微藻制取生物柴油研究现状与发展

微藻作为制取生物柴油的原料具有很多特殊优势,近年来成为研究热点,阐述了国内外微藻生物柴油的研究现状以及超临界CO2萃取制造生物柴油的优势,微藻生产生物柴油的产业化瓶颈。     

新一代生物柴油原料—微藻

随着能源需求的剧增,政府和企业积极开发可替代的能源资源。生物柴油现已成为国际上发展最快、应用最广的石油替代燃料。介绍了微藻作为一种新型的生物柴油原料具有来源广泛、成本低廉、清洁可再生等优点和影响微藻油脂积累的因素,展望了微藻生物柴油的发展前景,为我国生物柴油的发展提供参考。     

微藻生物能源研究现状及展望

能源是现代社会发展的命脉,目前仍以化石燃料为主,而对化石燃料过度依赖导致的能源危机和环境问题日益突出,人类需要寻找可再生的清洁能源作为替代能源。微藻作为可持续的生物能源原料,具有巨大的发展潜力。本文综述了微藻原料获取各环节的研究现状,包括微藻育种、规模培养和采收,并重点论述了微藻生物质转化为生物能源产品的研究进展,包括生物柴油、生物乙醇、生物燃气、生物油,同时指出了微藻生物能源未来的研究方向。     

微藻培养方法研究进展

微藻是一种有前景的生物柴油原料。微藻培养是微藻生物柴油生产过程的重要环节。本文就微藻培养方法的研究进展进行了阐述。对自养、异养及兼养三种培养方法进行了比较,并对微藻培养提出了建议。     

微藻规模化生产的关键问题

随着我国航空业的快速发展,航空碳减排形势严峻。航空生物燃料因其良好的减排性成为航空煤油的理想替代燃料,作为主要原料的微藻因具有产油率高、适应性强等优势,成为最有潜力的航空生物燃料原料。文章根据航空生物燃料产业化发展对于原料的选择和要求,探讨了富油高产微藻藻种的选育、规模化生产培养方式的选择、采收技术的改进、微藻航空生物燃料生产成本的降低以及微藻规模化生产适宜区域选择等关键问题,以寻求解决微藻实现规模化生产的路径,并提出相关建议,为中国以微藻为原料生产航空生物燃料产业发展提供参考。     

基于微藻资源化利用的碳减排技术

微藻具有光合效率高、零净碳值、生长周期短、易培养、油含量高等优点,是一种极具前景的生物柴油原料。将微藻资源化利用与碳减排耦合的微藻生物柴油技术研究已受到政府和企业的广泛关注。综述了微藻高效固定CO2技术中微藻种类的筛选、培育、生长反应器及其系统的开发,微藻资源化利用的技术种类,展望了基于微藻资源化利用的碳减排技术的发展前景。     

中国微藻生物质能源专利技术分析

大力发展微藻生物质能源是解决能源危机和环境问题的有效途径。文章从微藻资源、微藻培养系统、培养物采收技术、微藻生物柴油炼制、含油微藻综合利用等方面出发,综述了中国微藻生物质能源专利的发展现状,旨在使科研工作者更加全面地了解这一领域发展趋势,并且促进科研工作者对自主知识产权的保护意识。     

微藻培养条件优化研究

微藻生物柴油是生物能源领域中很有前景的一个重要方向。本文利用微藻（Chlorella Protothecoides）为研究对象,以BG培养基为底物进行液态培养,培养后用离心干燥后得干微藻。用浊度法和干重法对微藻生长情况进行测定,对微藻培养的最优培养基、接种量和培养温度等进行研究。研究表明微藻培养最适接种量1∶5、初始pH值5.7、培养温度30℃和BG＋2g/LC6H12O6培养基。     

微藻生物燃料技术经济评估

对新技术进行技术经济评估有助于判断新技术产业化的可行性,认清新技术发展方向和趋势,确定当前、中远期亟需解决的问题和努力方向。美国能源部组织下属的国家实验室和相关能源微藻专家,建立了统一的微藻养殖工艺技术标准。对影响微藻生物柴油价格的灵敏度因素进行分析,养殖装置造价、微藻油生产水平、二氧化碳价格、水价、剩余生物质的处理方式以及过程工艺参数的改变等多种因素都会对生物柴油价格的产生影响,其中固定投资费用影响最大,跑道式池子系统固定投资中养殖设备投资和收获、萃取分离费用占主导作用,而提高微藻产量和产油率能显著降低生产成本,尽量提高油脂萃取效率也有助于降低柴油成本。以美国2022年的综合发展目标为例,从微藻原料费用、农场需用土地、消耗水量和二氧化碳量以及微藻下游加工工艺——萃取油脂联产乙醇和全部微藻水热液化和提质等方面,对中远期微藻生物柴油的技术经济性进行分析,结果显示,微藻生物柴油的技术经济性较好,但仍有待提高。微藻生物柴油全生命周期(LCA)分析表明,OP系统产出能量可以大于投入能量,温室气体排放低于石油柴油,但耗水量大;PBR养殖系统虽然耗水量低,但能耗高,温室气体排放超过石油柴油。     

微藻生物能源及废水处理

微藻被认为是最有希望的生物质能源生产原料之一。微藻利用CO2合成油脂的产率大大超过农业油料作物,同时不竞争耕地。但是由于生产成本高,微藻能源仍然没有实现规模化生产。高效藻类塘技术利用微藻生长速度快、营养吸收能力强的特点,实现废水的高效处理。因此,将微藻生物能源生产和废水处理进行有效结合,能够降低生产成本,对实现微藻能源规模化生产具有重要意义。     

Technoeconomic analysis of an integrated microalgae photobioreactor, biodiesel and biogas production facility

As fossil fuel prices increase and environmental concerns gain prominence, the development of alternative fuels from biomass has become more important. Biodiesel produced from microalgae is becoming an attractive alternative to share the role of petroleum. Currently it appears that the production of microalgal biodiesel is not economically viable in current environment because it costs more than conventional fuels. Therefore, a new concept is introduced in this article as an option to reduce the total production cost of microalgal biodiesel. The integration of biodiesel production system with methane production via anaerobic digestion is proved in improving the economics and sustainability of overall biodiesel stages. Anaerobic digestion of microalgae produces methane and further be converted to generate electricity. The generated electricity can surrogate the consumption of energy that require in microalgal cultivation, dewatering, extraction and transesterification process. From theoretical calculations, the electricity generated from methane is able to power all of the biodiesel production stages and will substantially reduce the cost of biodiesel production (33% reduction). The carbon emissions of biodiesel production systems are also reduced by approximately 75% when utilizing biogas electricity compared to when the electricity is otherwise purchased from the Victorian grid. The overall findings from this study indicate that the approach of digesting microalgal waste to produce biogas will make the production of biodiesel from algae more viable by reducing the overall cost of production per unit of biodiesel and hence enable biodiesel to be more competitive with existing fuels.     

The energy balance in the Palm Oil-Derived Methyl Ester (PME) life cycle for the cases in Brazil and Colombia

The use of biodiesel produced from the transesterification of vegetable oils with methanol and ethanol is currently seen as an interesting alternative to fossil fuels. The output/input energy relation in the biodiesel production life cycle can be an important indicator of the techno-economic and environmental feasibility evaluation of production of biodiesel from different oleaginous plants. Due to increasing environmental concerns about the emissions from fuel-derived atmospheric pollutants, alternative sources of energy have been receiving greater attention. This work does not look to carry out a complete life cycle assessment (LCA) but rather just to focus on the energy balance in the Palm Oil-Derived Methyl Ester (PME) life cycle, taking into account practices in Brazil and Colombia. This work will show the differences between the results attained for the two cases. The output/input energy relation for the evaluated case studies ranged from 3.8 to 5.7, with an average value of 4.8.     

Biodiesel production from oleaginous microorganisms

High energy prices, energy and environment security, concerns about petroleum supplies are drawing considerable attention to find a renewable biofuels. Biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) derived from animal fats or vegetable oils, is rapidly moving towards the mainstream as an alternative source of energy. However, biodiesel derived from conventional petrol or from oilseeds or animal fat cannot meet realistic need, and can only be used for a small fraction of existing demand for transport fuels. In addition, expensive large acreages for sufficient production of oilseed crops or cost to feed animals are needed for raw oil production. Therefore, oleaginous microorganisms are available for substituting conventional oil in biodiesel production. Most of the oleaginous microorganisms like microalgae, bacillus, fungi and yeast are all available for biodiesel production. Regulation mechanism of oil accumulation in microorganism and approach of making microbial diesel economically competitive with petrodiesel are discussed in this review.     

Prospects of biodiesel production from microalgae in India

Energy is essential and vital for development, and the global economy literally runs on energy. The use of fossil fuels as energy is now widely accepted as unsustainable due to depleting resources and also due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the environment. Renewable and carbon neutral biodiesel are necessary for environmental and economic sustainability. Biodiesel demand is constantly increasing as the reservoir of fossil fuel are depleting. Unfortunately biodiesel produced from oil crop, waste cooking oil and animal fats are not able to replace fossil fuel. The viability of the first generation biofuels production is however questionable because of the conflict with food supply. Production of biodiesel using microalgae biomass appears to be a viable alternative. The oil productivity of many microalgae exceeds the best producing oil crops. Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms which convert sunlight, water and CO₂ to sugars, from which macromolecules, such as lipids and triacylglycerols (TAGs) can be obtained. These TAGs are the promising and sustainable feedstock for biodiesel production. Microalgal biorefinery approach can be used to reduce the cost of making microalgal biodiesel. Microalgal-based carbon sequestration technologies cover the cost of carbon capture and sequestration. The present paper is an attempt to review the potential of microalgal biodiesel in comparison to the agricultural crops and its prospects in India.     

Effect of hydroxy and hydrogen gas addition on diesel engine fuelled with microalgae biodiesel

Owing to high growth rate, being non-edible, and environmental friendliness; microalgae is a promising third generation biodiesel raw material. In this study, hydrogen and hydroxy gas aspirated compression ignition engine which was fuelled with microalgae biodiesel and low sulphur diesel fuel blend were investigated in order to evaluate their combined effect. The results showed that the brake power and torque output of the test engine decreased with microalgae biodiesel usage. Moreover, microalgae biodiesel addition results in lower carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides emissions, and higher carbon dioxide. The introduction of hydrogen and hydroxy gas compensated the decrement of torque and power output and increment of carbon dioxide emission. The study enlightened that usage of microalgae biodiesel with hydrogen and hydroxy gas addition is a very promising combination from the environmental viewpoint.     

产油微生物的研究及其应用

介绍了微生物产油脂机理,讨论了产油微生物的种类及油脂合成的影响因素,并对微生物油脂制备生物柴油的应用前景进行了分析。     

Net energy analysis of the production of biodiesel and biogas from the microalgae: Haematococcus pluvialis and Nannochloropsis

Microalgae have been proposed as possible alternative feedstocks for the production of biodiesel because of their high photosynthetic efficiency. The high energy input required for microalgal culture and oil extraction may negate this advantage, however. There is a need to determine whether microalgal biodiesel can deliver more energy than is required to produce it. In this work, net energy analysis was done on systems to produce biodiesel and biogas from two microalgae: Haematococcus pluvialis and Nannochloropsis. Even with very optimistic assumptions regarding the performance of processing units, the results show a large energy deficit for both systems, due mainly to the energy required to culture and dry the microalgae or to disrupt the cell. Some energy savings may be realized from eliminating the fertilizer by the use of wastewater or, in the case of H. pluvialis, recycling some of the algal biomass to eliminate the need for a photobioreactor, but these are insufficient to completely eliminate the deficit. Recommendations are made to develop wet extraction and transesterification technology to make microalgal biodiesel systems viable from an energy standpoint.     

产油酵母利用木薯粉水解液发酵产油脂的研究

以木薯粉的两步法水解液为碳源,从6株产油酵母中筛出一株对水解液适应性较强、生长较好、油脂含量较高的皮状丝孢酵母(Trichosporon cutaneum)As 2.571,油脂得率系数为10.20,显示了对木薯粉水解液的较高转化率.脂肪酸组成分析结果表明,脂肪酸组成成分与普通植物油的脂肪酸组成相似,可作为制备生物柴油的新型替代原料.     

柴油掺混生物柴油的乳化油对柴油机性能的影响

在单缸四冲程直喷柴油机上对矿物柴油掺混生物柴油的乳化油进行了系统的研究,实验结果表明:柴油掺混生物柴油后,其耗油量变化很小,而尾气中的碳烟明显降低,NOx在高功率下有所升高;使用柴油掺混生物柴油的乳化油时,可以同时降低碳烟和NOx排放,而油耗变化很小,从而改变使用柴油掺混生物柴油时NOx升高的缺点,达到经济、社会和环保效益的共赢.建议此项技术首先在柴油机发电机组、船或火车上使用,因为这些场合有足够空间可以利用.