ANALYSIS OF OSCILLATORY BLOOD FLOW IN VARYING-AREA ELASTIC VESSEL

In this paper, by solving the fundamental e-quations of periodically oscillatory blood flow, the distributions of pressure gradient and blood velocity in varying-area e-lastic vessel were obtained, and then the wall shear stress and its gradient were calculated. As an example, the pulsatile blood flow in human carotid was analyzed and the effects of vessel taper angle on the distribution of wall shear stress and its gradient were discussed in detail. Numercial results show that the wall shear stress will enlarge when the taper angle increases. Meantime, no matter whether the vessel is converging or diverging, with the increase of the absolute value of taper angle, the amplitude of wall shear stress gradient will enlarge significantly.     

THE ANALYSIS OF THE STEADY FLOW IN THE FLOW CHAMBER

A flow chamber whose length and width are far larger than its own height was widely used to study cell's mechanical behavior in vitro , especially the cell's adhesion property. The paper analyzed the flow field of the flow chamber in detail, and gave the analytical expressions of the velocity, pressure and shear stress when the fluid flowed in and out the chamber through a small crevice. Then, full and clear discussion of flow field was made. Also the velocity field was measured by an Ultrasonic Doppler Velocity-metre. It was found that the experimental values coincided with the theoretical values. These results were important to study the cell's mechanical behavior in vitro .     

ANALYSIS OF PULSATILE BLOOD FLOW IN AXIALLY MOVING ARTERIES

1.　 INTRODUCTIONCoronary arteries are the arterial system that supplies the heart with blood to maintaincardiac normal functions.The disease of coronary arteries is one of primary diseases thatendanger human being′s health severely.By the particular physiological functions andanatomical positions of this system,every coronary artery is destined to take a large extentof overall to-and-fro movement with the heart beat during which the contraction and therelaxation of the heart occur altern…     

NONLINEAR INTERFACIAL CAPILLARY-GRAVITY WAVES IN SHEAR FLOW

In this paper,the capillary-gravity solitary waves in a two-fluid system withshear flow are theoretically investigated.Three cases are considered.For the first case(the nor-mal case),the KdV equation,with the effect of shear flow being taken into account,is derivedand it is found that there may exist single mode travelling solitary waves,slowly travelling soli-tary waves and even more slowly travelling solitary waves at some shear flow conditions.Thesecond case considered is that the fluid system is at the first kind critical condition.The modifiedKdV equation in which the cubic nonlinearity balances the dispersion is obtained and the solutionof mKdV solitary wave in shear flow is put forward.The third case is that the fluid system is atthe second kind critical condition.The generalized KdV equation with the effect of shear flowconsidered is given.It is shown that there exist normal and oscillatory solitary waves and thecondition of existence of oscillatory solitary waves are also presented.     

APPLICATION OF MILES－HOWARD THEOREM TO STUDY THE INSTABILITY OF ATMOSPHERIC GRAVITY WAVES ON A HETEROGENEOUS ORTHOGONAL SHEAR FLOW

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Numerical investigation of flow through vegetated multi-stage compound channel

This paper addresses the problem of the renormalization group k turbulence modeling of a vegetated multi-stage compound channel. Results from Micro acoustic Doppler velocimeter（ADV） tests are used with time and spatial averaging（doubleaveraging method） in the analysis of the flow field and the characterization. Comparisons of the mean velocity, the Reynolds stress, and the turbulent energy distribution show the validity of the computational method. The mean velocity profile sees an obvious deceleration in the terraces because of vegetation. Secondary flow exists mainly at the junction of the main channel and the vegetation region on the first terrace. The bed shear stress in the main channel is much greater than that in the terraces. The difference of the bed shear stress between two terraces is insignificant, and the presence of vegetation can effectively reduce the bed shear stress.     

开孔促淤板周围水流紊动特性试验研究

为深入了解开孔促淤板周围的水流特性,通过室内概化水槽试验分析了开孔促淤板前后的水流紊动特性,采用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)测量了开孔促淤板前后典型断面上的三维瞬时流速,分析了典型断面上的时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺切应力和紊动能的分布规律。试验结果表明:板后近板区出现回流区,且回流区与开孔促淤板格栅位置相对应;板后水流相对紊动强度、雷诺切应力及相对紊动能明显大于板前,开孔促淤板对板后近板区水流影响较大;随着与开孔促淤板距离的增大,回流现象消失,流速变化趋于稳定,水流相对紊动强度减小且最终趋于稳定,相对紊动能出现折减且折减率逐渐降低;靠近近板区xOy面雷诺切应力大于yOz面雷诺切应力,靠近下游xOy面雷诺切应力与yOz面雷诺切应力相差较小。     

水流与壁面间切应力估计方法的比较研究

精确估计水流与壁面间切应力在泥沙输移和水利工程安全方面具有重要意义。通过选取并整理文献数据,对现今七种主要的水流与壁面间切应力的估计方法在不同雷诺数的条件下进行评价和比较,发现总体上湍流动能外推法和雷诺应力外推法估计壁面切应力的可靠性和精确度最高,平均相对误差分别为3.2%和5.2%。湍流能量法、湍流动能法和雷诺应力法次之,以壁定理的精确度最低,但其所需的数据较容易获取。二阶应力法的精确度取决于阻力系数的取值。其中,壁定理和二阶应力法的估计值偏高而更加安全,湍流动能外推法的估计值较为准确,而其余方法给出的估计值偏低。所得结果对不同条件下水流与壁面间切应力估计方法的选择以及直接测量仪器的校准有一定的参考价值。     

ON WALL SHEAR STRESS OF ARTERY

1 .　INTRODUCTIONTheendothelialcellslininginabloodvesselareexposedtotangentialstress (i.e .wallshearstress)offlowingviscousbloodonthearterialwall.Theyappeartoadapttheirmorphologyandfunctiontotheinvivohemodynamicenvironmentinwhichtheyreside .Oneofthemajoradvancesinvascularbiologyoverthelasttwodecadeshasshownthatamongvariousfactorsthatleadtovas cularremodelingandlocalizationofatherosclerosisinarteries ,theshearstressonthearterialwallisofgreatimportance .Certain patternsofthewallshearstressb…     

梯形明渠边界平均剪切应力计算方法

梯形断面是渠道设计中广泛采用的一种断面形式,边界剪切应力分布规律是研究水流结构及阻力特性的重要因素。经过理论推导,建立了梯形明渠床面与边壁平均剪切应力相对值随过水断面宽深比的计算表达式,并与多家试验资料进行了比较,结果表明两者变化趋势基本一致。针对梯形明渠不同边坡角下的水力最优断面,分析了其床面、边壁平均剪切应力的变化规律,发现随着边坡角的减小,床面平均剪切应力相对值变化不大,而边壁平均剪切应力相对值呈现出减小的趋势。     

Prediction of boundary shear stress distribution in straight open channels using velocity distribution

Conventional methods for measuring local shear stress on the wetted perimeter of open channels are related to the measurement of the very low velocity close to the boundary.Measuring near-zero velocity values with high fluctuations has always been a difficult task for fluid flow near solid boundaries.To solve the observation problems,a new model was developed to estimate the distribution of boundary shear stress from the velocity distribution in open channels with different cross-sectional shapes.To estimate the shear stress at a point on the wetted perimeter by the model,the velocity must be measured at a point with a known normal distance to the boundary.The experimental work of some other researchers on channels with various cross-sectional shapes,including rectangular,trapezoidal,partially full circular,and compound shapes,was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed model.Optimized exponent coefficients for the model were found using the multivariate Newton method with the minimum of the mean absolute percentage error(MAPE) between the model and experimental data as the objective function.Subsequently,the calculated shear stress distributions along the wetted perimeter were compared with the experimental data.The most important advantage of the proposed model is its inherent simplicity.The mean MAPE value for the seven selected cross-sections was 6.9%.The best results were found in the cross-sections with less discontinuity of the wetted perimeter,including the compound,trapezoidal,and partially full circular pipes.In contrast,for the rectangular cross-section with an angle between the bed and walls of 90°,MAPE increased due to the large discontinuities.     

掺气挟沙对高速水流边界剪切力特性影响的分析

在高速水流循环系统中，用自行研制的剪切力传感器分别量测了清水、掺气水流及挟沙水流壁面上的剪切力；实验表明，含沙掺气高速水流壁面剪切力的脉动值的概率密度函数分布基本符合正态分布规律；文中根据实测资料，分析了剪切力的时均值和脉动值与水流速度的关系；讨论了掺气及含沙量对壁面边界剪切力的影响；在同一流速下，剪切力的时均值及脉动值随着含沙量的增加而略有增加，随着掺气浓度的增加而降低。     

STEADY ENTRANCE FLOW IN A STRAIGHT CIRCULAR PIPE WITH SLOWLY VARYING CROSS SECTION

1.INTRODUCTIONItiswellknownthatmanyvasculardiseasesarecloselyrelatedtothebloodflowinves-sels[1-3j.Thebloodflowthroughthearterieswithvaryingcrosssectionhasheldthein-terestsofmanyinvestigatorsforalongtimeL4-6j.Inthepreviousstudies,thebloodf1owinarterieswas,however,assumedtobefullydeveloped.Sincestenosesfrequentlydevelopatsitesneartheoriginofbranches[2-3j,whichareintheentranceregion,itisimportanttostudytheentranceflowinaconverging-divergingpipe,whichisamodelofentrancestenosis-Manyinvestigat…     

Numerical study of the performance of multistage Scaba 6SRGT impellers for the agitation of yield stress fluids in cylindrical tanks

The 3-D flow fields and power consumption in a vessel stirred by multistage Scaba 6SRGT impeller have been investigated. The Xanthan gum solutions in water were used, which have a shear thinning behavior with yield stress. This study was carried out with the help of a CFD package(CFX 13.0, Ansys Inc.) which is based on the finite volume method to solve the momentum equations. The effects of stirring rate, fluid rheology, impeller number, impeller location and vessel size on the performance of such stirred system are presented. To validate the CFD model, our predicted results have been compared with other literature data and a satisfactory agreement has been found.     

CURVED OPEN CHANNEL FLOW ON VEGETATION ROUGHENED INNER BANK

A RNG numerical model together with a laboratory measurement with Micro ADV are adopted to investigate the flow through a 180o curved open channel(a 4 m straight inflow section,a 180o curved section,and a 4m straight outflow section)partially covered with rigid vegetations on its inner bank.Under the combined action of the vegetation and the bend flow,the flow structure is complex.The stream-wise velocities in the vegetation region are much smaller than those in the non-vegetation region due to the retardation caused by the vegetation.For the same reason,no clear circulation is found in the vegetated region,while in the non-vegetation region,a slight counter-rotating circulation is found near the outer bank at both 90o and downstream curved cross-sections.A comparison between the numerical prediction and the laboratory measurement shows that the RNG model can well predict the flow structure of the bend flow with vegetation.Furthermore,the shear stress is analyzed based on the numerical prediction.The much smaller value in the inner vegetated region indicates that the vegetation can effectively protect the river bank from scouring and erosion,in other words,the sediment is more likely to be deposited in the vegetation region.     

A NEW MEASURE FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE BED SHEAR STRESS OF WAVE BOUNDARY LAYER IN WAVE FLUME

In this article, a shear plate was mounted on the bottom in a wave flume and direct measurements of the smooth and rough bed shear stress under regular and irregular waves were conducted with the horizontal force exerted on the shear plates by the bottom shear stress in the wave boundary layer. Under immobile bed condition, grains of sand were glued uniformly and tightly onto the shear plate, being prevented from motion with the fluid flow and generation of sand ripples. The distribution of the bottom mean shear stress varying with time was measured by examining the interaction between the shear plate and shear transducers. The relation between the force measured by the shear transducers and its voltage is a linear one. Simultaneous measurements of the bottom velocity were carried out by an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV), while the whole process was completely controlled by computers, bottom shear stress and velocity were synchronously measured. Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded that (1) the friction coefficient groews considerably with the increase of the Reynolds number, (2) the shear stress is a function varying with time and linearly proportional to the velocity. Compared with theoretical results and previous experimental data, it is shown that the experimental method is feasible and effective, A further study on the bed shear stress under regular or irregular waves can be carried out. And applicability to the laboratory studies on the initiation of sediments and the measurement of the shear stress after sediment imigration.     

淹没丁坝端坡对附近水流结构的调整作用

工程应用中的丁坝往往具有一定的端坡,而且经常处于淹没状态。为了研究端坡对淹没状态下丁坝附近水流结构的调整作用,采用水槽试验和三维浅水模型相结合的方法,分析淹没时丁坝阻水面积相等条件下坝头直立和具有一定端坡时丁坝附近的表层平面流场、底层平面流速分布和底层切应力分布情况。结果表明:淹没程度?H/H?0.17时,丁坝下游仍出现回流区,端坡系数m等于1时相对回流长度和坝头附近流向偏角最大;存在一定端坡时,坝头附近临近底床平面强流速范围和底床切应力范围显著减小或消失,m等于7时能够将丁坝附近流场调整得较为均匀。     

剪切作用下锚固结构面应力分布特征分析

为了揭示岩体锚固结构面的剪切力学行为及其破坏机制,采用室内相似模拟直剪试验,分别改变锚固结构面的锚杆倾角和夹层力学性质,利用应变片测试获得了锚固结构面的应力分布特征,并研究了在不同法向荷载作用下锚固结构面应力分布的变化规律。结果表明:(1)在相同的法向荷载条件下,硬性结构面刚度比含夹层结构面刚度大;(2)结构面在锚固位置产生应力集中现象并主要发生拉剪破坏,导致其应力分布不均匀;(3)随着剪切位移的增大,硬性结构面和含夹层结构面均存在应变突变点,但含夹层结构面突变点对应的剪切位移较硬性结构面大;(4)由于锚固作用,沿剪切方向结构面呈现从滑动剪切到挤压剪切的应力演化过程。研究成果对于水利工程中的坝基及库岸边坡加固具有一定的参考意义。     

黏土结合水起始剪切力对非达西渗流的影响

黏土结合水对黏土的流变、膨胀以及渗透等有显著影响,了解黏土结合水性质变化对黏土研究具有重要意义。基于黏土双电层理论,由黏土微电场推导黏土结合水抗剪强度与结合水到黏土颗粒距离的函数关系,并以此解释黏土非达西渗流的机理。结果表明:黏土结合水具有类似非牛顿液体性质,双电层中每一处结合水存在"起始剪切力",当水压力超过结合水的"起始剪切力"时,结合水将发生移动;黏土非达西渗流存在起始水力梯度,且起始水力梯度与结合水的"起始剪切力"呈线性关系;当黏土开始发生渗流时,结合水在孔隙中流速呈曲线分布,流量与水力梯度呈非线性关系,黏土渗流特征曲线出现下凹型非线性曲线。     

EFFECT OF NON-SPHERICAL PARTICLES ON THE FLUID TURBULENCE IN A PARTICULATE PIPE FLOW

In the non-spherical particulate turbulent flows,a set of new fluid fluctuating velocity equations with the nonspherical particle source term were derived, then a new method,which treats the slowly varying functions and rapidly varying functions separately, was proposed to solve the equations, and finally the turbulent intensity and the Reynolds stress of the fluid were obtained by calculating the fluctuating velocity statistically. The equations and method were used to a particulate turbulent pipe flow. The results show that the turbulent intensity and the Reynolds stress are decreased almost inverse proportionally to the fluctuating velocity ratio of particle to fluid. Nonspherical particles have a greater suppressing effect on the turbulence than the spherical particles. The particles with short relaxation time reduce the turbulence intensity of fluid, while the particles with long relaxation time increase the turbulence intensity of fluid. For fixed particle and fluid, the small particles suppress the turbulence and the large particles increase the turbulence.