模型补偿算法进行仿真并与扰动观测器的补偿算法进行比较,发现前者速度比后者速度在补偿后提高了4.33%,对摩擦力具有更好的补偿效果。最后,在大行程二维精密定位平台上进行验证,根据平台能够达到的最大速度定义0.005 m/s为低速运动,0.05 m/s为高速运动,在这两种速度下进行实验,并与基于库仑摩擦前馈补偿模型比较。实验结果表明：精密定位平台在速度为0.005 m/s的低速运动时,优化模型的跟随误差减小了67.67%;在速度为0.05 m/s的高速运动时,优化模型的跟随误差减小了51.63%,验证了优化Stribeck摩擦模型补偿算法的有效性。本文提出的优化Stribeck摩擦模型可用于提高由直线电机驱动的精密定位系统的定位精度。     

Thermodynamic Differences of Different Friction Pairs in a Multidisc Clutch Caused by Spline Friction: Numerical Simulation and Experimental Verification

Abstract

Considering the spline friction, the dynamic model of a multidisc clutch is established that permits the calculation of the contact pressure and friction torque acting at each friction surface; the thermal model is then developed to investigate the temperature difference between different friction pairs. The corresponding test bench is established, where the effect of inertia on the torque error is analyzed in detail. The simulated and measured results are compared to validate the numerical model and confirm the existence of spline friction. The results indicate that spline friction can lead to the attenuation of contact pressure on friction pairs along the axial direction. Therefore, there exists a significant temperature gradient in the axial direction, and the maximum temperature appears in the second separate plate near the piston. Moreover, the friction torque of a single pair decreases along the axial direction. Thus, as the number of friction pair increases, the total friction torque increases nonlinearly, and the average torque of single friction pair decreases gradually.     

隐形眼镜投影测量仪的设计

提出了一种采用光学投影成像和自扫描光电二极管列阵(SSPA)传感器实现隐形眼镜曲率、光学中心厚度和直径测量的新方法,基于此方法设计成功了一种新型隐形眼镜投影测量仪.介绍了仪器的测量原理、仪器结构、光电二极管列阵信号采集以及单片机控制系统的硬件和软件设计.该测量仪测量镜片曲率半径的精度优于±0.1mm,测量镜片光学中心厚度的精度优于±0.01mm,测量镜片直径的精度优于±0.1mm,并能分辨镜片上任何方向大于0.01mm的杂质和表面缺陷.     

矿用大尺寸湿式摩擦副瞬态摩擦热特性研究*

矿用重型刮板输送机可控启动装置的核心部件湿式摩擦副在启动过程中,呈现出液体黏性摩擦、粗糙接触摩擦、生热/传热/散热等高度复杂的耦合特征,对瞬态摩擦热特性的研究提出了较大挑战。以矿用大尺寸湿式摩擦副启动过程为研究对象,构建接触界面压力与瞬时热传导模型,基于界面压力的动态变化研究摩擦副瞬态摩擦热特性,揭示非均匀温度场的动态分布规律,分析对偶钢片和摩擦片温度的差异性,并进行试验验证。结果表明：摩擦副瞬态温度场受到接触界面压力、相对转速及对流换热作用的综合影响,径向方向存在明显的温度梯度,呈现不均匀性分布,最大值出现在外径附近,摩擦片最高温度只有对偶钢片的1/2。仿真值与试验值具有较好的吻合性,可准确地预测温度场的动态变化规律,为大尺寸湿式摩擦副瞬态热特性的研究奠定了理论基础。     

Microtribological investigations of stick/slip phenomena using a novel oscillatory friction and adhesion tester

A novel friction and adhesion tester bridging the gap between macro- and nanotribology is introduced. A friction and/or adhesion induced deflection of a spring is detected using a high-resolution laser interferometer. Unlike force microscopes, where a sharp tip interacts with the surface, this approach allows two plane substrates to be brought into contact. In this way, the exact tribological analysis of microtechnological devices is possible. Since the tester can be operated in air as well as under high vacuum conditions, the environment can be controlled over a wide range. Using this tester, micro-stick/slip phenomena have been investigated as a function of sliding velocity, surface morphology, normal force and contact area. All experiments presented in this paper were carried out on air. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

随钻扩眼工具与岩石摩擦接触的数值模拟研究

对随钻扩眼工具与岩石间的摩擦接触进行了有限元分析,采用粘-滑摩擦模型模拟接触状态,并用罚函数与拉格朗日组合法进行求解,对随钻扩眼工具在扩眼钻进时的受力进行了模拟分析。数值计算的结果较真实地反映了随钻扩眼工具工作时,所受接触压力、有效应力和摩阻应力的分布变化情况,据此给出了实际可用的建议,研究结果获得了现场试验结论的支持,表明所提分析方法是有效的,为随钻扩眼工具的设计和使用提供了依据。     

虚拟制造环境下数控机床的摩擦动力学建模与仿真

利用Pro/E建立三轴数控铣床的虚拟模型,以最简化原则建立运动副坐标系,对机床结构进行分析,根据Karnopp模型建立虚拟环境下任意三轴数控机床的摩擦动力学模型,并结合ADAMS软件对XH-714型三轴数控铣床的圆周运动进行仿真分析,验证在加工过程中摩擦非线性对数控机床进给系统加工精度的影响。     

Friction and lubrication of human skin

The in vivo friction of human skin has been measured in the dry, wet and damp states using smooth glass and polypropylene spherically tipped probes. They were selected to be representative of hydrophilic and hydrophobic countersurfaces. The data are interpreted using the adhesion model of friction, which provides an explanation for the influence of the normal load and the surface free energies of the probe materials on the frictional characteristics of the skin. In particular, explanations based on this model are given for the tendency of wet skin to exhibit stick-slip motion and of damp skin to exhibit a peak frictional force against a glass probe.     

Friction and material transfer in micro-scale sliding contact between aluminium alloy and steel

A ball-on-flat reciprocating micro-tribometer has been used to measure the friction coefficient between aluminium alloy strip and a steel ball. A relatively small ball and correspondingly low contact load is used to give a contact width of the order of 100 m, closer to asperity contact widths than generally found for this type of test. The effects of load, initial strip surface roughness, lubricants and boundary additives are investigated. It is found that the friction coefficient is significantly reduced by the addition of a lubricant. Observations of the wear tracks and ball surface show that the material transfer from aluminium to the ball is reduced in the presence of the lubricant. The initial friction coefficient is further reduced by the addition of a boundary additive, but the friction coefficient after 8 cycles is unchanged.     

PVA-Silk复合水凝胶的摩擦磨损性能研究

选用高分子聚乙烯醇(PVA)和蚕丝(Silk)为原料,采用反复冷冻-解冻法制备PVA-Silk复合水凝胶。在往复式微摩擦试验机上研究PVA-Silk复合水凝胶的摩擦磨损性能,采用激光位移传感器测量PVA-Silk复合水凝胶的磨损深度,在扫描电镜上观察PVA-Silk复合水凝胶磨损后的微观形貌。结果表明,PVA-Silk复合水凝胶在摩擦磨损过程中随载荷的增大,启动摩擦因数增大,平均摩擦因数的增幅减小;随着滑动速率的增加,启动摩擦因数呈先减小后增大的趋势,平均摩擦因数的增幅减小。最大磨损深度随着磨损时间和载荷的增加而增大,磨损宽度没有明显变化,经过10min放置后磨损深度可恢复66.7%。磨损后表面存在明显的往复滑动褶皱,但没有明显的材料黏着剥落现象,放置一段时间后材料会产生恢复,褶皱消失。     

基于ANSYS的轮轨摩擦滑动接触应力分析

以Hertz接触理论为依据,利用ANSYS建立2D有限元计算模型,模拟原地打滑、完全制动等轮轨滑动摩擦接触行为。分析了轮轨静接触和滑动接触时接触应力分布情况,研究了接触状态、轴重、滑动速度、载荷类型和钢轨轨顶圆半径对接触应力的影响。结合Hertz接触理论计算结果、剥离损伤理论和自激振动理论进行了轮轨损伤分析。     

线接触条件下微动摩擦特性的研究

通过试验研究了线接触微动摩擦特性。研究表明：线接触微动摩擦因数变化与点接触形式相同；位移幅值在部分滑移区时，表面粗糙度对表面磨损有影响。磨痕分析表明，承载区域接触不均匀，存在虚接触区域，其大小与表面粗糙度有关，而接触区域没有不磨损的粘着区，不同于点接触形式。     

球轴承滑动摩擦系数的研究

在简述球轴承摩擦的基础上，对钢球与沟道接触的滑动摩擦进行了研究，推导出了其滑动摩擦系数的计算公式，指出了阿蒙顿-库仑(Amontons-Coulomb)摩擦定理的缺陷，否定人们通常认为给定材料的两接触物体滑动摩擦系数是一常量的观点，证明了钢球-沟道接触的滑动摩擦系数是一个变量，为科学地确定球轴承现代设计中钢球与沟道接触的滑动摩擦系数，使人们对普遍物理意义上的滑动摩擦更深入地进行认识，提供了科学的依据。     

The influence of contact geometry on friction and wear characteristics

This paper describes some results of evaluating the influence of contact geometry on tribological characteristics. Friction characteristics obtained for a distributed contact (pin‐on‐disc and block‐on‐ring), a linear concentrated contact (pin and vee‐block and block‐on‐ring) and a point concentrated contact (ball‐on‐disc and three cylinder‐cone) are presented. The wear scars were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The results show different values of friction and wear coefficients for the different types of contact geometry. The paper also assesses the effect of non‐test characteristics, e. g., vibration.     

Thermoelastic Analysis of Grooved Friction Clutches Using Finite Element Method

High temperatures appear on friction clutch surfaces due to the heat generated between the contacting surfaces during the slipping period. In some cases the maximum temperatures will exceed the allowable working temperature; friction clutches will fail rapidly when working under these conditions for a long time. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of design parameters (e.g., grooves) on the thermoelastic behavior of friction clutches to avoid these kinds of failures or at least increase the lifetime of friction clutch. A finite element method will be used to investigate the effect of the circumferential groove on the thermoelastic behavior of a single-disc clutch during a sliding phase. Axisymmetric models have been developed in this analysis to simulate the dry clutch systems during the sliding period. The effect of the groove area ratio G.R (defined as the groove area divided by the nominal contact area) on thermal and elastic behaviors is investigated. The results showed that the groove size has a significant effect on the magnitude and distribution of contact pressure, temperature field and heat generated along the frictional surfaces.     

离合器摩擦副表面温度对摩擦因数的影响

通过对某型离合器摩擦副的摩擦学小样试验,研究了离合器在结合的滑动摩擦过程中,摩擦面温度对离合器摩擦材料摩擦因数的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),分析了样件的摩擦表面形貌,探讨了产生影响的机制,并从摩擦因数角度探讨了微车离合器起步发抖和烧蚀的主要原因.微车离合器摩擦材料摩擦因数随着摩擦面温度先升高,然后趋于稳定,最后再降低,其稳定工作的温度区间为130～220℃;在摩擦面温度较低的工况下,摩擦因数较低,微车起步时,离合器传递的扭矩不足以克服道路阻力,引起微车起步发抖的现象;而在摩擦面温度过高的工况下,离合过程中,摩擦因数较低,传递扭矩效率低,导致离合器滑磨时间过长,引起烧蚀现象.     

Static friction coefficient of some plastics against steel and aluminum under different contact conditions

The static friction behavior was investigated in the case of POM-based polymers containing additives, designated DE20076, DE100KM and DE12017 as well as Nylon-66 designated ZY103HSL, when in contact with AISI 1045 steel and 6061 aluminum alloy. A designed apparatus that detects the exact moment corresponding to the transition from rest to slip was used to measure the coefficient of static friction. The impact of normal load, dwell time before slip, apparent area of contact and lubrication by water and paraffin oil on the static friction characteristics was studied. A decrease of the static coefficient of friction with low normal load followed by a levelling off governed by its effect on the real area of contact and stiffness of the counterface was observed. This also yielded a linear decrease of slip acceleration as well as stick time. A polynomial equation, which increases monotonically, was found to express well the effect of stick time on static friction, independently of the materials in contact. Adhesive effects were generated by the presence of both lubricants with the result of increase of the static coefficient of friction.     

流体粘性摩擦副啮合特性简化分析

分析了挤压速度一定时,流体粘性摩擦副的啮合特性.采用微凸体接触模型的威布尔分布,建立流体粘性摩擦副研究分析模型,引入Patir-Cheng平均流量模型(1978),并介入威布尔分布的接触因子φc,推导出流体粘性摩擦副的流体润滑控制方程,针对简化后的一维润滑问题进行解析求解.并结合数值求解技术,分析了不同的因素对啮合特性的影响.