发电机相间后备保护整定配合分析

根据缅甸瑞丽江电站送缅方机组的运行特点,对发电机相间后备保护的定时限复合电压启动过电流保护在满足灵敏度要求前提下,完善其与线路保护配合的整定。     

浅析吉牛水电站距离保护行为

吉牛水电站的距离保护是高频通道的纵联保护,对被保护线路全线任何地点的任何故障均能瞬时有选择性地切除。详细分析了吉牛水电站允许超出的高频保护方案,从物理概念出发,分析了线路保护在允许超出的保护方案中其摇摆过程的距离保护行为,表明该方案能够满足在稳定摇摆过程防止跳闸,同时在不稳定暂态下跳闸。依据该方案,从电气设备及电力系统稳定角度出发,得到了距离保护正常切除故障的典型故障切除时间。     

扩大单元接线发电机选择性复压过流保护研究

现有发电机复压过流保护应用于扩大单元接线方式发电机上存在无选择性的不足。基于异步法发电机选择性复压过流保护原理,判断为发电机区内故障时,复压过流保护按整定延时跳闸,判断为区外故障时,复压过流保护在延时定值基础上增加短延时跳闸,有效解决了扩大单元接线发电机复压过流保护的选择性问题。动态模拟试验结果验证了该方案的有效性。     

距离保护第Ⅲ段整定计算的探讨

作者介绍了距离保护第Ⅲ段整定计算方法的探讨,对灵敏度之间配合问题进行分析,得出结论。     

桐柏抽水蓄能电厂机组负序电流保护改进

介绍了桐柏抽水蓄能电厂大容量发电电动机负序电流保护整定配合,讨论了其在实际运行中存在的问题.针对桐柏电厂机组内桥接线方式下的特点,提出符合系统需求和机组特性的负序电流保护整定改进方案,以满足大容量机组对保护选择性、灵敏性和可靠性的要求.     

基于工频量补偿算法的长线距离保护

特高压长线路的分布参数特性使传统距离保护的测量阻抗不与故障距离成正比，容易造成保护的超越或拒动。文中分析距离保护正确动作的条件:测距误差不大于故障距离与整定距离之差，提出将保护安装处的电流、电压补偿到距离Ⅰ段末端测距。仿真表明，该算法提高了距离Ⅰ段末端的测距精度，符合保护正确动作的条件，使保护正确动作。     

含分布式电源配电网的馈线保护新方案

分布式电源（DG）接入配电网后,改变了原有网络的短路电流流向,会导致原有馈线保护出现灵敏度降低、拒动、误动等问题。提出了2种含DG配电网的馈线保护新方案:一种方案是在现有方向电流保护的基础上,将DG上游每条馈线保护的Ⅰ段与其下一级馈线保护的Ⅰ段构成一个通信单元,依据新的整定原则及两级保护动作结果的综合判断将故障快速地隔离在最小范围内;另一种方案是利用广域网将每条线路末端方向元件检测到的功率方向信息和DG上游第1条出线上装设的电流保护的区段判别结果结合起来,精确地区分故障区段,保证上游保护的选择性和快速性。PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果验证了所提出的方案的有效性。     

小型水电站35kV输电线路保护方法的适用性分析

以丁当水电站35kV输电线路保护问题的解决方案为例,对两种输电线路保护方法的适用性进行了比较研究。分别对三段过流保护方法和三段距离保护方法的原理、整定计算和时限特性进行了分析比较,结果表明,与三段过流保护方法相比,三段距离保护方法具有灵敏度高、迅速动作范围长、保护范围与选择性不受系统运行方式影响等优势,适宜在小型水电站35kV输电线路保护中应用。     

电力系统智能型接地距离保护整定计算程序

详细介绍了电力系统智能型接地距离保护整定计算程序的计算数学模型、主要功能及其智能化的特点，分析了线路零序互感对保护整定计算的影响。该程序不仅能完成接地距离保护各段定值及相关参数的整定计算，而且能输出汉化整定方案、全网定值表及定值通知单，实现对接地距离保护的智能管理。     

五段式线路保护方案

传统的线路保护一般采用三段式保护方案。为了进一步提高线路保护的性能，提出了一种五段式线路保护新方案。不灵敏Ⅰ段用于提高Ⅰ段保护的动作速度，灵敏Ⅰ段用于提高灵敏度，不灵敏Ⅱ段用于提高区内短路的抗过渡电阻能力和提高动作速度，灵敏Ⅱ段用于提高Ⅱ段保护的灵敏度和提高作为下一线路远后备的动作速度;Ⅲ段保护作为本线路Ⅰ段、Ⅱ段保护的近后备保护，并作为下一线路的远后备。介绍了五段式线路保护方案的优缺点与性能特征。分析表明，在线路保护装置由微机构成的条件下，不增加微机保护硬件的条件，就可提高线路保护的性能。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.