混合醇汽油排放的研究

低碳混合醇是以甲醇或乙醇为主,混合有甲醇或乙醇以及丙醇、丁醇、戊醇等醇的多醇共溶体.低碳醇与汽油混合代用燃料受到各国的普遍重视.在电控汽油机参数未作任何调整的情况下,对低碳混合醇汽油进行了发动机动力经济性以及排放特性的研究,经发动机台架试验结果表明,所研制的低碳醇汽油与车用无铅汽油理化性质相当,且具有良好的排放特性,可有效降低THC、CO的排放.与基础汽油相比,加剂后的全配方低碳醇汽油CO排放平均降低51%;THC排放平均降低18%.     

柴油机燃用柴油/甲醇混合燃料时的性能与排放研究

通过添加助溶剂形成一种稳定的柴油／甲醇混合燃料，并开展了柴油机燃用此混合燃料的性能与排放研究。研究结果表明：发动机热效率和柴油等热值燃油消耗率随混合燃料中甲醇含量的增加而改善，这是由于预混燃烧量的增加，燃料富氧以及扩散燃烧的改善所致。适当增加供油提前角可使柴油／甲醇混合燃料发动机热效率提高。燃用柴油／甲醇混合燃料可显著降低发动机CO和烟度，而对碳氢排放影响不大；在相同平均有效压力的条件下，N0x随甲醇含量的增加而增加，添加甲醇对N0x的影响在大负荷下更为明显。柴油／甲醇混合燃料燃烧时存在一个较为平坦的N0x／烟度关系曲线。     

丁醇柴油混合燃料在轻型车模拟工况试验研究

通过模拟2种整备质量柴油轻型车在整车运转循环中的运行,计算出典型发动机工况并进行了丁醇柴油混合燃料影响的台架试验。试验结果表明:柴油轻型车可以燃烧30%丁醇体积比例的丁醇柴油混合燃料,其燃油经济性所受影响不超过7%;轻型车整备质量明显影响发动机运行工况,导致其排放受丁醇比例的影响呈现不同的变化规律;丁醇柴油混合燃料的使用不会导致柴油轻型车HC的过度排放,但使CO排放恶化,特别对质量较小的轻型车。此外,丁醇的加入虽然使有些工况NOx排放小幅度增加,但柴油机烟度排放明显降低,为采用EGR手段降低柴油轻型车原始NOx排放腾出了更大的EGR率提升空间。     

甲醇在柴油机上应用的技术进展

在我国石油供应缺口较大的情况下,需求结构也不尽合理,柴油消耗量大,柴汽比过高。因此,发展石油替代燃料应以替代柴油为重点目标。天津大学提出了一种甲醇/柴油组合燃烧方式,在柴油机上的试验结果表明,可以实现不到1.5kg甲醇替换1.0kg柴油,甲醇对柴油的替代率平均达到20%以上,同时可以减少微粒和NOx排放,将原发动机的排放品质提高1个等级。以甲醇替代柴油,在能源多元化、节能减排、燃料能源结构调整等方面是有利的,同时还可以提高发动机高原动力,发挥我国现有甲醇产能。我国对甲醇作为燃料在认识上存在较大误区,但长期的实践和研究结果表明,与汽油、柴油相比,甲醇的毒性与之相当;其排放物是清洁的;甲醇对生态环境更友好;使用更安全;甲醇对材料的腐蚀性完全可以得到根本解决;甲醇在燃烧时排出的温室气体少于汽油、柴油,与柴油或汽油一起燃烧更有利于减少温室气体排放。建议国家对甲醇在压燃式发动机上应用给予一定支持,开展相关的基础研究。     

电喷汽油机燃用醇汽油混合燃料的试验研究

研究了多点电喷汽油机燃用醇汽油混合燃料的性能。研究结果表明:在汽油机参数未做任何调整的情况下,醇汽油混合燃料发动机的动力性与汽油机相比有所降低,燃料经济性改善,有效热效率提高。随醇类燃料体积分数的增大,CO排放明显改善,THC排放略有升高,NOx排放的变化不明显。醇汽油混合燃料发动机的醛类排放物明显升高,汽油机的未燃甲醇排放较高,未燃乙醇排放变化不明显。     

电喷汽油机燃用丁醇-汽油混合燃料的非常规排放特性

对某电控进气道多点喷射汽油机燃用国-Ⅳ汽油、纯丁醇、丁醇体积混合比分别为10%、15%、20%、50%、85%的丁醇-汽油混合燃料的非常规排放特性进行了试验研究,试验时未对发动机进行任何改动。研究结果表明:发动机燃用丁醇-汽油混合燃料的动力性、SO2排放和温室气体排放降低,燃油消耗率和醛类排放增加,其降低或增加幅度随混合燃料中丁醇体积混合比的增加而增大。当丁醇体积比低于20%时发动机的醇类排放降低,当混合比例超过20%时发动机的醇类排放增大。在汽油中加入丁醇可以有效的降低燃油中的硫含量,降低发动机的硫氧化物和温室气体排放。     

丙酮-丁醇-乙醇(ABE)/汽油混合燃料对高速发动机性能影响的试验研究

以发动机4000r/min、节气门开度35%为试验工况,对纯汽油及不同掺混体积分数丙酮-丁醇-乙醇(acetone-butanol-ethanol,ABE)与汽油混合物开展了不同点火提前角和喷油量的试验研究。分析了不同ABE混合比、点火提前角和过量空气系数对发动机性能的影响,并对每种燃料发动机最大功率工况的性能参数进行了比较。结果表明：点火提前角和过量空气系数相同时,混合燃料中ABE含量越高,燃油流量越大,发动机功率越大,有效热效率越高;燃油流量的总热量增大和热-功转换效率提高是促使发动机功率增大的主要原因;随ABE掺混比增加,NO比排放明显降低,CO比排放略有增加,碳氢化合物比排放先增后减。浓混合气工况增加ABE含量比在当量空燃比状态下增加ABE含量,发动机的有效热效率增大更明显,发动机的NO比排放降低更加明显。研究表明高速汽油机掺混ABE燃料具有较好的应用前景。     

氧体积分数对低十六烷值混合燃料燃烧特性影响

在一台转速为1 600,r/min、喷油量为21,mg/cyc的4缸增压直喷式柴油机上,进行不同进气氧体积分数对正丁醇/汽油/柴油混合燃料低温燃烧方式燃烧和排放性能影响的试验.结果表明:对于纯柴油和掺混30%,汽油、30%,正丁醇和15%,正丁醇+15%,汽油的混合燃料,降低进气氧体积分数,缸内压力和缸内平均温度迅速下降,放热率始点推迟,滞燃期延长,当量燃油消耗率增加,NO_x排放大幅降低,CO排放增加.在进气氧体积分数较高(大于19%,)时,碳烟(soot)排放变化较小,进一步降低进气氧体积分数,soot排放急剧增加.在相同的进气氧体积分数下,掺混30%,汽油、15%,正丁醇+15%,汽油和30%,正丁醇的混合燃料与纯柴油相比,放热率峰值依次升高,滞燃期依次延长,NO_x排放无明显变化,CO排放增加,而soot排放大幅度降低.     

相同氧含量醇类混合燃料燃烧和排放特性差异研究

对一台4缸发动机燃用相同氧浓度的不同醇类混合燃料进行了试验研究,以对比不同三元燃料柴油机在相同转速不同负荷情况下的燃烧特性和常规排放的差异。试验结果表明:甲醇混合燃料在醇类混合燃料中获得最高的燃烧压力,而丁醇混合燃料的热释放率最高。与普通柴油相比,戊醇混合燃料在不同混合物中具有相对最佳的CO和未燃碳氢排放,甲醇混合燃料可获得最优的氮氧化物排放;乙醇混合燃料减小颗粒物效果明显,最大可以减少22.4%～55.6%的颗粒物数量浓度和3.4%～12.8%的颗粒物粒径,其中乙醇混合燃料的核态颗粒物和聚集态颗粒物排放量也最低,戊醇混合燃料达到最高(除高负荷外)。     

着火改进剂对乙醇--柴油燃料排放特性的影响

随着乙醇含量的增加，乙醇柴油混合燃料的含氧量增大，但热值、十六烷值和粘度下降。助溶剂可以提高混合燃料的稳定性，着火改进剂能提高它的十六烷值。在发动机上的研究结果表明：柴油机的排放与负荷、掺醇量、助溶剂及着火改进剂有关。大负荷时，随着混合燃料中乙醇含量的增加，烟度明显改善，NOx排放有所降低，但使用乙醇柴油混合燃料时，未燃乙醇和乙醛排放增加，而且CO和总碳氢(THC)排放高于柴油，但助溶剂与着火改进剂能降低CO和THC排放，THC排放甚至低于柴油。     

Progress in the production and application of n-butanol as a biofuel

Butanol is a very competitive renewable biofuel for use in internal combustion engines given its many advantages. In this review, the properties of butanol are compared with the conventional gasoline, diesel fuel, and some widely used biofuels, i.e. methanol, ethanol, biodiesel. The comparison of fuel properties indicates that n-butanol has the potential to overcome the drawbacks brought by low-carbon alcohols or biodiesel. Then, the development of butanol production is reviewed and various methods for increasing fermentative butanol production are introduced in detailed, i.e. metabolic engineering of the Clostridia, advanced fermentation technique. The most costive part of the fermentation is the substrate, so methods involved in renewed substrates are also mentioned. Next, the applications of butanol as a biofuel are summarized from three aspects: (1) fundamental combustion experiments in some well-defined burning reactors; (2) a substitute for gasoline in spark ignition engine; (3) a substitute for diesel fuel in compression ignition engine. These studies demonstrate that butanol, as a potential second generation biofuel, is a better alternative for the gasoline or diesel fuel, from the viewpoints of combustion characteristics, engine performance, and exhaust emissions. However, butanol has not been intensively studied when compared to ethanol or biodiesel, for which considerable numbers of reports are available. Finally, some challenges and future research directions are outlined in the last section of this review.     

含水乙醇在内燃机的应用研究

在摩托车发动机和车用柴油机上进行了含水乙醇的使用研究，当含水乙醇用于汽油机时，它是直接与汽油混合后使用而未对发动机进行任何改造；而当含水乙醇用于柴油机时则在柴油机的进气系统上安装含水乙醇的喷射系统，含水乙醇喷入进气歧管后蒸发并与进入的空气混合，然后在进气过程中进入气缸。试验结果显示，发动机的动力性都没有受到影响，燃料的能耗率都有所降低，柴油进气预混含水乙醇可大量降低其炭烟排放但导致HC和CO排放的增加；含水乙醇与汽油混合燃烧可降低其CO排放而可能导致NOx排放的增加。综合比较的结果，汽油机中应用含水乙醇比在柴油机中有更大的优势。     

Study on combustion characteristics and particulate emissions of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with n-butanol and waste cooking oil blends

Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel because of its renewability and extensive source of raw materials. Butanol can be blended in biodiesel to reduce the kinematic viscosity and promote the fuel atomization. In this respect, biodiesel was blended with 10% and 20% n-butanol, and the combustion characteristics and particulate emissions of the fuel blends were tested in a turbocharged, 6-cylinder, common rail diesel engine at a constant speed of 1400 rpm under seven engine loads. The experimental results show that under various engine loads, all of the butanol and biodiesel fuel blends provide faster combustion than diesel due to the higher oxygen content of n-butanol and the lower cetane number of butanol which results in stronger premixed combustion. The addition of butanol is beneficial to concentrating the heat release and thus shorten the combustion duration. With an increased proportion of butanol, soot emissions of butanol and biodiesel fuel blends decrease, the number concentration and volume concentration of ultrafine particles (UFPs) reduce noticeably. Meanwhile, the geometric mean diameters of UFPs decrease with an increase in butanol. With an increase of the engine loads, the number concentration peaks of UFPs gradually transfer from the size range of nucleation mode particles (NMPs) to the size range of accumulation mode particles (AMPs) due to the elevated combustion temperatures and high equivalence ratios. Moreover, biodiesel and fuel blends exhibit a higher percentage of NMPs as compared to diesel because of the fuel-bound oxygen, zero aromatics, and low sulfides.     

乙醇-柴油混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性

研究了柴油机燃用不同掺混比的乙醇 -柴油混合燃料对排气烟度以及 NOx 气体排放成分的影响 ,分析了尾气排放中甲醛、乙醛以及未燃乙醇的含量。研究结果表明 ,加入一定比例的乙醇可改善缸内燃烧过程 ,大幅度降低排气烟度 ,提高燃油经济性。随着乙醇掺混比的提高 ,尾气中 NOx 含量、乙醛和未燃乙醇的含量有明显增加     

Fuel conversion efficiency of a port injection engine fueled with gasoline–isobutanol blends

This paper describes the comparative advantages of using isobutanol as a fuel for SI (spark ignition) engines instead of ethanol. An experimental study of fuel conversion efficiency was performed on a port injection engine fueled with mixtures containing 10, 30 and 50% isobutanol blended with gasoline. Efficiency as well as performance levels were maintained within acceptable limits for all three types of fuel blends compared to running the engine on straight gasoline. These results show that isobutanol is an attractive drop-in fuel for SI engines, and can be blended with gasoline in much higher concentrations compared to ethanol, without any modifications to the fuel system or other engine components.     

甲醇和二甲醚燃料在发动机中的应用现状

论述了我国发展甲醇和二甲醚燃料的必要性,并分析了甲醇和二甲醚(DME)作为发动机燃料的优势和不利因素,详细阐述了目前汽油机、柴油机和HCCI发动机燃用甲醇和二甲醚燃料的现状,指出了今后发动机代用燃料的发展方向。     

Preparation,characterization, engine combustion and emission characteristics of rapeseed oil based hybrid fuels

In this study, hybrid fuels consisting of rapeseed oil/diesel blend, 1% aqueous ethanol and a surfactant (oleic acid/1-butanol mixture) were prepared and tested as a fuel in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The main fuel properties such as the density, viscosity and lower heating value (LHV) of these fuels were measured, and the engine performance, combustion and exhaust emissions were investigated and compared with that of diesel fuel. The experimental results showed that the viscosity and density of the hybrid fuels were decreased and close to that of diesel fuel with the increase of ethanol volume fraction up to 30%. The start of combustion was later than that of diesel fuel and the peak cylinder pressure, peak pressure rise rate and peak heat release rate were higher than those of diesel fuel. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of hybrid fuels was increased with the volume fraction of ethanol and higher than that of diesel. The brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) was almost identical for all test fuels. The smoke emissions were lower than those for diesel fuel at high engine loads, the NO_x emissions were almost similar to those of diesel fuel, but CO and HC emissions were higher, especially at low engine loads.     

BUTANOL—A SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE STUDY: ENGINE PERFORMANCE

The effect of methanol and butanol addition to gasoline on brake specific fuel consumption (b.s.f.c.), exhaust gas temperature, and thermal efficiency has been experimentally investigated. A Hydra single cylinder, spark ignition, fuel injection engine was used over a wide range of fuel/air equivalence ratio (ϕ=0⋅8 to 1⋅3) for 30% volume alcohol–gasoline blends. The goal of this work is to study the engine performance when methanol and butanol–gasoline blends are used. The performance measurements show that there is an increase in b.s.f.c. when using alcohol–gasoline blends, and b.s.f.c. of a butanol–gasoline blend is less than for a methanol–gasoline blend. The experimental results show that the engine thermal efficiency was decreased when fueled with alcohol–gasoline blends. It was found that there was about a 4.5% reduction in engine thermal efficiency at ϕ=1⋅0 when 30% butanol was blended with gasoline compared to pure gasoline. The exhaust gas temperature measurements show that there is an increase in temperature in the case of using gasoline as compared to alcohol–gasoline blends, and that the temperature reaches a maximum at ϕ≈1⋅1 when using gasoline and alcohol–gasoline blends. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.