欠驱动自主水面船的非线性路径跟踪控制

基于级联方法提出一种欠驱动自主水面船的全局K指数稳定路径跟踪控制算法.采用以自由路径参考点为原点的Serret-Frenet坐标系建立路径跟踪误差的动态模型,以路径参数的变化率为附加控制输入,克服了以正交投影点为坐标原点时的奇异值问题.设计路径跟踪航向角指令,将路径跟踪模型分解为位置跟踪子系统和航向角、前向速度跟踪子系统两个子系统级联的形式,设计航向角和前向速度的全局指数稳定跟踪控制器,应用级联系统理论证明了路径跟踪误差的全局K指数稳定性.数学仿真和自主水面船湖上实验结果验证了该路径跟踪控制算法的有效性.     

基于自适应神经网络的AUVs路径跟踪控制

为解决由于随时间变化水动力阻尼引起的参数变化和不确定性的问题,提出了基于径向基函数神经网络的未知评估算法,引入自适应算法以保证神经网络权值的最优评估.基于Lyapunov稳定性理论,设计一种自适应神经网络控制器以保证路径跟踪系统中所有误差状态都趋于稳定.为了验证该控制器的可行性,对系统施加如位置误差、方向误差等虚拟干扰,证明该控制器可将误差消减为零.另一方面,机器人在以恒定的速度行驶时,每个航点被指定一个适合半径的圆弧可以保证其有较高的精度.为了评估路径跟踪控制器的性能,提出直线型和直线加圆弧型路径方案.仿真结果表明,该控制器可以有效地消除机器人非线性和模型不确定性造成的干扰.     

固定时间预测器下的欠驱动无人艇路径跟踪控制

无人艇是一类在水面自主移动的智能船艇, 具有无人自主, 航速高, 欠驱动的特点, 能应用到民用和军事的诸多领域. 针对欠驱动无人艇的路径跟踪问题, 本文在传统视线法制导律的基础上, 首次提出了一种新的固定时间收敛的预测器, 用于预测位置误差, 实现对干扰的估计和补偿. 与基于有限时间收敛的预测器的制导律相比, 固定时间预测器收敛时间不依赖于初始状态, 可以更快收敛. 此外, 为了保证跟踪控制器的有效收敛, 还设计了固定时间控制器, 将无人艇尾部的方向舵力矩作为控制器, 使无人艇航向角在固定时间收敛到期望艏向角. 最后通过仿真实验证明本文所提出的制导律和控制器能精确跟踪给定路径.     

Global Adaptive Neural Network Control of Underactuated Autonomous Underwater Vehicles with Parametric Modeling Uncertainty

This paper focuses on global adaptive neural network control for a class of underactuated autonomous underwater vehicles in the presence of possibly large modeling parametric uncertainty. As the control inputs cannot directly act in the sway and heave directions, two virtual velocities defined here, plus three actual control actions provided by the thrusters and rudders, are used to achieve the convergence of the system errors to around zero. Motivated by real‐time characteristics in the trajectory tracking, the proposed controller presents a significant advantage because it contains only one adaptive parameter to be updated online rather than the neural network weights. In addition, we also consider the practical situation that the velocities of the vehicle may experience sharp speed jumps when the position tracking errors initially change suddenly, which always results in thruster saturation. The biologically inspired model is introduced to smooth the virtual velocity commands such that the vehicle satisfies the control input and velocity constraints. Finally, comparison simulations are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

水下机器人神经网络自适应逆控制

水下环境的复杂性以及自身模型的不确定性，给水下机器人的控制带来很大困难。针对水下机器人的特点和控制方面所存在的问题，提出了基于预测—校正控制策略的水下机器人神经网络自适应逆控制结构及训练算法。通过在线辨识系统的前向模型，估计出系统的Jacobian矩阵，然后采用预报误差法实现控制器的自适应。同时，为了提高系统对于外扰的鲁棒性，在伪线性回归算法的基础上，在评价函数中引入微分项。理论分析和仿真结果表明，与原来的算法相比，微分项的引入改善了系统对于外扰的鲁棒性和动态性能。     

多自主船协同路径跟踪的自适应动态面控制

为实现多自主船含模型不确定与未知风浪流干扰下的协同路径跟踪控制,提出了一种基于神经网络自适应动态面控制的协同路径跟踪算法.该算法采用单隐层(SHL)神经网络逼近模型不确定性以及海洋环境干扰,所引入的动态面设计技术显著降低了控制算法的复杂性.同时将网络通信约束考虑在内,通过设计分散式协同控制律有效地降低了信息通讯量.Lyapunov稳定性分析证明了闭环系统所有的状态和信号是有界的,并且通过选择合适的设计参数可使跟踪误差为任意小.对比仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性.     

基于神经网络的自治水下机器人广义预测控制

针对自治式水下机器人高度非线性和时变性的特点,提出了一种基于神经网络的水下机器人广义预测控制策略．利用改进型Elman网络作为多步预测模型,在对网络学习算法进行改进的基础上,实现了Elman网络的在线学习,并提出了用于求解神经广义预测控制律的灵敏度公式．进行了具有神经网络在线学习功能和不具有在线学习功能的水下机器人的速度控制实验,并就预测控制效果进行了对比分析．实验结果表明,具有自适应学习功能的水下机器人速度控制法的精度要优于不具有在线学习功能的速度控制法,且当水下机器人动态特性发生变化时具有较强的自适应能力．     

基于观测器的水下机器人神经网络稳定自适应控制

给出了基于观测器的水下机器人神经网络自适应控制算法．控制算法由3部分组成：输出反馈控制、神经网络以及滑模项，其中输出反馈控制为了保证系统的初始稳定性；神经网络用于逼近系统的非线性动力学；滑模项用于补偿和抑制系统的外部扰动、神经网络逼近误差等．控制算法中所需要的速度量由状态观测器来提供．基于Lyapunov稳定理论给出了系统闭环稳定条件和稳定域．水池试验结果验证了算法的有效性．     

A Second Order Sliding Mode Path Following Control for Autonomous Surface Vessels

This paper presents a path following control design for an autonomous surface vessel. The boat considered presents three degrees of freedom being driven by two independent propellers placed at its stern and is represented by a highly nonlinear underactuated dynamic model. The control objective is to reach and closely follow a pre‐specified trajectory, operating in an environment perturbed by currents and waves. This objective is achieved through a control scheme based on the interaction of guidance laws synthesized by Lyapunov techniques and a high order sliding mode control approach based on the Super Twisting Algorithm. This methodology allows designing robust and simple controllers that avoid chattering effects on sliding surfaces, producing continuous control actions and presenting a reduced computational burden. The control performance is analyzed through representative simulations.     

Design and Control of Autonomous Underwater Robots: A Survey

During the 1990s, numerous worldwide research and development activities have occurred in underwater robotics, especially in the area of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). As the ocean attracts great attention on environmental issues and resources as well as scientific and military tasks, the need for and use of underwater robotic systems has become more apparent. Great efforts have been made in developing AUVs to overcome challenging scientific and engineering problems caused by the unstructured and hazardous ocean environment. In the 1990s, about 30 new AUVs have been built worldwide. With the development of new materials, advanced computing and sensory technology, as well as theoretical advancements, R&D activities in the AUV community have increased. However, this is just the beginning for more advanced, yet practical and reliable AUVs. This paper surveys some key areas in current state-of-the-art underwater robotic technologies. It is by no means a complete survey but provides key references for future development. The new millennium will bring advancements in technology that will enable the development of more practical, reliable AUVs.     

基于模糊神经网络水下机器人直接自适应控制

提出了基于广义动态模糊神经网络的水下机器人直接自适应控制方法, 该控制方法既不需要预先知道模糊神经结构, 也不需要预先的训练阶段, 完全通过在线自适应学习算法构建水下机器人的逆动力学模型. 首先, 本文提出了基于这种网络结构的水下机器人直接自适应控制器, 然后, 利用 Lyapunov 稳定理论, 证明了基于该控制器的水下机器人控制系统闭环稳定性, 最后, 采用某水下机器人模型仿真验证了该控制方法的有效性.     

Adaptive neural control for cooperative path following of marine surface vehicles: state and output feedback

This paper addresses the cooperative path-following problem of multiple marine surface vehicles subject to dynamical uncertainties and ocean disturbances induced by unknown wind, wave and ocean current. The control design falls neatly into two parts. One is to steer individual marine surface vehicle to track a predefined path and the other is to synchronise the along-path speed and path variables under the constraints of an underlying communication network. Within these two formulations, a robust adaptive path-following controller is first designed for individual vehicles based on backstepping and neural network techniques. Then, a decentralised synchronisation control law is derived by means of consensus on along-path speed and path variables based on graph theory. The distinct feature of this design lies in that synchronised path following can be reached for any undirected connected communication graphs without accurate knowledge of the model. This result is further extended to the output feedback case, where an observer-based cooperative path-following controller is developed without measuring the velocity of each vehicle. For both designs, rigorous theoretical analysis demonstrate that all signals in the closed-loop system are semi-global uniformly ultimately bounded. Simulation results validate the performance and robustness improvement of the proposed strategy.     

Practical Robust Neural Path Following Control for Underactuated Marine Vessels with Actuators Uncertainties

This note tackles the problem of path‐following control for underactuated ships with actuators uncertainties and unknown environmental disturbances. A novel dynamical virtual ship (DVS) guidance principle is initially developed to deal with the assumption that “the reference path could be generated by a virtual ship”, which is normal but not workable in the current literature. In addition, a practical robust control scheme is proposed using feedforward approximation, dynamic surface control, and robust neural damping techniques. In the algorithm, the strong couplings among state variables, underactuated characteristic and the actuators uncertainties are considered to guarantee semiglobal uniform ultimate boundedness of the closed‐loop system. The outstanding advantages are that the control law has a concise form and is easy to implement in practice.The control inputs of interest are two actuator‐steerable variables: the main engine speed and the rudder angle. Although the uncertainties are compensated by NNs, no adaptive parameters are derived for merits of the robust neural damping technique. Finally, the experiment has demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, comparing with the LOS self‐tuning fuzzy control.     

小型自治水下机器人控制系统研究开发

开发了一种性价比高的CAN总线分布式自治水下机器人控制系统结构,并采用了独特的故障处理方法．根据弱耦合简化模型,详细设计了航行控制器,并对航行控制系统进行了仿真研究．仿真与试验结果表明: 控制系统性能可靠、传输率高,并具有很好的鲁棒性与稳定性,能够满足水下机器人工作环境复杂多变的要求．     

Cooperative Target Tracking of Multiple Autonomous Surface Vehicles Under Switching Interaction Topologies

This paper is concerned with the cooperative target tracking of multiple autonomous surface vehicles(ASVs) under switching interaction topologies.For the target to be tracked,only its position can be measured/received by some of the ASVs,and its velocity is unavailable to all the ASVs.A distributed extended state observer taking into consideration switching topologies is designed to integrally estimate unknown target dynamics and neighboring ASVs’ dynamics.Accordingly,a novel kinematic controlle...     

适用于路径跟踪控制的自适应MPC算法研究

为提高自动驾驶车辆在不同工况下的路径跟踪精度和行驶稳定性,基于车辆的单轨模型和模型预测控制（MPC）理论,提出一种依据跟踪偏差和道路曲率自适应调整成本函数权重系数的路径跟踪控制算法。该算法主要是通过模糊控制理论动态优化传统MPC路径跟踪控制器中权重系数矩阵,使得当车辆与参考路径偏差比较大时,能够快速减小跟踪偏差,保证车辆行驶的安全性;当路径跟踪偏差比较小,且参考路径曲率比较小时,使得系统更加侧重行驶稳定性的要求。为验证所设计的路径跟踪控制器的性能,搭建CarSim/Simulink联合仿真模型,在联合仿真过程中,基于权重系数自适应的MPC路径跟踪控制器与基于权重系数为常量的MPC路径跟踪控制器相比,路径跟踪精度和车辆的行驶稳定性均得到了提高。     

小波神经网络自抗扰控制器在水下机器人深度控制中的应用

本文主要实现对水下机器人的深度控制。针对BP神经网络的缺点,根据小波神经网络的优越性,设计小波神经网络自抗扰控制器。利用Matlab simulink对控制器进行仿真测试,表明该控制器控制效果良好,具有较高的鲁棒性。     

一种球形滚动机器人的路径跟踪控制器设计

对一种球形滚动机器人的路径跟踪问题进行研究,设计一种基于自适应滑模控制策略的路径跟踪控制器。所设计的路径跟踪控制器采用鲁棒滑模自适应增益控制律,能够有效实现带有扰动和不确定性的实际球形滚动机器人的路径跟踪。推导球壳纯滚动和无自转非完整约束下球形滚动机器人的运动方程,并在此基础上设计自适应滑模路径跟踪控制器。对于给定的参考几何路径,所设计的路径跟踪控制器能够确保路径跟踪误差在有限时间内收敛至很小的零邻域内。基于Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了闭环控制系统的稳定性,数值仿真与样机实验结果进一步验证了所设计的路径跟踪控制器的有效性。     

多AUV协同导航问题的研究现状与进展

自主水下航行器(Autonomous underwater vehicle, AUV)协同导航是未来50年解决水下中间层区域AUV导航定位的重要方法. 本文针对多AUV协同导航, 对该领域相关问题的研究进展进行了综述, 包括: 1)论述多AUV协同导航领域的研究现状, 包括协同导航问题界定、特点综述与讨论; 2)分析多AUV协同导航系统模型及相关算法的研究进展, 包括基于优化的、 基于参数估计的和基于贝叶斯估计的滤波算法; 3)对协同导航网络下的误差建模与补偿方法的研究进展进行了综述, 包括未知洋流的影响、水声通信延迟补偿等; 4)从影响协同导航定位精度的角度出发, 对AUV协同导航的可观测性与编队最优构型设计的研究进展进行了一系列的分析; 5)陈述目前多AUV协同导航中存在的关键问题, 并讨论其发展趋势.     

基于S函数调节的非线性自适应动态面控制

针对一类控制增益未知的多输入多输出（MIMO）非线性系统,提出了一种基于神经网络的鲁棒自适应动态面控制方法．利用动态面控制解决反推法的计算膨胀问题;同时在参数自适应律中引入S（Sigmoid）函数,动态调节神经网络的收敛速度,解决了自适应初始阶段的抖振现象．利用李亚普诺夫稳定性定理,证明了闭环系统所有信号最终有界,系统的跟踪误差最终收敛到有界紧集内．仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性．