乌江流域水资源开发中的岩溶地质问题探讨

乌江流域水能资源丰富是我国大型的水电基地之一，但因岩溶地貌分布广泛，给乌江流域的水电开发带来岩溶地质问题，如渗漏、地基稳定、边坡稳定、地下洞室稳定等。描述了流域岩溶地貌特征，分析了水电资源及开发的状况和特点，总结了流域水电开发中存在的岩溶地质问题及其预防处理措施，可为类似流域水电资源开发提供了借鉴。     

水资源配置中的生态耗水系统分析

在分析水循环中经济用水和生态用水特点的基础上，根据流域二元水循环模式和耗水平衡原理、径流过程和需水过程的特点，简述了水资源配置系统分析的思路和方法。在分析不同地区生态保护目标特点的基础上，给出了水资源模拟中生态耗水的计算方法，建立了以湖泊或湿地耗水、河道生态用水约束、区域地表生态耗水以及流域出境下泄水量构成的流域生态耗水系统，与水资源配置系统有机地结合在一起，并以松辽流域水资源综合规划嫩江流域的成果简要地说明了生态耗水的分析计算。     

基于生态文明的黑河流域水资源集成管理路径选择

黑河流域是西北干旱区第二大内陆河流域,水资源是流域社会经济环境可持续发展的主要因子。旨在提出生态文明视角下黑河流域水资源集成管理的路径,为流域管理提供理论支撑。通过文献研究,分析了黑河流域的供用水、生态环境问题,指出水资源短缺及人类不合理的开发利用是流域管理的瓶颈。流域气候干旱,生态环境脆弱,是流域生态文明建设的难点。提出了树立人水和谐理念、注重流域生态修复,建设流域水文化体系等建设性意见。因此基于生态文明视角提出水资源集成管理既符合生态建设需求,又能加快水-生态-经济社会的可持续协调发展。     

干旱区流域水文-生态过程耦合分析与模拟研究框架

干旱区流域水资源短缺与生态恶化问题日趋严重,水文-生态过程耦合分析与模拟问题是实现干旱区流域水安全与生态安全亟待解决的核心科学问题。在总结国内外水文-生态过程耦合研究现状的基础上,探讨当前干旱区流域水文-生态过程耦合研究面临的关键科学问题,初步提出干旱区流域水文-生态过程耦合研究框架,包括水文-生态过程的作用机制、耦合关系和耦合模拟研究,旨在为干旱区流域水文-生态耦合研究提供参考。     

开-孔河流域水资源利用存在的问题及对策研究

开-孔河流域包括开都河、孔雀河、博斯腾湖和诸小河流,国民生产总值占巴音郭楞蒙古自制州的80%以上,是该自治州国民经济发展、生态环境保护的重要区域。近十年来,由于受自然环境的演变和人类活动综合影响,流域内的天然调节水库-博斯腾湖水位持续下降,孔雀河下游生态环境不断恶化等问题日益凸显,流域水资源和经济社会可持续发展面临严峻挑战。本文从开-孔河流域水资源利用中的问题入手,分析了原因,对加强流域水资源管理、保护博斯腾湖和生态环境提出了几点对策。     

海河流域水资源需求合理性评价

针对海河流域水资源特点,根据流域经济社会发展和生态环境保护现状,以及对需水相关主要因素的分析,从开发利用、公众认知、行业效率、生态文明等四方面的合理性出发构建了水资源需求合理性评价指标体系,基于层次分析法(AHP)建立了海河流域水资源需求合理性评价模型。利用评价模型对海河流域2010年水资源需求合理性进行了评价,并分析了近年来影响需求合理性变化的主要因素,为流域合理规划发展布局提供了支撑。结果显示模型反映出了海河流域需水的主要影响因素,评价结果基本反映了流域的真实情况。     

乌江流域水资源、水质变化与水库建设关系分析

对乌江流域2001—2005年水资源与水环境质量的多项指标进行统计分析,并结合乌江流域梯级水电站建设,采用聚类分析的方法探究水库建设与水资源及水质变化的内在联系。结果表明:乌江流域降雨量、地表水资源量、年平均含沙量等指标年际变化很大;流域水质有逐渐恶化的趋势,主要污染区域在乌江上、中游地区的支流河段;各级水库的年末蓄水量与降雨量有关,与工农业用水量呈显著负相关;水库建设对流域的影响具有累积效应和滞后效应。     

水资源开发的生态制约及敏感度指标体系初探

国内外各界对水资源开发和生态环境保护日益关注，生态问题将成为近期及今后一个时期我国水资源开发的重要制约因素。以长江流域为对象，通过分析不同河段和区域的生态敏感区和重要生境，提出建立长江流域生态敏感度指标体系的理论和方法，旨在通过敏感度指标的计算，分析各生态因子的敏感性，得到水资源开发利用的主要生态制约因素和制约性，使流域内的主要敏感因素得以直观和具体的体现，找出在流域水资源开发利用规划、开发建设和运行管理中制约水资源开发利用的生态敏感因子，对于协调水资源开发利用与生态环境保护的关系，维系流域优良生态和河流健康具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

岷沱江流域水资源生态足迹与可持续性研究

为定量分析岷沱江流域水资源生态足迹的盈亏及其可持续利用状况，基于水资源生态足迹法，计算岷沱江流域主要城市2010～2020年水资源生态足迹及承载力，并通过4个指标(水资源生态赤字/盈余、万元GDP水资源生态足迹、水资源生态压力指数、水资源生态经济协调度)综合评估岷沱江流域水资源可持续状况。结果表明：(1)除泸州市以外，流域内其余地区人均水资源生态足迹总体呈下降趋势；(2)人均水资源生态承载力表现为雅安市>乐山市>眉山市>宜宾市>泸州市>德阳市>成都市>资阳市>内江市=自贡市；(3) 2010～2020年，岷沱江流域水资源量的供需经历了“盈余-亏损-盈余”的转变；(4)流域内各市水资源利用效率逐步提升，水资源生态经济协调性变化平稳且均在可持续范围内，但2014～2017年水资源生态压力较高。研究结果可为岷沱江流域水资源的综合管理及可持续利用提供理论支撑。     

石羊河流域综合治理方案研究

石羊河流域是甘肃省河西内陆河流域中水资源开发利用程度最高、用水矛盾最突出、生态环境问题最严重的地区。本研究在对流域现状充分调查研究的基础上，依据自主创新的水资源承载能力分析理论与方法，运用水资源模拟分析技术，研究提出了流域治理的总体思路和布局及措施；提出了产业结构调整、生态移民、节水型社会建设及水资源管理等非工程措施；同时在流域综合治理层面首次提出流域初始水权制度框架，为规范流域水资源利用秩序、为公平发展和生态环境保护与建设奠定基础。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).