Effect of solution treatment on the strength and fracture toughness of aluminum alloy 7050

The effect of the solution treatment on the tensile property and fracture toughness of aluminum alloy 7050 were investigated by means of optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tensile test and the plane-strain fracture toughness test. The results show that with increasing single-stage solution temperature, the volume fraction of the residual phase decreases, but the volume fraction of the recrystallized grains and the size of the sub-grains increase. Thus, the strength and fracture toughness of the single-stage solution treated samples increase first and then decrease. The enhanced solution treated samples result in an improved dissolution of the residual phase, a lower recrystallized grains fraction and smaller sub-grains, which leads to a higher strength and fracture toughness than that of the single-stage solution treated samples. The grain structure of the high temperature pre-precipitation treated samples is similar to that of the enhanced solution treated samples. However, the high temperature pre-precipitation treated samples exhibit a lower strength and fracture toughness, due to a mass of AlZnMgCu phase precipitating from the matrix.     

半固态铝合金重熔组织演变的研究

通过自行研制开发的新型半固态连续机械搅拌设备,制备了半固态铝合金,并对半固态坯料在半固态温度区间重熔加热,研究不同重熔温度、时间下半固态组织的变化规律.研究表明:保温温度越高,晶粒长大和球化速度加快,保温时间越短;随着保温时间延长,晶粒逐渐长大和球化,液相份数增加.半固态铝合金Y112重熔加热适宜温度区间为565～575℃.     

Strength-ductility Combination in Aluminum-lithium Alloy 2090 Containing Rare Earth Element

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Microstructural path and temperature dependence of recrystallization in commercial aluminum

The isothermal recrystallization of 90% cold-rolled commercial purity aluminum alloy AA1050 was studied by means of quantitative microscopy at four temperatures from 245°C to 280°C. The microstructural properties, V_v, the volume fraction recrystallized, S_v, the interfacial area density separating recrystallized grains from deformed grains and 〈λ〉, the mean recrystallized grain free length, were measured stereologically as a function of time. The kinetics, microstructural path, grain boundary migration rates and temperature dependence of recrystallization were quantified experimentally. Based on analysis of all data and microstructural path modelling, recrystallization was determined to be growth (boundary migration rate) controlled; all nucleation occurred in time periods short compared to the earliest annealing times. The activation energy for grain boundary migration was calculated to be 172–183 kJ/mole suggesting that a solute-limited grain boundary migration rate mechanism was operative in the alloy. The recrystallization microstructural path was found to be isokinetic, i.e. identical at all the annealing temperatures studied. Two stages of recrystallization kinetics were observed; an early transient-like stage characterized by decreasing growth rates and a later stage in which the kinetics approached Avrami behavior and the growth rates were approximately constant. The transient-like behavior is attributed to the steep, deformation-induced stored energy gradients surrrounding precipitate particles where the recrystallized grains are nucleated.     

AZ91D镁合金的半固态加工研究

研究了AZ91D镁合金热挤压坯料在二次加热过程中的组织演化，探讨了AZ91D合金在二次加热过程中液相产生的机理，给出了液相体积分数与再结晶组织的关系。试验证明：提高二次加热的升温速度可以细化再结晶晶粒，增加一定条件下的液相体积分数，从而改善合金坯料的触变性能。采用半固态工艺压铸了汽车空压机连杆，对压铸件进行了质量评价。     

1235铝合金动态再结晶动力学模型及氧化夹杂的影响

通过Gleeble热模拟试验建立动态再结晶动力学模型,研究氧化夹杂对1235铝合金的动态再结晶行为的影响。研究表明,经不同净化处理的1235铝合金在热变形条件下均发生一定程度的动态再结晶。动态再结晶体积分数的计算值与实测值接近(相关系数R大于0.92),相关性高。在相同热变形条件下,含杂量越低,热压缩时动态再结晶的速度越慢,细小的夹杂物阻碍了动态再结晶晶粒的长大,再结晶晶粒细小。     

加热工艺对AZ91D镁合金部分重熔组织的影响

提出半固态金属坯料先在液相线以上温度适当加热再降低温度至两相区温度继续等温保温的二次加热工艺。采用该工艺对晶粒细化AZ91D镁合金坯料进行部分重熔,研究了其组织演变规律,并与等温二次加热工艺进行比较。结果表明,与等温二次加热工艺相比,坯料先在液相线以上温度适当加热再降低温度至两相区温度继续保温,坯料重熔速度明显加快,相同加热时间时,晶粒更加细小和圆整。组织演变机理分析表明,加快液相形成速度可适当抑制晶粒的合并,降低晶粒长大速度,并促进晶粒球化。     

Microstructure evolution of semi-solid 2024 alloy during two-step reheating process

A two-step reheating process was proposed and applied to perform reheating experiments on the semi-solid 2024 alloy billet. In this process, the semi-solid billet was firstly heated over liquidus temperature and then isothermally held at solid-liquid zone temperature. Microstructure evolution of the semi-solid billet during two-step reheating was studied by optical microscope and compared with that during isothermal reheating. The results show that the remelting rate of the semi-solid billet during two-step reheating is faster than that during isothermal reheating. Under the same reheating time, the grains of the semi-solid billet reheated by two-step reheating process are finer and rounder than those by isothermal reheating process. The present experimental results indicate that accelerating the formation of liquid phase during the two-step reheating process can restrain the coalescence of grains to a certain extent, and thus refine the grain size and promote the grain spheroidization.     

AZ61合金半固态二次加热工艺及组织演变

研究了应力诱发熔体激活法(SIMA)制备的AZ61镁合金半固态坯料在二次加热时加热温度和保温时间对其组织的影响,研究表明,二次加热初期半固态组织首先熔合合并,随着保温时间延长,晶粒逐渐长大和球化,液相份数增加;保温温度越高,晶粒长大和球化速度加快。在592℃加热、保温20min~40min,可以获得均匀、圆整的半固态组织,晶粒大小为80μm~90μm,液相率为40%~42%。高于597℃时,试样重熔过程中易发生严重变形。     

半固态5083铝合金的二次加热组织与触变轧制

采用大挤压比热挤压预变形的SIMA法制备了5083铝合金半固态坯料,研究了在不同加热温度和保温时间条件下二次加热重熔组织的演变规律,以及不同工艺参数对一道次触变轧制后带材力学性能的影响.结果表明,在二次加热过程中,晶粒形状和液相率主要受加热温度影响,而受加热保温时间的影响不大.在一道次触变轧制中,当二次加热温度为600℃,轧制变形量为60％时,可以获得抗拉强度为260.93MPa,伸长率为26.81％的较好综合力学性能的带材.经40％变形量二次冷轧后,带材的抗拉强度提高了70MPa.结合拉伸断口的宏观和微观形貌分析,可知带材的断裂方式为微孔聚集型的韧性断裂.     

一个新的动态再结晶过程的分析模型

应用不可逆热力学方法，本文建立了一个新的动态再结晶过程的分析模型。在这个模型中根据动态再结晶重复形核有限长大机理，分别考虑原始晶粒和再结晶晶粒分布的变化。由于模型不考虑再结晶晶粒形成细节，所以本模型也适用于由亚晶直接转变成新晶粒的情况。这种情况中只有晶界能增加并无明显晶粒长大。由此模型导出了再结晶体积分数及有关晶粒尺寸的演化方程。将这些演化方程插人到作者给出的考虑不同变形机制的热塑性本构关系中，便得到了有动态再结晶过程伴随的热塑性本构关系。这一本构关系不仅适用于一般的热加工变形，还适用于动态再结晶引起晶粒细化所造成的变形机理改变的热变形过程。最后给出一些算例并对一些有关问题进行了讨论。     

Effect of original microstructures on microstructural evolution of A2017 semi-solid alloy billets during reheating

The microstructural evolution of the A2017 semi-solid alloy billets provided with rheocasting and extruding/extending forming by shearing-cooling-rolling(SCR) technology during reheating in semi-solid state was investigated. The microstructural differences and their generation causes for both billets were also analyzed. The results show that during reheating, the grains of rheocasting billets grow up and spheroidize gradually with the prolongation of isothermal holding time, the eutectic liquid phase at low melting point forms mainly among the grains. However, the grains of the extruding/extending forming billets grow up abnormally through grain coalescence in the initial stage of the reheating, the entrapment of large amount of liquid within grains occurs, and the grain sizes in the reheating billets are coarse and inhomogeneous. Compared with extruding/extending forming billets, rheocasting billets have smaller and uniform grains in reheating microstructure and can rapidly form liquid phase among grains. Therefore, rheocasting billets are more suitable for the semi-solid forming than the extruding/extending forming billets.     

6061铝合金半固态坯料二次加热工艺及组织演变

针对近液相线半连续铸造技术制备的6061铝合金半固态坯料,在不同加热温度及保温时间下进行二次加热,采用光学显微镜及图像分析仪考察试样的微观形貌及尺寸特征,结合差热分析的方法研究加热过程中的液相形成、组织演变及晶粒长大过程。结果表明,二次加热温度及保温时间共同影响着微观组织演变过程,随着加热温度升高及保温时间延长,晶粒逐渐球化并长大。加热温度越高,组织演变速度越快;保温时间越长,晶粒球化并长大越明显。有效地控制二次加热温度及保温时间,能够获得均匀、圆整且相对细小的半固态组织。     

LY12铝合金在超塑性变形中的空洞行为

通过单向超塑性拉伸试验,研究了供应态LY12铝合金棒材超塑性变形中空洞的形成和发展过程及其应变速率对空洞演变的影响、空洞对超塑性变形能力的影响等。研究结果表明,供应态LY12铝合金在超塑性变形过程中产生的空洞主要是O型和V型空洞,分别产生于三叉晶界处、第二相粒子附近和晶界内,这些空洞可能导致晶界的不协调滑动;在低应变速率条件下,由于粘性层较厚,使晶界滑移很容易进行,LY12铝合金的超塑性变形能力较高,但试样断面上产生较多的空洞,使试样室温性能恶化;在高应变速率条件下,LY12铝合金具有较好的超塑性和室温性能。分析认为,在高应变速率条件下,晶界上的粘性层很薄,在晶粒的相互挤压和转动中很容易细化,使材料的超塑性变形能力增强;在超塑性变形中的空洞,可以看成是保证得到高塑性所必需的组织成分。一定程度的空洞并呈细小而分散状独立存在时,对晶界滑动是非常有利的。     

Thixoforming of EN AW-2014 alloy at high solid fraction

EN AW-2014 extruded alloy slugs were thixoformed at 615 °C where the solid fraction is estimated to be 80%. The recrystallization process occurred during heating to the thixoforming temperature, between 550 °C and 600 °C, well above the solidus temperature owing to the pinning of grain boundaries by Al₂Cu precipitates. The equiaxed polygonal grains thus obtained have become increasingly globular upon soaking. Si was enriched in the grain boundaries during soaking while the solid solution matrix was gradually depleted off Cu. The grain boundary composition has moved closer to that of the Al-Cu-Si ternary eutectic with a lower melting point than the binary Al-Cu eutectic, facilitating grain boundary melting. The liquid phase has then penetrated between the grains, forming a more or less continous intergranular network. Microstructural features essential for forming in the semi-solid state were obtained after about 10 min at 615 °C. The subsequent forming process has occurred in the semi-solid state with no evidence of grain deformation. The thixoformed EN AW-2014 part was solutionized at 500 °C for 2 h and was subsequently quenched in water. Artificial ageing at 160 °C has produced hardness values as high as 160 HV after only 8 h. It is concluded that the high strength wrought EN AW-2014 alloy feedstock processed by the RAP route respond to a thixoforming operation in a very favorable fashion.     

GH738合金在不同变形条件下的再结晶过程

通过压缩锥形试样研究了温度和变形程度对GH738合金微观组织的影响,分析了不同变形程度下,合金的再结晶晶粒尺寸、再结晶体积分数和平均晶粒尺寸的演化情况,为制定GH738合金热态变形工艺提供了理论依据。研究结果表明,随着温度升高,再结晶晶粒尺寸变大;随变形程度减小,再结晶体积分数逐渐减小。在不同变形程度下,在1120℃温度时变形可获得较高的再结晶体积分数和较均匀的再结晶晶粒尺寸;当加热温度1100～1140℃范围内,变形程度大于28%时,可以获得晶粒尺寸较为均匀的微观组织。     

High temperature deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of wrought nickel-based superalloy GH4037 in solid and semi-solid states

Cylindrical samples of Ni-based GH4037 alloy were compressed at solid temperatures (1200, 1250 and 1300 °C) and semi-solid temperatures (1340, 1350, 1360, 1370 and 1380 °C) with different strain rates of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 s⁻¹. High temperature deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of GH4037 alloy were investigated. The results indicated that flow stress decreased rapidly at semi-solid temperatures compared to that at solid temperatures. Besides, the flow stress continued to increase after reaching the initial peak stress at semi-solid temperatures when the strain rate was 1 s⁻¹. With increasing the deformation temperature, the size of initial solid grains and recrystallized grains increased. At semi-solid temperatures, the grains were equiaxed, and liquid phase existed at the grain boundaries and inside the grains. Discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) characterized by grain boundary bulging was the main nucleation mechanism for GH4037 alloy.     

第二级固溶温度对7050铝合金组织和性能的影响

为了研究双级固溶、双级时效处理下的固溶温度对7050铝合金的影响,采用常温拉伸、晶间腐蚀等方法研究了双级固溶、双级时效热处理制度下第二级固溶温度对7050铝合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,随着第二级固溶温度的升高合金晶粒尺寸逐渐长大,残余第二相不断固溶。495℃时的S相基本固溶,残余第二相体积分数为0.19%,晶粒尺寸较小,合金屈服强度R_(eL)为655 MPa,抗拉强度R_m为694 MPa,伸长率A_(50 mm)为14.40%,综合力学性能最好。温度过高时合金发生过烧,性能减弱。晶间腐蚀从合金外部晶界开始向内部扩展,耐晶间腐蚀性能随着残余第二相的逐渐固溶而增强。     

铸态2219铝合金热压缩变形组织演变规律

为解决2219铝合金微观组织粗大、第二相分布不均的问题,开展了对铸态2219铝合金热压缩变形组织演变规律的研究。研究结果表明,经热压缩变形后,铸态2219铝合金组织中粗大的晶粒及连续网状分布的残余结晶相被打碎,经热处理后形成了均匀的再结晶组织。随着变形温度的升高,晶粒组织粗化,但Al2Cu相的分布更细小、均匀;随着变形量的增大,晶粒组织逐渐细化,晶粒大小分布也更均匀,且Al2Cu相也随变形量的增加破碎得更充分,分布更细小、均匀。在大直径铸锭锻造开坯过程中,为了获得Al2Cu相细化分布的组织,变形温度应控制在420℃以上,单次变形量不应低于50%。延长锻后保温时间不会显著影响材料的显微组织,因此,在锻造开坯过程中,为了保证合理的变形温度区间,可以采用回炉加热多火次锻造的方式。     

脉冲磁场处理对7075铝合金性能及组织的影响

采用脉冲磁场对7075铝合金进行了磁处理,并使用室温拉伸、SEM、TEM和XRD等测试手段对比研究了7075铝合金脉冲磁场处理前后的力学性能及显微组织。研究发现,峰值强度为2 T和3 T的脉冲磁场会增大合金的微观应变,促进晶粒择优取向由(200)晶面转变为(111)晶面,但脉冲磁场对合金的拉伸性能无明显影响;峰值强度为1 T的脉冲磁场能够显著促进合金内部小尺寸第二相的回溶,减弱晶界沉淀相的连续性,增加晶界无沉淀析出带的宽度,可在不降低7075铝合金材料强度的情况下提高该材料的塑性。