英汉礼貌差异及其在跨文化交际中的应用探析

礼貌是具有普遍性的社会现象,是各种文化背景的人都必须维护和遵守的准则。文章通过对比Leech和顾日国提出的礼貌原则,分析了英汉礼貌用语的差异和成因,提出在跨文化交际中应该尊重并重视礼貌差异,正确使用礼貌原则,避免语用失误,以保证跨文化交际的顺利进行。     

礼貌用语的语用功能

礼貌是人类为了达到顺利交际的目的,而采取的一种语用策略。为此,Leech提出了礼貌原则。而在实际的交际中,因为交际个体的文化背景、性格、性别以及交际距离的差异,礼貌会表现出不同的程度。本文旨在探讨礼貌原则的相对性,以帮助语言学习者进一步理解和使用礼貌原则。     

权势在双人关系中对礼貌策略的影响——王熙凤言语交际中的礼貌策略初探

交际是人类活动中必不可少的-个行为.双人交际是交际的基本单位.交际双方的权势差异,直接导致交际者对礼貌策略的不同选择.本文从双人关系中的权势差异,来分析王熙风的礼貌策略,指出权势对她的礼貌策略的运用起到决定性的作用.     

浅析礼貌原则在涉外商务交际中的体现

分析了涉外商务交际中所体现的礼貌原则及礼貌策略。礼貌原则有助于交际双方最终达成“双赢”。     

浅谈中西方礼貌用语中的文化差异

本文探讨了中西方语言交际中的礼貌用语使用的不同,分别从谦虚问题、称谓问题以及待人接物等方面分析了中西方语用习惯的差异,以期望学习语言的各国留学生能够注重语言的文化功能,更好地掌握语言交际技巧.     

趣谈中西方称谓的差异及文化折射

在跨文化交际中,首先涉及到的就是称谓.称谓在中西方语言中都突出地表现出礼貌的功能.但由于各国的文化差异和千百年来形成的习俗给人们带来的根深蒂固的印象,称谓的误用往往会引起跨文化交际中不该有的不快.为使外语学习者认识到这种潜在的威胁,本文对中西称谓语的差异进行了文化背景、起源的剖析,其目的是使读者进一步了解中西称谓的差异及其文化的折射,彼此间更好地、恰当地进行跨文化交流.     

俄汉模糊语民族文化语用对比

在日常生活中为了使交际顺利进行,人们往往会使用模糊语,而正确的使用模糊语即可以使交流更为礼貌以实现更好的交际的目的,又可以维系面子,同时还可以使说话人显得幽默机智.以下本论文将着重从语用功能的角度来对比俄汉模糊语民族文化的差异.     

照应现象与礼貌原则

照应现象在认知语言学界引起了广泛的关注,Ariel的可及性理论可全面地对照应进行诠释.在语篇中,代词的使用与礼貌现象有着千丝万缕的联系.西方礼貌理论汗牛充栋,而其中以Spencer-Oatey的人际关系理论因为其跨文化视野,具有更广泛的阐释力.因此将以代词视角的选择和心理空间理论为出发点,利用Spencer-Oatey的人际关系理论对汉语中的代词照应现象进行分析.     

中国大学生跨文化交际愿意度调查——英语专业,文科与理工科大学生的对比

通过调查英语专业,文科和理工科本科生在跨文化交际愿意度的差异,试图找出英语学习情感因素(如兴趣、内部动机)如何影响跨文化交际意愿度--这一跨文化交际特征.本研究为国内跨文化交际研究和教学提供一个新的研究角度,力求进一步完善跨文化交际理论.     

浅谈中西饮食文化的差异

食文化及餐桌礼仪是跨文化交际中非语言文化的重要组成部分.了解中西饮食文化的差异,及时有效地克服交际中因文化不同而带来的障碍,是跨文化交际取得成功的关键.对外语学习者来讲,不仅能增加对所学语言文化的理解,更能可提高跨文化交际的成功率.     

Voices of fear and anxiety and sadness and depression: The effects of speech rate and loudness on fear and anxiety and sadness and depression.

Two studies investigated the role of expressive vocal behavior (specifically, speech rate and loudness) in fear and anxiety and in sadness and depression. In the 1st study, participants spoke about personally experienced fear and anxiety-arousing and neutral events using 3 different voice styles: fast and loud, normal, and slow and soft. In the 2nd study, participants spoke about personally experienced sad or depressing and neutral events using the same 3 voice styles. In both studies, the participants' highest levels of subjective affective and cardiovascular (CV) arousal occurred when they spoke about the emotional events in a mood-congruent voice style: fast and loud in the case of fear and anxiety, and slow and soft in the case of sadness or depression. Mood-incongruent voice styles canceled the heightened levels of CV arousal normally associated with these negative emotions. The voice-style manipulation had no significant effect on the participants' levels of CV arousal during the neutral discussions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Synthesis and analysis of mixed chlorinated-fluorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and assessment of formation and occurrence of the fluorinated and chlorinated-fluorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans

Despite the use of multimodal therapy, higher-grade glioma is still uniformly fatal in the adult population. There is a considerable difference between the length of survival in each given patient, even within the same tumor type and malignancy grade group, suggesting that there are factors that might differentially influence outcome. To identify such factors, 107 patients with anaplastic or malignant glioma were retrospectively investigated. Clinical parameters and paraclinical data on the p53, mdm2, and EGFR genes at the DNA or protein level were evaluated by univariate analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling. Kaplan-Meier survival estimation demonstrated that immunohistochemical positivity for mdm2 protein in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma or with glioblastoma multiforme was associated with a shorter survival time (p = 0.02). P53 gene mutations and immunopositivity for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein were not significantly related to poor prognosis. The Cox proportional hazards model revealed immunohistochemical positivity for p53, mdm2, or for both of them, the presence of postoperative irradiation, and the extent of surgical resection of tumor to be variables significantly associated with prolonged survival. EGFR overexpression, age over 60 years, and Karnofsky performance score below 40 points did not significantly shorten survival time. In conclusion, the present study identified immunohistochemically detected mdm2-protein overexpression as a statistically significant negative prognostic parameter in patients bearing anaplastic or malignant glioma. Association analysis of variables revealed a possible correlation between mdm2 and p53, which is also consistent with the biological interaction mode of both proteins in vivo.     

Sexuality and aging--usual and successful

BACKGROUND: As aging research increasingly reflects an effort to dissociate true time-driven changes from those that can be improved, sexuality in later life remains largely unexplored. Several problems are evident. There is a lack of normative data, a lack of a conceptual framework relating to the biology, psychology, and sociology of sex, and an attitudinal resistance that obscures the entire topic. METHODS: We conducted a three-part instructional series on major topics involved with sexuality and aging. We surveyed our group of attendees (n 158, average age 68 for males, 65 for females) before and after the series. RESULTS: A remarkably robust sex life was evidenced by both the men and the women, even until advanced old age. Yet, a substantially decreased involvement was reported from 10 years earlier. Despite current activities, people of both sexes wished they were participating even more than they currently were. Impotency was identified as the major negative feature for the men; relationship problems were for the women. A questionnaire 6 months after the series reported improved sexual attitudes, but no change in sexual activities from the earlier survey. CONCLUSION: Sexuality is a major quality-of-life issue which persists into old age. Our study showed that the usual sexual practices reported by our group were not considered by them to be ideal. The intervention of this instructional series provided improved sexual attitudes but not performance. Additional studies are encouraged.     

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis and sports

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis occur predominantly in the lower lumbar spine. Besides congenital defects such as predisposition of spondylolysis the correlation between competitive sports activities and an increased incidence of spondylolysis is proved. In early stages, complete healing can be achieved by conservative treatment (abstinence from sports activities for 3 months, orthesis). Persistence of pain, neurologic symptoms and progression of vertebral slipping are indications for operative treatment (reconstruction of the isthmus, dorso-ventral spondylodesis). The exercise tolerance depends on the extent of instability, progression of vertebral slipping and clinical symptoms. The limits of exercise tolerance vary among the individual athletes and require the decision of the physician. Backstroke swimming, abdominal and back muscle strengthening exercises, and types of sport involving smooth movements are advisable. Sports education in school is possible without restriction in patients with stable spondylolysis and in those with spondylolisthesis without unfavourable concomitant factors.     

Larks and owls and health, wealth, and wisdom

OBJECTIVE: To test the validity of Benjamin Franklin's maxim "early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." DESIGN: Cross sectional analysis of sleeping patterns in a nationally representative group of elderly people, and longitudinal investigation of mortality. SETTING: Eight areas in Britain (five in England, two in Scotland, and one in Wales). SUBJECTS: 1229 men and women aged 65 and over who in 1973-4 had taken part in a survey funded by the Department of Health and Social Security and for whom data on sleeping patterns, health, socioeconomic circumstances, and cognitive function had been recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self reported income, access to a car, standard of accommodation, performance on a test of cognitive function, state of health and mortality during 23 years of follow up. RESULTS: 356 people (29%) were defined as larks (to bed before 11 pm and up before 8 am) and 318 (26%) were defined as owls (to bed at or after 11 pm and up at or after 8 am). There was no indication that larks were richer than those with other sleeping patterns. On the contrary, owls had the largest mean income and were more likely to have access to a car. There was also no evidence that larks were superior to those with other sleeping patterns with regard to their cognitive performance or their state of health. Both larks and owls had a slightly reduced risk of death compared with the rest of the study sample, but this was accounted for by the fact that they spent less time in bed at night. In the study sample as a whole, longer periods of time in bed were associated with increased mortality. After adjustment for age, sex, the presence of illness, and other risk factors, people who spent 12 or more hours in bed had a relative risk of death of 1.7 (1.2 to 2.5) compared with those who were in bed for 9 hours. The lowest risk occurred in people who spent 8 hours in bed (adjusted relative risk 0.8; 0.7 to 1.0). CONCLUSION: These findings do not support Franklin's claim. A "late to bed and late to rise" lifestyle does not seem to lead to socioeconomic, cognitive, or health disadvantage, but a longer time spent in bed may be associated with increased mortality.     

Craniometaphyseal and craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, head and neck manifestations and management

Mechanical allodynia (MA) following hand injury is a well-documented clinical problem. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the relationship between hand MA and the upper limb tension test (ULTT). The ULTT mechanically stresses the neural structures from the C5/6/7 neural foramina to the median nerve distally. This study examined 29 subjects with unilateral hand MA before and after a 2-week neural self-mobilization programme. There was a significant difference between the subjects' affected and unaffected sides when tested using the ULTT, both in reproduction of symptoms and in reduced range of motion of the ULTT. Following the self-mobilization program, there was an improvement in the range of the ULTT, and subjects reported a reduction in their symptoms. Complete recovery was not obtained in all cases. The results of this study suggest that the ULTT is a useful tool both in assessment and treatment of subjects with hand MA.     

深云立交桥梁检测及加固改造

根据深云立交桥梁的检测结果，对该桥目前的整体状况、工作状态，及其使用情况做出综合评价，对桥的病害原因进行了分析，并提出合理的加固方案。     

关于摩尔浓度及其与硬度转换关系问题的讨论

众所周知，国际单位制物质的量采用摩尔(mol)表示，近几年出版的给排水专业书籍，为了与国际单位制接轨，逐渐将摩尔的使用频率不断提高，被给排水技术人员广泛应用的新版给排水设计手册，将表示物质浓度的单位“当量／升”或“毫克当量／升”．改为mol／l或mmol／l，虽然编者对其基本单元定义作了说明，但在实际运用上仍会出现误解，     

《儿子与情人》的语码转换与男女二元对立

劳伦斯小说《儿子与情人》一个鲜明的语言特色就是标准英语和当地方言频繁的语码转换。莫瑞尔用方言来对抗妻子,而妻子坚持用标准英语,偶尔也用方言来讽刺、挖苦丈夫。语码转换反映了劳伦斯男女二元对立的哲学思想。