串行流化床生物质气化制取富氢气体模拟研究

利用串行流化床技术将生物质热解气化和燃烧过程分开,气化反应器和燃烧反应器之间通过灰渣进行热量传递,实现了自供热下生物质气化制氢.利用Aapen Plus软件模拟制氢过程,通过比较单反应器生物质气化的模拟结果和实验结果,验证了模拟研究的可行性.重点研究串行流化床中非催化气化与CaCO3作用下的气化过程,探讨了气化温度、蒸汽与生物质的质量配比(S/B)对制氢的影响,为今后开展生物质气化制氢试验提供了理论参考.结果表明:对应不同气化温度,S/B都存在一个最佳值,且随着温度升高其值减小.当气化温度低于750℃时,添加CaCO3可大幅提高氢产率,气化温度为700℃且在S/B约为0.9时氢产率最大,达43.7 mol·(kg生物质)-1(干燥无灰基),比同温度下非催化气化提高了20.3%.随着气化温度升高,CaCO3促进作用减弱.     

基于Gibbs自由能最小化原理的生物质催化气化模拟

利用Aspen Plus软件,结合吉布斯Gibbs自由能最小化原理,对生物质催化气化过程模拟。考察温度、压力等操作条件及生物质与CaO的配比对气化过程的影响,并结合实验数据对模拟结果进行验证。结果表明:温度升高,产品气中CO和H2以及CH4含量逐渐降低,CO2含量逐渐升高;提高催化剂CaO含量,有利于H2产生;压力升高H2含量增加。总体来说,该模型所得的模拟值与实验值比较吻合。     

生物质水蒸气气化制氢模拟研究

利用ASPEN PLUS软件建立了生物质水蒸气气化制氢模型,对各种影响因素进行了深入分析。结果表明:随着碳转化率的增加,H2浓度略有降低,H2产量大幅增加,在碳转化率为1时达到最大值142.54 g/kg;随着水蒸气/生物质质量比的增加,H2浓度和产量大幅增加,而后趋于稳定,水蒸气/生物质质量比取2比较适宜。适当的升温和低压对制备H2有利,在加压条件下,H2浓度与产量达到最大值的温度升高。     

生物质在流化床中的气化实验

笔者在意大利Ａｑｕｉｌａ 大学同该校Ｒａｐａｇｎａ 副教授和伊朗博士生Ｊａｎｄ Ｎａｄｅｒ 以中国某木材加工厂的加工剩余物木屑为原料,用小型流化床进行了空气气化实验。反应温度控制在８００ ℃,气化效率可达７０ ％ ,气化气热值在６ ～１２ ＭＪ／Ｎｍ ３ 。随着空气供给量的增加,气化气热值降低而产气率增加。     

废弃生物质流化床气化能量回收研究

本文针对废弃生物的能量再收进行讨论,并用实验测试数据加以论证。在对有代表性的木屑,砻糠、杂草和城市生活垃圾等生物质进行了流化床的冷态模拟和φ200炉子的热态气化试验,得到了满意的结果。主要结论为:固体生物质废料经适当粉碎干燥后即可以用该化床进行资源回收;气化物料度<200mm(单尺度),水份含量<30％时可制得约5μJ/μ~3的粗煤气;采用流化床气化处理法进行资源回收不仅具有废料处理量大(强度达1.5T/μ~2H_r)而且回收的资源能量品位高是最方便实用的气体燃料。 显然,通过本文的研究结果,可以看到目前普通存在的城市垃圾,废弃生物处理的有效手段——流化床处理法的诱人、广泛和美好的前景。     

串行流化床生物质气化制氢试验研究

基于串行流化床生物质气化技术,以水蒸气为气化剂,在串行流化床试验装置上进行生物质气化制氢的试验研究,考察了气化反应器温度、水蒸气/生物质比率(S/B)对气化气成分、烟气成分和氢产率的影响。结果表明:在燃烧反应器内燃烧烟气不会串混至气化反应器,该气化技术能够稳定连续地从气化反应器获得不含N_2的富氢燃气,氢浓度最高可达71.5%;气化反应器温度是影响制氢过程的重要因素,随着温度的升高,气化气中H_2浓度不断降低,CO浓度显著上升,氢产率有所提高;S/B对气化气成分影响较小,随着S/B的增加,氢产率先升高而后降低,S/B的最优值为1.4。最高氢产率(60.3g H_2/kg biomass)是在气化反应器温度为920℃,S/B为1.4的条件下获得的。     

生物质气化制氢中的流化床工艺选择

可再生的生物质及其他含碳燃料气化后能够产生富氢气体。通过回顾生物质气化技术,从现有的10种气化工艺中筛选出3种可用于生物质制氢的气化工艺:FERCO Silvagas、MTCI和FICFB工艺,并加以详细介绍。同时分析了将流化床应用在生物质气化制氢工艺中的优点及需要进一步开展的研发工作。     

中型流化床中的生物质气化实验研究

以空气为气化介质,在中型流化床反应器上进行了生物质(木屑)气化实验研究。考察了当量比ER(0.20～0.34)、气化温度(670～820℃)对气化结果的影响,初步探讨加入二次风对气化的影响。在实验研究的条件范围内,煤气热值在5650～6665kJ/m3范围内变化,生物质产气率在1.51～2.26m3/kg之间变化,碳转化率在74.3%～90.8%之间变化,气化效率达到61.8%～78.1%;加入适量二次风可以提高气化效率和碳转化率,减少焦油含量。实验结果表明:此流化床气化炉当气化温度在720～770℃之间,当量比ER在0.24～0.28之间时,气化效果最好,此时煤气热值可达到6400～6600kJ/m3,产气率为1.75～1.95m3/kg,碳转化率为83%～89%,气化效率高达71%以上。     

生物质流化床气化过程的试验研究及示范

在流化床生物质气化炉内,采用空气作气化剂,对7种农林废弃物进行了气化实验研究。燃气成分中,CO含量在14%～17%之间,H2含量一般低于10%,甲烷含量为5%～20%。燃气热值为5300～6500kJ/m3,气化效率72.6%。     

流化床生物质气化发电过程动力学建模与验证

为更好地描述生物质气化过程的反应机理,文章从模型采用的反映速率形式出发,对已建立的动力学模型[1]做了进一步修正,并拟和了以松木屑为生物质原料的气化反应动力学参数,建立了包括质量平衡方程、反应动力学方程以及能量平衡方程在内的整体生物质气化动力学模型。最后以MATLB为平台,通过模型仿真,从反应进程以及最终气体组分两个方面验证了模型的可靠性。为进一步应用该模型评价和优化流化床生物质气化过程气化方案和气化参数打下了基础。     

生物质流化床气化技术应用研究现状

按所得产品不同,可将生物质气化技术分为制氢、发电和合成液体燃料3大类。文章介绍了生物质流化床水蒸气气化制氢、催化气化制氢和超临界水气化制氢的工艺特点;分析了生物质流化床气化发电的技术、经济可行性;简述了生物质流化床气化合成液体燃料的研究现状;指出气化产出气化学当量比调变、焦油去除问题和合成气净化是生物质流化床气化技术应用的主要瓶颈,认为定向气化是今后研究的主要方向。     

Simulation of air-steam gasification of woody biomass in a bubbling fluidized bed using Aspen Plus: A comprehensive model including pyrolysis,hydrodynamics and tar production

A comprehensive model was developed to simulate gasification of pine sawdust in the presence of both air and steam. The proposed model improved upon the premise of an existing ASPEN PLUS-based biomass gasification model. These enhancements include the addition of a temperature-dependent pyrolysis model, an updated hydrodynamic model, more extensive gasification kinetics and the inclusion of tar formation and reaction kinetics. ASPEN PLUS was similarly used to simulate this process; however, a more extensive FORTRAN subroutine was applied to appropriately model the complexities of a Bubbling Fluidized Bed (“BFB”) gasifier. To confirm validity, the accuracy of the model's predictions was compared with actual experimental results. In addition, the relative accuracy of the comprehensive model was compared to the original base-model to see if any improvement had been made.Results show that the model predicts H₂, CO, CO₂, and CH₄ composition with reasonable accuracy in varying temperature, steam-to-biomass, and equivalence ratio conditions. Mean error between predicted and experimental results is calculated to range from 6.1% to 37.6%. Highest relative accuracy was obtained in CO composition prediction while the results with the least accuracy were for CH₄ and CO₂ estimation at changing steam-to-biomass ratios and equivalence ratios. When compared to the original model, the comprehensive model predictions of H₂ and CO molar fractions are more accurate than those of CO₂ and CH₄. For CO₂ and CH₄, the original model predicted with comparable or better accuracy when varying steam-to-biomass ratio and equivalence ratios but the comprehensive model performed better at varying temperatures.     

A numerical model of a fluidized bed biomass gasifier

A one-dimensional, steady state, numerical model was developed for a fluidized bed biomass gasifier. The gasifier model consists of a fuel pyrolysis model, an oxidation model, a gasification model and a freeboard model. Given the bed temperature, ambient air flow rate and humidity ratio, fuel moisture content and reactor parameters, the model predicts the fuel feed rate for steady state operation, composition of the producer gas and fuel energy conversion. The gasifier model was validated with experimental results. The effects of major mechanisms (fuel pyrolysis and the chemical and the physical rate processes) were assessed in a sensitivity study of the gasification model. A parametric study was also conducted for the gasifier model. It is concluded that the model can be used for gasifier performance analysis.     

喷动流化床煤气化技术研究的发展

本文论述了喷动化床煤气化技术的原理、优点以及国内外的主要技术进展，并结合当前国内外的研究情况从气化特性试验研究、机理模型研究、工业应用研究三个方面进行了分析，指出了喷动流化床煤气化技术的发展前景以及今后研究方向。     

生物质气化技术比较及其气化发电技术研究进展

生物质能是一种理想的可再生能源,由于其在燃烧过程中二氧化碳净排放量近似于零,可有效地减少温室效应,因而越来越受到世界各国的关注。首先对生物质能的概念及其转化方式进行了简单介绍,着重介绍了生物质气化技术在国内外的研究及应用发展现状,通过对固定床气化炉和流化床气化炉的技术性能的对比．提出了研究开发经济上可行、效率较高的生物质发电系统,是我国今后有效利用生物质能的发展方向。     

Exergy evaluation of biomass steam gasification via interconnected fluidized beds

This paper presents the thermodynamic assessment of biomass steam gasification via interconnected fluidized beds (IFB) system. The performance examined included the composition, yield and higher heating value (HHV) of dry syngas, and exergy efficiencies of the process. Two exergy efficiencies were calculated for the cases with and without heat recovery, respectively. The effects of steam‐to‐biomass ratio (S/B), gasification temperature, and pressure on the thermodynamic performances were investigated based on a modified modeling of the IFB system. The results showed that at given gasification temperature and pressure, the exergy efficiencies and dry syngas yield reached the maximums when S/B was at the corresponding carbon boundary point (S/B_CBP). The HHV of the dry syngas continuously decreased with the increase of S/B. Moreover, the exergy efficiency with heat recovery was averagely a dozen percentage points higher than that without heat recovery. Under atmospheric conditions, lower gasification temperature favored the yield and HHV of dry syngas at various S/B. In addition, it also favored the exergy efficiencies of the process when S/B is approximately larger than 0.75. Under pressurized conditions, higher gasification pressure favored both the yield and HHV of dry syngas, as well as the exergy efficiencies at different S/B. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation of biomass gasification in a fluidized bed by artificial neural network (ANN)

Gasification is extensively used in the biomass utilization industries and can be applied to manage the municipal waste wastes in order to transform solid wastes into a clean syngas. In this work, we developed an artificial neural network (ANN) to simulate the influence of two important hydrodynamic factors, namely, heating rate and gasifier length on hydrogen yield and hydrogen efficiency. Results showed that with the increase of gasifier length, hydrogen yield was increased due to a considerable increase in the rate of reactions with increasing the gasifier length. It was also found that the hydrogen yield reached a constant rate probably due to a significant increase in the heat and mass transfer limitations, especially at the end of gasifier.     

流化床富氧气化制取煤气的研究

以一个常压流化床为反应器,采用膜分离技术制氧,对煤富氧-水蒸气气化制取煤气的特性进行实验研究,通过对试验数据的分析,探讨了两种不同煤种的典型运行结果,分析H2O/C对气化温度、煤气成分及热值影响,以及氧浓度对实验结果的影响。结果表明氧浓度的提高,明显增加了煤气的热值,氧浓度从21%提高到30%时,煤气热值提高了1.18 MJ/m3;在温度为920℃,氧浓度30%,H2O/C比为1,O/C比为0.8,煤气热值达到5.95 MJ/m3。