The time-domain electromagnetic interference measurement system

A novel real-time broad-band time-domain electromagnetic interference (TDEMI) measurement system for the 30-1000-MHz frequency range is described. The signals from the antenna are sampled, analog-to-digital (A/D) converted and digitally processed. The fast-Fourier transform (FFT), the Welch- and Bartlett periodograms are digitally computed. Compared with state-of-the-art EMI measurement systems, the novel described TDEMI system samples the complete phase and amplitude information of the EMI simultaneously over the whole frequency band under consideration. With the presented time domain measurement system the measurement time can be reduced by a factor of 10. The digital processing of EMI measurements allows emulation in real-time of the various modes of conventional analogous equipment, e.g., peak, average, rms and quasi-peak detector and also introduces new concepts of analysis, e.g., phase spectra, short-time spectra, statistical evaluation and FFT-based time-frequency analysis methods.     

Modified time-domain LS FIR filter design for musical notes

A modified time-domain least-squares (MTLS) finite impulse response filter design method for transforming musical notes is introduced. The method is based on a new criterion called total harmonic gain to noise ratio (THGNR) in addition to the least-squares criterion. The THGNR criterion aims to reduce the noise gain of the filter. Compared to the time-domain least-squares finite impulse response filter design method, the MTLS offers a better solution, which has low noise gain and small time-domain distortion     

Linear phase filter design on a time-domain basis

The maximum error between the input and output signals of filters is bounded. This bound is used to develop low-pass filter design procedures based on time domain errors. This technique is applied to phase-corrected Butterworth and Chebyshev filters.     

一种新的基于共模扼流圈传导干扰模态分离网络

测试传导性干扰的模态噪声,是设计电磁干扰(EMI)滤波器的前提条件。共模扼流圈能够抑制共模模态,而不影响差模电流的输出。根据共模扼流圈这一特点,设计一种由两个共模扼流圈为核心的共模/差模分离网络,实现共模电压和差模电压的同时输出。仿真结果表明,在150 kHz³0 MHz的测试频带,输入端口阻抗基本在50Ω,并且共模传递比(CMTR)、差模抑制比(DMRR)、差模传递比(DMTR)及共模抑制比(CMRR)四个结果显示了该分离网络的良好模态分离效果。     

抑制电磁干扰源的设计

电子设备工作时,受到各种因素的电磁干扰,同时电子设备的小型化使干扰源与敏感单元距离越来越小,干扰传播路径缩短,干扰机会增大,干扰形式多样,而其中电磁干扰源种类多样是引起干扰影响的核心因素。为了提高电子设备、仪表的工作性能等指标,针对电源、暂态过程、电磁辐射几种常见干扰源从他的干扰因素和特点出发,采用滤波器、加静电屏蔽、吸收、电磁屏蔽等措施抑制干扰源的影响。在应用中可根据实际需要进行选择。     

Standard antennas for electromagnetic interference measurements andmethods to calibrate them

This tutorial paper discusses various standard antennas for measuring radio-frequency electric and magnetic fields. A theoretical analysis of each antenna's receiving characteristics is summarized and referenced. The antennas described are an electrically short dipole, a resistively loaded short dipole and halfwave dipole, an electrically small loop, a resistively loaded loop, photonic probes, and a single-turn loop designed for simultaneous measurement of the electric and magnetic components of nearfields and other complex electromagnetic environments. Each type demonstrates a different compromise between broadband responses and sensitivity. This paper also discusses the calibration techniques for these probes using standard EM fields established in TEM cells, waveguide cells, anechoic chambers, and open-field sites     

3 kW微波源传导电磁干扰测试及分析

微波源工作时内部的电磁干扰可以通过电源输入线耦合出来,干扰其他电力电子设备。研究三相输入电源线的传导干扰文献很多,但分离的共模(CM)和差模(DM)电流局限于相线之间,缺少对中线上干扰的分析。使用电流探头测试3 kW磁控管微波源输入线的传导干扰,利用矢量网络分析仪校准电流探头,从而获得150 kHz~30 MHz频带内相线和中线的传导干扰电流,并分离出CM电流与DM电流。通过对比DM电流和中线上干扰的频谱,分析了中线上传导干扰成分。测试数据表明,在150 kHz~8 MHz频带内差模干扰电流比共模干扰电流大10 dB以上;中线上的干扰与DM干扰幅值一致,表明中线上的干扰主要是差模成分。该干扰分布规律有助于提出有效的干扰抑制手段。     

Two-electrode biopotential measurements: power line interference analysis

In this paper, an analysis of power line interference in two-electrode biopotential measurement amplifiers is presented. A model of the amplifier that includes its input stage and takes into account the effects of the common mode input impedance Z(C) is proposed. This approach is valid for high Z(C) values, and also for some recently proposed low-Z(C) strategies. It is shown that power line interference rejection becomes minimal for extreme Z(C) values (null or infinite), depending on the electrode-skin impedance's unbalance deltaZ(E). For low deltaZ(E) values, minimal interference is achieved by a low Z(C) strategy (Z(C) = 0), while for high deltaZ(E) values a very high Z(C) is required. A critical deltaZ(E) is defined to select the best choice, as a function of the amplifier's Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) and stray coupling capacitances. Conclusions are verified experimentally using a biopotential amplifier specially designed for this test.     

A time-domain differential solver for electromagnetic scatteringproblems

The authors' objective is to extend computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based upwind schemes to solve numerically the Maxwell equations for scattering from objects with layered non-metallic sections. After a discussion on the character of the Maxwell equations it is shown that they represent a linearly degenerate set of hyperbolic equations. To show the feasibility of applying CFD-based algorithms, first the transverse magnetic (TM) and the transverse electric (TE) waveforms of the Maxwell equations are considered. A finite-volume scheme is developed with appropriate representations for the electric and magnetic fluxes at a cell interface, accounting for variations in material properties in both space and time. This process involves a characteristic subpath integration known as the `Riemann solver'. An explicit-Lax-Wendroff upwind scheme, which is second-order accurate in both space and time, is employed to solve the TM and TE equations. A body-fitted coordinate transformation is introduced to treat arbitrary cross-sectioned bodies with computational grids generated using an elliptic grid solver procedure. For treatment of layered media, a multizonal representation is employed satisfying appropriate zonal boundary conditions in terms of flux conservation. The computational solution extending from the object to a far-field boundary located a few wavelengths away constitutes the near-field solution. A Green's function based near-field-to-far-field transformation is employed to obtain the bistatic radar cross section (RCS) information     

Joint use of time-domain and windowed method for design of modulated DFT filter banks

A novel and efficient technique to design modulated discrete Fourier transform （DFT） filter banks is introduced in this paper. The proposed method first relaxes the limits that the synthesis filters are the time-reversed version of the analysis filters and then adopts the time domain formula of the perfect reconstruction property as the solution to design the synthesis filters. The prototype filter in analysis filter banks is designed based on Fourier-Kaiser window approach. Simulation results show that the designed filter banks approximately satisfy the perfect reconstruction with controllable reconstruction errors.     

Rapid interference suppression using Kalman filter approach

Directional interference suppression is based upon a recursive estimation procedure of the state of a filter generating the angular interference spectrum. This leads to an iterative solution of the Wiener-Hopf matrix equation. Simulation results compare the convergence rate of the proposed technique and the gradient method.     

Complex notch filter design using allpass filter

Complex coefficient IIR notch filter design problems are investigated. The specification of a notch filter is first transformed into that of an allpass filter. An effective approach to the design of this desired allpass filter is developed. The realisation of the proposed notch filter is equivalent to the realisation of an allpass filter. Owing to the mirror-image symmetry relation between the numerator and denominator polynomials of allpass filters, the notch filter can be realised by a computationally efficient lattice structure with very low sensitivity     

Literal solutions for the time-domain response of a two-conductortransmission line excited by an incident electromagnetic field

Analytical solutions of the transmission line equations for a lossless, two-conductor transmission-line with incident electromagnetic field illumination are obtained. The equations for the terminal voltages are in terms of symbols, rather than numerical values. This form of the solution gives insight into the various factors that contribute to the overall, time-domain response waveshape that would be obscured in a numerical solution. The results are specialized to uniform plane wave illumination and to electrically short lines     

60Co gamma radiation total ionizing dose combined with conducted electromagnetic interference studies in BJTs

The influence of combined ⁶⁰Co gamma radiation total ionization dose (TID) and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) in bipolar transistors was studied. The BJTs were set at forward active bias during the entire irradiation processes to investigate the current gain degradation. The experimental results demonstrated that the base current increases under the influence of EMI, TID and combined TID with EMI due to the recombination currents in the emitter-base spacer of the transistor. The ideality factor n investigated showed that TID was approximately equal to 2 and the combination of TID and EMI was greater than 2. Meanwhile, the degradation quantity of the device current gain β_TID+EMI tested with combined TID and EMI irradiation was observed to be more severe than that of β_TID or β_EMI tested only with TID or EMI at low bias V_BE region (<0.65 V). However, the degradation trends of the dc characteristics of the tested devices at high V_BE region (>0.6 V) became smaller under different experimental conditions (EMI, TID, TID + EMI). Finally, the current gain degradation levels of the tested devices were compared (β_TID+EMI > β_TID > β_EMI).     

A path integral time-domain method for electromagnetic scattering

A new full wave time-domain formulation for the electromagnetic field is obtained by means of a path integral. The path integral propagator is derived via a state variable approach starting with Maxwell's differential equations in tensor form. A numerical method for evaluating the path integral is presented and numerical dispersion and stability conditions are derived and numerical error is discussed. An absorbing boundary condition is demonstrated for the one-dimensional (1-D) case. It is shown that this time domain method is characterized by the unconditional stability of the path integral equations and by its ability to propagate an electromagnetic wave at the Nyquist limit, two numerical points per wavelength. As a consequence the calculated fields are not subject to numerical dispersion. Other advantages in comparison to presently popular time-domain techniques are that it avoids time interval interleaving and it does not require the methods of linear algebra such as basis function selection or matrix methods     

Wide bandwidth time-domain electromagnetic sensor for metal targetclassification

A portable, wide bandwidth, time-domain electromagnetic sensor system has been developed and used extensively to measure the eddy current time-decay response of a wide variety of metal targets. The sensor has demonstrated the ability to measure metal target decay times starting approximately 3 to 5 μs after the transmitter current is turned off and target decay time constants as short as 1.4 μs. The sensor has demonstrated the potential for detecting very low-metal content mines due to the void they create in some types of electrically lossy soils. The development of the sensor is described in detail, and time-decay data are shown for a variety of metal targets, including low metal antitank and antipersonnel mines     

利用电磁导航的AGV设计

随着物流系统的迅速发展,AGV的应用范围也在不断扩展,为了满足用户功能、价格、质量方面需求的AGV系统,研究设计了一种基于电磁导航的无人驾驶小车系统方案。通过实际硬件实验,系统能够达到预期设计要求,能够广泛运用于工业、军事、交通运输、电子等领域,具有良好的环境适应能力,很强的抗干扰能力和目标识别能力。     

Pastes for electromagnetic interference shielding

A paste has been developed for electromagnetic interference shielding by mixing stainless steel fibers (8-μm diameter) and graphite flakes (5 μm) in a water-based graphite colloid (containing submicron graphite flakes and a binder) in a volume ratio 0.5:20:100. The resulting coating of thickness 0.1–0.2 mm after drying exhibits shielding effectiveness of 34 dB at 1 GHz, primarily due to reflection. The paste is superior to those containing graphite flakes or carbon filaments (0.1-μm diameter), due to the higher shielding effectiveness of the steel fibers. The graphite flakes in the paste serves to help suspend the steel fibers, in addition to contributing to shielding.     

A comparison of algorithms for subsurface target detection andidentification using time-domain electromagnetic induction data

The performance of subsurface target identification algorithms using data from time-domain electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors is investigated. The response of time-domain EMI sensors to the presence of a conducting object may be modeled as a weighted sum of decaying exponential signals. Although the weights associated with each of the modes are dependent on the target/sensor orientation, the decay rates are a function of the target's composition and geometry and therefore are intrinsic to the target. Since the decay rates are not dependent on target/sensor orientation or other unobservable parameters, decay rate estimation has previously been proposed as a viable method for target identification. The performance attained with Bayesian target identification algorithms operating on the entire time-domain signal and decay rate estimates is compared through both numerical simulations and application to experimental data. The decay rate estimates utilized in the numerical simulations are assumed to achieve the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB), which provides a lower bound on the variance of an unbiased parameter estimate. The simulations as well as results obtained with experimental data show that processing the entire time-domain signal provides better target identification and discrimination performance than processing decay rate estimates