The state-of-the-art of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite mission

The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) mission was proposed in 2003 and approved in 2013 after ten years’ scientific and engineering demonstrations. To meet the requirement of scientific objectives, the satellite is designed to be in a sunsynchronous orbit with an altitude of 507 km and descending node time of 14:00 LT. The CSES satellite carries 8 instruments, including search-coil magnetometer (SCM), electric field detector (EFD), high precision magnetometer (HPM), GNSS occultation receiver (GOR), plasma analyzer package (PAP), langmuir probe (LAP), high energetic particle package (HEPP) and detector (HEPD), and tri-band beacon (TBB), among which HEPD is provided by Italian Space Agency. The CSES satellite was launched successfully on February 2, 2018, and is planned to operate for 5 years. The CSES mission is the first satellite in China to measure geophysical fields, which will have a lot of application prospects in the study of seismology, geophysics, space sciences, and so on.     

The technology of space plasma in-situ measurement on the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite

The China Seismo-Electromagnetic satellite(CSES) was designed to study the ionospheric disturbances associated with earthquakes. Satellite payload includes nine instruments. Among them, we recall instruments for plasma analysis, electric,magnetic fields and high energy particle detectors. Langmuir probe(LP) and plasma analyzer package(PAP) are the in-situ payloads to measure space plasma. Its scientific objective is to research space plasma physics phenomena and the ionosphere changes caused by seismic. It is the first application of in-situ measurement technology in the field of space exploration in China.The Langmuir probe and Plasma Analyzer Package have been tested and calibrated to verify the performance in INAF-IAPS.Currently, on-orbit testing is being performed with satellites.     

Framework and development of digital China

High energy electron is a kind of sources to be detected in the geospace environment. Generally, the particle telescope with much thick semiconductor detector is used as the sensor for energetic electrons because they can penetrate deeply into the detector. The more energy of the electrons is, the deeper they can penetrate into, so that the geometric factor varies with energy of the incident electrons. We discuss the geometric factor of particle radiation detector (PRD), which is a payload on ZY-1 (CBERS-1 and CBERS-2) satellites to monitor the high energy particle radiation inside the satellites. According to the NASA’s AE8 model, the geometric factors of electrons for the low energy bin (0.5–1.0 MeV) and the high energy bin (> 2.0 MeV) are 2.468 and 1.736 cm²·sr, respectively. These results are much different from the traditional calculation of the geometric factor that is 1.18 cm²·sr. The angle-response function of the telescope is also derived, which can be useful for design of the telescope and analysis of the directional distribution. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40674097) and Co-constructing Foundation of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education (Grant No. XK100010404)     

The electromagnetic wave experiment for CSES mission: Search coil magnetometer

The seismic activities on the Earth can produce a disturbance of the electromagnetic field and particles in the ionosphere. The search coil magnetometer(SCM) mounted on China Seismo-Electromagnetic satellite(CSES) is designed to measure the magnetic field fluctuation of low frequency electromagnetic waves in the frequency range of 10 Hz–20 k Hz. The SCM comprises a three-axis search coil sensor mounted on a 4.5 m boom and an electronic box inside satellite module. The sampling rate of the SCM is 51.2 k Hz and the time resolution of the power spectrum density(PSD) is 2 s. The frequency resolution is 12.5 Hz.There are three operation modes: survey, detailed survey and calibration. In the survey mode, the SCM can provide a PSD in the whole frequency range of 10 Hz–20 k Hz and wave forms in the low frequency range below 2 k Hz while in the detailed survey mode the SCM can provide both PSD and wave forms in the whole frequency range of 10 Hz–20 k Hz. The sensitivity of the SCM instrument is 5.0×10~(-4) n T Hz~(-1/2) at 10 Hz, 5.0×10~(–5) n T Hz~(-1/2) at 200 Hz, 3.4×10~(-5) n T Hz~(-1/2) at 2 k Hz and 1.1×10~(-4) n T Hz~(-1/2) at 20 k Hz. The telemetry rate is ~0.85 Mbps in the survey mode and ~3.0 Mbps in the detailed survey mode. The phase difference between three axes can be made generally with a precision of less than 1.0°. The dynamic range of the SCM instrument is over 100 d B. The orthogonality of three mechanical axes of search coil senor is better than 0.13°. The performance of SCM can satisfy the requirement of scientific objectives of CSES mission.     

CSES GNSS ionospheric inversion technique,validation and error analysis

With the increased number of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites equipped with global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver, the LEO based GNSS slant total electron content (TEC) and electron density profile (EDP) data play an increasingly important role in space weather and ionospheric research due to improved global coverage. China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES), which was launched in February 2018, is equipped with GNSS receiver for either precise orbit determination (POD) and ionospheric inversion. The purpose of the present paper is to validate CSES GNSS ionospheric inversion technique based on the real observations and verify the accuracy of TEC and EDP retrieval based on the simulated data. The following conclusions can be drawn: the epoch difference inversion (EDI) derived from CSES can successfully retrieve the EDPs without non-occultation side measurements; the technique of EDI and the calibrated TEC inversion (CTI) have similar behaviors in inversion errors, however, the retrieved NmF2 and hmF2 have a larger systematic error surrounding the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) where the assumption of spherical symmetry is often invalid; the precision and accuracy of retrieved TEC have been investigated in the paper based on the simulated data, and it is found that the accuracy of the retrieved TEC is relative to solar activity: the lower the F10.7 index, the higher the accuracy of retrieved TEC.     

Angular response of ‘pin-hole’ imaging structure measured by collimated β source

The pitch-angle distribution of energetic particles is important for space physics studies on magnetic storm and particle acceleration.A‘pin-hole’imaging structure is built with the‘pin-hole’technique and a position sensitive detector,which can be used to measure the pitch angle distribution of energetic particles.To calibrate the angular response of the‘pin-hole’imaging structure,special experiment facilities are needed,such as the particle accelerator with special design.The features of this kind of particle accelerator are:1)The energy range of the outgoing particles should be mid-energy particles(tens keV to several hundred keV);2)the particle flux should be consistent in time-scale;3)the directions of the outgoing particles should be the same and 4)the particle number within the spot should be low enough.In this paper,a method to calibrate the angular response of the‘pin-hole’imaging structure by the90Sr/90Y β source with a collimator is introduced and simulated by Geant4 software.The result of the calibration with the collimated β source is in accord with the Geant4 simulations,which verifies the validity of this method.     

CsI（TI）对高能质子能量响应的蒙特卡罗研究

在放射性核束物理的实验研究中,需要对核反应产物进行测量和鉴别,以获取反应过程中的重要信息。使用GEANT4软件对CsI（TI）闪烁体探测器对高能质子的能量响应进行了蒙特卡罗模拟,以确定这种探测器用于探测能量范围10MeV-150MeV质子的能量响应。通过对晶体外表面包覆材料反射率、耦合光敏二极管面积、质子射程等条件的模拟和分析,找到了提高CsI（TI）闪烁体探测器性能的方法。     

High precision magnetometer for geomagnetic exploration onboard of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite

The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) is the first platform of China’s earthquake observation system in space and the first satellite of China’s geophysical field detection missions. The high precision magnetometer (HPM), which contains two fluxgate sensors and a coupled dark state magnetometer (CDSM), measures the vector of the Earth’s magnetic field with a bandwidth from DC to 15 Hz. The two fluxgate sensors are in a gradiometer configuration in order to reduce satellite interferences. Additionally, the CDSM sensor measures the scalar value of the magnetic field with higher accuracy and stability. Several data processing and calibration methods have been prepared to get accurate vector magnetic field data. This includes the calibration of each of the three sensors, the absolute vector correction algorithm, the spacecraft magnetic interference elimination and the coordinate transformation method. Also the instrument performances based on ground calibration activities are shown in this article.     

溴化镧探测器在伽马测井应用中的MC研究

本文利用蒙特卡罗方法模拟实际测井过程,模拟地层中1.76MeV伽马射线经过几种不同材料探管以及不同尺寸溴化镧晶体的能谱。通过分析峰总比可以看出,用铍、镁铝合金作为溴化镧探测器探管并不能够有效地提高全能峰计数率,增大溴化镧晶体体积,能够有效提高峰总比。     

溴化镧闪烁晶体对湮灭光子线性吸收系数的计算

本文对新型卤化物闪烁体探测器——溴化镧探测器溴化镧闪烁体的线性吸收系数进行了推导和计算,特别对能量为0.511MeV的γ光子的线性吸收系数进行了计算,为以后计算溴化镧探测器对正电子的探测效率提供了数据依据.     

基于粒子滤波的全息检测技术的研究

在日益复杂的电磁环境下,提高侦测系统的性能一直是研究的重点。针对侦测系统性能低这一背景,提出一种基于粒子滤波算法的全息检测器。该方法以接收信号的幅度、载波频率、相位、来波方向为待估计参数矢量,应用粒子滤波算法实现对数字信号的全息检测。     

论振动体的电动力学(1)———量子共振场

提出一种共振场,替代德布罗意的相波谐振中假想的相波,共振场是具有物理实在的电磁场。用共振场替代薛定谔的类比方法,从波动性出发可以直接得出波动性基本方程,也可以从粒子性出发得出与薛定谔方程相等波动性方程。一对谐振子粒子各自辐射出电磁场,辐射出的电磁场辐射在对方的粒子表面上,与对方的粒子进行电磁相互作用,产生量子共振效应。两粒子达到能量平衡态时,其能量为两粒子的共振结合能。共振结合能与距离的平方成反比。共振场具有共振量子,基本方程来源于波动性,相互作用场等物理意义。提出了共振场能量内敛性原理,共振场质心能量平衡原理,共振场能量守恒性,共振场的对称性与非对称性等共振场原理。     

模拟颗粒布朗运动的格子Boltzmann模型

通过在格子Boltzmann方法的迭代格式中附加描述分子热运动涨落的分布函数,建立了描述颗粒布朗运动的涨落格子Boltzmann模型,给出了分布函数满足的条件以及在D2Q9格子模型下的具体表达形式.通过Chapman Enskog展开推导,得到了考虑分子热运动涨落的宏观流体动力学方程.在此基础上,对单颗粒在流场中的布朗运动进行了数值模拟,得到了颗粒运动的均方速度及速度、角速度时间自相关函数.结果表明,均方速度满足能量均分定理,说明颗粒最终达到热平衡;颗粒速度、角速度时间自相关函数符合理论预测的t-1、t-2衰减规律.数值结果证明了所建立模型的正确性,为采用格子Boltzmann方法模拟颗粒的布朗运动提供了有效的方法.     

自由漂浮空间机器人力矩最优轨迹规划算法

针对自由漂浮空间机器人的轨迹规划问题,提出一种基于粒子群优化算法的机械臂关节角驱动力矩最优轨迹规划算法.首先通过对自由漂浮空间机器人系统的动力学方程进行分析,给出了以机械臂关节角驱动力矩为目标函数的轨迹最优控制算法,并采用高阶多项式插值方法逼近机械臂关节角轨迹,结合粒子群优化算法对机械臂关节角轨迹进行优化求解.数值仿真表明,规划出的关节角轨迹平滑连续,在完成自由漂浮空间机器人姿态调整任务的同时,机械臂关节角驱动力矩降至最低.     

Absorption of electromagnetic waves by the dust particles in a plasma

Inthispaperwestudytheabsorptionofelectromagneticwavesbythechargeddustgrainsimmersedinambientplasma.Theelectromagneticwavepropagationindustyplasmahasbeenahottopicinrecentyears.Mostpaperspublishedsofarfocusontheincreaseofthewavescatteringinadustyplasma[1—4].InthispapertheenergylossoftheincidentelectromagneticwavecausedbyalongitudinalscatteringfieldoftheDebyescatteringispresented.ThephysicalpictureoftheproblemisachargeddustgrainwhichisassumedtobesphericalofradiusasurroundedbyascreeningDebyesphe…     

分形粗糙面散射的基尔霍夫解

讨论了理想导电分形表面的电磁波散射机理，给出了该分形表面电磁散射的基尔霍夫解．最后，在基尔霍夫约束条件下通过计算散射方向图得到了能量角分布与表面分形特性的关系．     

Plasma perturbations in the coexisting environment of VLF transmitter emission,lightning strokes and seismic activity

We analyzed plasma perturbations occurring in the coexisting environment of powerful VLF transmitter emission, intense lightning strokes and strong seismic activity during pregnant period. The results suggest that anomalous electron bursts with energy dispersion in the range of ~100–350 keV, forming the "wisp" signature, are due to cyclotron resonance of electrons with monochromatic waves from the powerful NWC VLF transmitters during nighttime. The intense broad band VLF emissions (up-going 0+ whistlers) are observed while the DEMETER satellite goes through the region of intense thunderstorm activities at mid-latitudes. However, the effects of intense lightning activity and pregnant earthquake have little impact on this kind of stable energy-dispersed electron structures, despite the fact that they are presumably two primary reasons for the particle precipitation in the ionosphere. The case studied here provides us a valuable opportunity to address the various sources triggering the anomalous plasma perturbations in the ionosphere.     

Web环境下的军事航天任务规划系统设计和实现

利用Web技术，在互联网上开发军事航天任务规划系统能够妥善解决规划方案的分发、敏感数据的保密、用户平台的异构等问题，并且便于系统的升级和维护。介绍了Web环境下的军事航天任务规划系统设计和实现，给出了系统的组成和逻辑结构、运行流程，提出了基于Web环境实现军事航天任务规划系统的方法。     

碳纳米管中氢等离子体的介电特性及微波吸收机理研究

运用双流体理论和唯象模型,导出了碳纳米管中氢等离子体的复介电常数和微波吸收系数,构建了铁催化高压歧化生成的碳纳米管中氢等离子体的微波吸收模型,从理论上证明了铁催化高压歧化生成的碳纳米管氢等离子体中的带电粒子对微波产生的碰撞吸收是其主要微波吸收机理,揭示了铁催化高压歧化生成的碳纳米管对2.45 GHz的微波产生强烈吸收的物理机制.     

Imaging energetic electron spectrometer onboard a Chinese navigation satellite in the inclined GEO orbit

The energetic electron measurement is one of the most important issues to understand dynamics in space physics and the applications for space weather. In this study, the principle and functional components of the imaging energetic electron spectrometer(IES) onboard a Chinese navigation satellite in the inclined GEO orbit(IGSO) was introduced. The IES instrument is developed by the team in Peking University(BeiDa), thus it is named as BD-IES. Based on the pin-hole technique, the instrument can measure 50–600 keV electrons incident from 9 directions over a range of 180° in polar angle. With pulse height analysis(PHA), the spectrum can be determined for each direction. The energy and angular calibrations were performed, which show the good energy and angular characteristics of BD-IES. Monte Carlo simulations show that the anti-proton design of BDIES can effectively decrease the proton contamination on the electron measurements in the inclined GEO orbit. The primary results of BD-IES verify the successful design of this instrument.