串行流化床内气固流动控制

针对化学链燃烧分离CO₂技术特点,在一串行流化床（循环床+喷动床）冷态实验装置上,以CaSO₄载氧体为实验原料（d_p= 0.6 mm）,研究串行流化床气固流动特性。基于床内压力分布特征,提出将循环床（空气反应器）沿床高方向划分为鼓泡段和快速流化段2个流型区域,将喷动床（燃料反应器）沿床高方向划分为喷动段、鼓泡段和悬浮段3个流型区域,得出串行流化床内气固流动控制机理。研究并考察了循环床流化风速度、喷动床喷动风速度对串行流化床内反应器间（空气反应器和燃料反应器）气体串混、颗粒循环速率以及床层压降的影响。研究结果表明,流化风是床内颗粒循环的驱动力,流化风速度应控制在 3.77～4.05 m·s^-1;喷动风速度对床内颗粒循环以及系统稳定运行起着关键作用,建议将喷动风速度控制在0.42～0.56 m·s^-1。     

垂直筛板流化床中FCC催化剂的流化性能

以FCC催化剂颗粒研究垂直筛板流化床内构件对气固两相流化性能的影响,考察了板孔气速、颗粒循环量和帽罩开孔比等筛板结构对流化床压降和提升量强度的影响. 结果表明,气固两相总体逆流流动条件下,帽罩内气速达4 m/s,气固高速并流喷射无气泡,两相接触好、返混小,属快速流态化. 由于没有气泡,床层压力波动小,在塔板上颗粒返混小. 垂直筛板压降随板孔气速、帽罩底隙高度增大而增大,随帽罩开孔比、板孔径增大而减小,颗粒提升量大,床层压降大. 提升量强度随板孔气速、帽罩底隙高度、颗粒循环量增加而增大,随帽罩高度与塔节高度比增大而减少,随帽罩筛孔孔径变化存在最大值. 当帽罩开孔比为1.2~2.5、板孔面积与帽罩截面积比为0.42、帽罩底隙高与板孔孔径比为0.36~0.64时帽罩流化性能较好.     

大颗粒三相环隙气升式环流反应器流体力学行为

研究了大颗粒体系气升式环流反应器的流体力学行为,考察了表观气速和颗粒质量分数对床层膨胀高度、循环液速和固含率分布的影响。实验结果表明,按颗粒的运动状态不同可以将反应器内的流动分为3个区域,即固定床区域、膨胀床区域和循环床区域,各流动区域内的流动行为存在显著差异。随着颗粒质量浓度的增大,起始流化气速和最小循环气速均显著增大。基于三相流化床的流化模型和环流反应器的特点建立了相应的数学模型,对大颗粒三相气升式环流反应器的起始流化气速和最小循环气速进行了预测,模型预测值与实验测量值吻合良好。     

循环流化床颗粒团絮现象分析及对策研究

通过中试装置核心反应器床层温度分布梯度、床层压降以及流化操作气速分析后认为,流态化过程当中造成颗粒团絮的原因主要是床层形态;可从工艺控制方面通过调整循环流化床循环倍率、操作气速,可有效控制颗粒团絮的尺寸、数量以及速率。     

组合约束型提升管出口气固分布器的压降

在一套组合约束型提升管冷态实验装置上,通过实验研究了不同操作条件下提升管出口气固分布器的压降,并与常规气体分布器压降进行了对比。实验结果表明,在零床层及有床层的操作模式下,气固分布器压降均随提升管内表观气速和颗粒循环强度的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较低时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较高时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而减小;随着开孔率及上部流化床层压降增加,气固分布器压降呈降低趋势,当流化床层压降达到一定程度后,分布器各孔方可实现有效布气,此后气固分布器压降趋于近似不变;在相同表观气速及开孔率下,气固分布器压降大于常规气体分布器压降。     

组合约束型提升管出口气固分布器的压降

在一套组合约束型提升管冷态实验装置上,通过实验研究了不同操作条件下提升管出口气固分布器的压降,并与常规气体分布器压降进行了对比。实验结果表明,在零床层及有床层的操作模式下,气固分布器压降均随提升管内表观气速和颗粒循环强度的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较低时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较高时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而减小;随着开孔率及上部流化床层压降增加,气固分布器压降呈降低趋势,当流化床层压降达到一定程度后,分布器各孔方可实现有效布气,此后气固分布器压降趋于近似不变;在相同表观气速及开孔率下,气固分布器压降大于常规气体分布器压降。     

循环流化床脱硫反应器气固两相流动模拟

为加深对循环流化床脱硫反应器的流动特性的认识,本研究采用双流体模型,耦合非均匀曳力模型和颗粒动力学理论,使用非均匀的修正的Syamlal O?Brien曳力模型考虑颗粒团聚现象对气固流动的影响,对循环流化床脱硫反应器中的流体力学特性进行了数值模拟。模拟得到的时均颗粒浓度和压降值与实验数据具有较好的一致性,验证了模拟方法的可靠性。颗粒速度的时间序列和概率分布函数显示,在反应器壁面附近区域均存在颗粒的向上、向下运动,在床层内颗粒总体上向上运动,同时还存在微观的内循环运动。模拟结果为颗粒速度的径向非均一分布提供了合理的解释,较Gidaspow模型有更好的适用性。     

降低气泡对流化床影响方法的探讨

流化床反应器的应用较为广泛,但是由于流化床内气泡的存在会对反应器内的传质效果带来不利影响,本文简述的提高流化气速使流化床操作向快速流态化发展以及在流化床内部添加内构件的方法,都是通过抑制或消除气泡等方法来强化气固间的接触从而达到提高气固传质效率的目的。     

湍动流化床醋酸乙烯合成反应器的工业试验

运用湍动流态化理论作指导，对醋酸乙烯合成反应器进行技术改造，在原有装置内设置复合内构件，增加颗粒回收系统降低催化剂平均粒径，使流化床操作状态由鼓泡流化转变为湍动流化，强化了气固接触，提高了产物的单程收率。     

旋流筛板式气固挡板流化床内压力脉动特性

在表观气速Ug=0.04~1.14 m/s时,采用旋流筛板构型的挡板式内构件,通过对比分析旋流筛板式气固挡板流化床与自由床内流动现象、压差脉动标准偏差和压力脉动标准偏差等参数,确定了旋流筛板式气固挡板流化床能有效破碎气泡的流动与操作条件。结果表明,构件下方区域颗粒随表观气速增加而不断转移至构件上方床层,造成构件下方区域密相床层高度持续降低,该区域出现3种流动状态并直接决定构件是否能破碎气泡。当Ug<0.44 m/s时,构件下方区域密相床层料位较高,形成下部为密相床层、上部为密相与大气泡交替通过构件的鼓泡床,此时构件具有抑制气泡生长并破碎气泡的作用,全床压差脉动及压力脉动标准偏差低于相同条件下的自由床;当0.44≤Ug<0.66 m/s时,密相床层料位较低,形成下部为密相床层、上部为单一稀相的湍动床,此时构件不再直接抑制气泡生长或破碎气泡,但构件下方密相床层的存在能降低构件下方及构件上方一定高度内床层的压力脉动强度;当Ug≥0.66 m/s后,密相床层完全消失,形成气体为连续相的稀相流化状态,构件不能破碎气泡、降低床层压力和压差脉动强度。     

含内构件的循环流化床的动态压力特性

针对含内构件的循环流化床,以石英砂为物料,使用动态压力传感器测量了含内构件的流化床中气固两相流的动态压力,分析了床内的瞬时压力特性. 结果表明,在进出口总压降中,文丘里压降最大,占主床压降的60%以上. 表观气速和固体颗粒循环流率共同影响循环流化床内的压力特性. 压力瞬时波动功率谱分析表明,压力波动对应一个主频,表观气速越小、颗粒循环流率越大时,压力波动越大,且循环流化床底部压力波动比上部大. 加入内构件能有效引导气流,使流动更均匀.     

A RISE IN SOLID HOLDUP IN AN ASCENDING FLOW TYPE GAS-SOLID CONTACTOR WITH THE USE OF INERTIAL GAS-SOLID SEPARATOR

A new internal-circulation gas-solid contactor has been developed to improve and simplify the operation and the structure of the existing circulating fluidized bed (CFB). The contactor consists of a column in which an ascending-flow-type inertial gas-solid separator is equipped to return the solids to the column. To keep gas-solid contact effective, the contactor is operated at a gas velocity above the terminal settling velocity of solid panicles (like the existing CFB). Characteristics of the separator and the rise in holdup in the contactor are described.     

Experimental study of the effect of internals on optimizing gas-solid flow in a circulating fluidized bed

The solids concentration in a circulating fluidized bed of flue gas desulfurization (CFB-FGD) is low, and the gas-solid mixing needs to be strengthened to improve the reaction efficiency. The addition of internals in a square CFB-FGD is studied here. Different sizes of wedge-shaped internals were set in the middle of the riser on opposite sides of the bed, at same height or at different heights. By comparing the concentration distributions, we found that positioning the internals at different heights is more effective in increasing the density of the center region. By observing the radial distribution of the fractal dimension, we found that a strong degree of turbulence can improve the gas-solid mixing. A larger upper/smaller lower arrangement of the internals with a moderate apparent gas velocity provided the best flow field, with increased concentration gradients and improved gas-solid mixing.     

烟气循环流化床脱硫数值模拟进展及现状分析

介绍了循环流化床半干法烟气脱硫过程气固两相流动和反应特征及其数值模拟方法。对两相流常用的离散颗粒模型、双流体模型的研究进展进行论述,对于四步骤的脱硫模型进行说明,并介绍了耦合流动模型与脱硫模型过程模拟的优缺点。提出对循环流化床脱硫进一步数值模拟的工作重点应集中在颗粒动力学、曳力模型的修正和反应过程细化模拟方面。     

摇摆流化床的气固流动特性

采用二维床及D类玻璃珠颗粒,在表观气速U_g=0.267~0.978 m/s、摇摆幅值Θ=5°~15°、摇摆周期T=8~20 s的实验条件下,对摇摆流化床内气固流动过程及气体通过流化床的时均总压降进行了研究,并通过与常规直立床和倾斜床进行对比,分析了床体摇摆对气固流动的影响。结果表明,在平均角速度ω_ave>2(°)/s的条件下,当初始装料量和表观气速相同时,气体通过摇摆流化床的时均总压降低于直立床,高于相同最大倾角时的倾斜床;惯性力所产生的压降在0.15 kPa以下,其对床层压降的影响较小,床体倾斜导致气体向边壁区域聚集是影响摇摆流化床内气固流动特性的主要因素,由此导致床内存在固定床和下行移动床状态的非流化区域,使得处于流化区域的颗粒量减少,同时还降低了流化床层在竖直方向的静压。非流化区域的存在还会造成流化区域的气速高于直立床表观气速,两者表观气速之比为1.04~1.49。     

Hydrodynamics of gas–solid flow in the circulating fluidized bed reactor for dry flue gas desulfurization

Process design and scale-up require a fundamental understanding of the hydrodynamics of gas–solid flow in the circulating fluidized bed flue gas desulfurization (CFB-FGD) reactor although the CFB system has been widely used in flue gas desulfurization and flue gas cleaning processes. The hydrodynamics in the CFB-FGD reactor model was investigated by pressure measurements and specially designed sampling probe based on three dimensionless groups for practicable similarity of industrial CFB-FGD process. The results show that the pressure drop in the venturi section is predominant as high as 60% of the total pressure drop and the total pressure drop significantly increases with the increasing external solid circulating rates at the same superficial gas velocity. Moreover, the measurements of radial solid mass fluxes show that the flow pattern in the CFB-FGD reactor is a typical core–annulus flow and this flow structure prevails until the top of the reactor. Reflux ratios are used to quantitatively evaluate the internal solid reflux in the reactor and the values in the low section of the reactor are much higher than those in the upper section.     

循环流化床中C类颗粒连续干燥的研究

循环流化床(CFB)作为一种新兴反应器,其结构简单、气固接触效率高、处理量大,成为气固二相干燥应用研究的新方向.文中在自建的循环流化床(内径0.104 m×高2.35 m)内,以玉米淀粉(dp=8 μm,ρp=800 kg/m3)为C类颗粒,进行了连续干燥.实验初步研究了进料速率、进风温度及气速等操作参数对淀粉平均停留...     

Developments in the understanding of gas–solid contact efficiency in the circulating fluidized bed riser reactor:A review

In the last several decades, circulating fluidized bed reactors have been studied in many aspects including hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer and gas–solid two phase contacting. However, despite the abundance of review papers on hydrodynamics, there is no summary paper on gas–solid contact efficiency to date, especially on high density circulating fluidized beds(CFBs). This paper gives an introduction to, and a review of the measurement of contact efficiency in circulating fluidized bed riser. Firstly, the popular testing method of contact efficiency including the method of heating transfer experiment and hot model reaction are discussed, then previous published papers are reviewed based on the discussed methods. Some key results of the experimental work are described and discussed. Gas–solid contact efficiency is affected by the operating conditions as well as the particle size distribution. The result of the contact efficiency shows that the CFB riser is far away from an ideal plug flow reactor due to the characteristics of hydrodynamics in the riser. Lacunae in the available literature have been delineated and recommendations have been made for further work.     

气固循环流化床负压差下料立管的压力脉动特性

通过对气固循环流化床负压差下料立管的压力测量,分析了立管下料过程的压脉动特性。负压差下立管内的颗粒由立管上部的低压端流向下部的高压端的过程中,对所夹带的气体产生压缩导致了立管内气固两相流动的不稳定性,表现为立管压力的脉动以及颗粒下行速度的波动和密度分布的不均匀。压力脉动的幅度随负压差的增加而增大。     

Effect of ring‐type internals on solids distribution in a dual circulating fluidized bed system—cold flow model study

The redistribution of solids in a counter‐current circulating fluidized bed (CFB) by effect of ring‐type internals was investigated in a downscaled cold‐flow model. The system consists of two interconnected CFB reactors, in which the primary reactor operates like a common riser while the secondary reactor operates in counter‐current. The unit works without circulation rate control devices and the inventory splits inherently between the two reactors by pressure balance and depending on the fluidization velocities. Previous studies showed an increment in the total pressure drop in the secondary reactor as result of the internals installation. With the purpose of obtaining comparable inventory in the secondary reactor with and without rings, a device for adjustment of total inventory was designed and installed. Effects of the aperture ratio, number of rings, fluidization velocity, and particles circulation rate were studied. The results obtained approach a guideline for the detailed design of similar configurations. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3612–3623, 2013