风电场的风力资源分析以及场址选择

基于风电场场址选址过程,从宏观选址到微观选址等方面对投建在江苏东海县的风电场场址选择的问题进行研究。以该地实际测量数据为基础,采用柱状图以及气象玫瑰图对该风电场场址风能资源进行综合评价,以确定该风电场场址、风力发电机的选择以及风力发电机组的布置。采用风资源分析软件进行专业评估,证实场址选择的有效性。     

贺州首个风电场并网发电

位于富川瑶族自治县柳家乡的大唐龙头风电场两台风力发电机组已完成吊装和调试,于今年1月试运行向广西电网送电,结束贺州无风电的历史。日前,大唐风电场两台风机完成发电2万度。     

低风速风电场风场道路的设计

国内已生产出能够充分利用低风速地区风力资源的风力发电机组,以解决该区域风能利用率低、风力不稳定的一些问题。通过对比不难发现,这些风力发电机组的叶片长度都比以往同级别机型的长度增加不少。叶片的加长同时也增加了道路交通运输的成本,特别是山区、某些低山地区的自然地形本来就比较复杂,叶片加长直接导致了增加道路宽度的要求,施工工程量也随之增大,从而增加了整个项目的成本,降低了项目的发电效益。文章结合安微某风电场的建设,总结了低风速风电场的道路优化设计,为同类型的风电场的建设提供一定的工程经验。     

风电技术的发展及风机选型

介绍了世界风机技术的现状和发展趋势,对目前的主流机型进行了简单地阐述和比较。针对风力发电机成本在整个风电场投资中占有较大的比重,提出了风机选型的基本原则,对风电场的年发电量和经济指标具有一定意义。     

大湿度低温环境对风力发电场的影响

在我国北方地区的风电场,秋冬季的高湿度寒冷气候对风力发电场运行影响比较大。分析了大湿度低温条件下定桨距风力发电机组功率特性变化,总结了国外大湿度低温环境对风电场的影响,提出了针对大湿度低温条件下风力发电机组设计和风机排布所应采取的针对性措施。     

双馈感应异步风力发电机组的低电压穿越要求及技术分析

随着风电机组装机容量的持续高速增加,大规模风电场的建设,各个国家(地区)的电网对风电场的要求日趋严格。本文依据国内外的风电场接入电网规则,对风电场接入电网的低电压穿越(Low Voltage Ride Though,LVRT)要求做了详细介绍,并对目前风机主流机型双馈感应异步风力发电机组(Doubly-Fed Induction Generator,DGIG)的LVRT主要技术进行了综合分析与对比,最后对各技术进行改进并对该问题提出今后的研究方向。     

基于交能融合的分布式海上风电选址与布置

[目的]在近海浅水海上风电场场址资源日益稀缺,场址逐步向深远海、大型化、基地化发展的背景下,探讨一种交能融合的分布式海上风电,以规避开放式水域的大型海上风电场常出现的涉海范围广、征海面积大、影响通航安全等问题。[方法]基于已建或正在规划的大型港区配套建设的防波堤进行优选场址,在分析港池与防波堤的功能与布置的基础上,通过对海上风力发电机组及海底电缆的优化布置,可实现技术与经济、政策与环境等多方面的提升。[结果]对比国内数十个开放式水域已建海上风电工程,基于交能融合的分布式海上风电场可显著地缩小场址涉海范围、减少征海面积,并降低对周边区域船舶海上通行的影响,是一种相对安全、经济、环保的海上风电场址类型。[结论]通过对交能融合的分布式海上风电选址与布置的探讨,阐述了该类型海上风电场在节约用海、减少海上碍航物、捆绑送出和就地消纳、施工与运维等多方面的优点,并可将其作为现阶段单一海上风电类型的重要补充,成为一种新的增量海上风电场址资源。     

风力发电机组受共模电流的影响分析

目的  为解决共模干扰电流对风机设备造成的伤害与破坏,避免风力发电机组长期带病运行和伤害风电机组大部件,从而导致风场风电机组可利用率下降、弃风现象产生和发电量损失。 方法  文章通过阐述我国南方某风电场风电机组存在的共模电流干扰信号现象,现场机组设备损坏,误动作信号故障,故障引起的风力发电机组电流输出电缆过热、变压器过热,设备误动作保护以及发电机组振动异常等现象,以风场#11风机为检测点,进行实地机位实验检测,结合现场测量数据和图片,对问题进行系统理论分析。 结果  确认由于该发电变频系统产生的共模干扰电流的存在,引发了风力发电机组电流输出电缆过热、变压器过热、保护设备的误动作、发电机组振动异常等的一系列问题。由于该风场项目为已投产多年的在线发电项目,设备及电缆布置均已就位固定,难以改动或拆卸,为了不影响机组正常运行发电,在不影响原有线路现状的前提下,采用在发电机组发电母线上加装抗干扰线圈CoolBLUE®系列的解决方案。 结论  实践表明：此改善方案有效可行,为以后出现此类故障预防与改善提供建议和思路,避免风机再次发生同类故障,增加风电发电机组的可利用率,并可以推广应用。     

采用时间序列预测风电场出力

基于时间序列的方法,采用自回归滑动平均(ARMA)模型进行短期风速预测;考虑风力发电机组排列布置时尾流效应的影响、风电场址地面粗糙程度、空气密度、风向变化以及不同型号风机功率特性的差异等因素,采用Jasen尾流模型建立了大型风电场的综合模型。结果表明,合理的风电场布置方案有利于减小尾流效应的影响,从而提高风电场出力。     

基于VSC-HVDC技术的风电场并网控制策略研究

轻型直流输电（VSC-HVDC）采用电压源换流器技术,具有较强的可控性,是目前比较理想的一种风电场并网方式。本文研究了VSC-HVDC在风电场并网中的控制策略。风电场侧的换流站通过控制风电场的频率,可以让鼠笼异步风力发电机组变速运行,从而提高此类风力发电机组在低风速下的风能利用率;对于双馈风力发电机组组成的风电场,换流站控制风电场的频率为额定值,同样取得了很好的控制效果。     

Evaluation of wind farm efficiency and wind turbine wakes at the Nysted offshore wind farm

Here, we quantify relationships between wind farm efficiency and wind speed, direction, turbulence and atmospheric stability using power output from the large offshore wind farm at Nysted in Denmark. Wake losses are, as expected, most strongly related to wind speed variations through the turbine thrust coefficient; with direction, atmospheric stability and turbulence as important second order effects. While the wind farm efficiency is highly dependent on the distribution of wind speeds and wind direction, it is shown that the impact of turbine spacing on wake losses and turbine efficiency can be quantified, albeit with relatively large uncertainty due to stochastic effects in the data. There is evidence of the ‘deep array effect’ in that wake losses in the centre of the wind farm are under‐estimated by the wind farm model WAsP, although overall efficiency of the wind farm is well predicted due to compensating edge effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风力发电发展简史及各类型风力机比较概述

当今对风能的利用,主要是用来发电,通过对风能发电历史的回顾和对水平轴和垂直轴风力发电机的比较,使人们对垂直轴风力发电机有了更加广泛的认识。     

Contributions to wind farm power estimation considering wind direction‐dependent wake effects

This paper presents a contribution to wind farm ouput power estimation. The calculation for a single wind turbine involves the use of the power coefficient or, more directly, the power curve data sheet. Thus, if the wind speed value is given, a simple calculation or search in the data sheet will provide the generated power as a result. However, a wind farm generally comprises more than one wind turbine, which means the estimation of power generated by the wind farm as a function of the wind speed is a more complex process that depends on several factors, including the important issue of wind direction. While the concept of a wind turbine power curve for a single wind turbine is clear, it is more subject to discussion when applied to a whole wind farm. This paper provides a simplified method for the estimation of wind farm power, based on the use of an equivalent wake effect coefficient. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风电机组载荷计算的外部风速条件模拟研究

针对大型风力发电机组设计中的风速条件进行了模拟研究,利用Bladed软件进行了仿真和载荷计算,研究内容包括风切变、塔影、上风向尾流、三维湍流、瞬时风速等建模问题.结合沈阳工业大学承担"863"项目--SUT-1000 MW级变速恒频风电机组的研制,进行了IEC标准下各级负载级别的载荷计算.     

Modeling of the dynamics of wind to power conversion including high wind speed behavior

This paper proposes and validates an efficient, generic and computationally simple dynamic model for the conversion of the wind speed at hub height into the electrical power by a wind turbine. This proposed wind turbine model was developed as a first step to simulate wind power time series for power system studies. This paper focuses on describing and validating the single wind turbine model, and is therefore neither describing wind speed modeling nor aggregation of contributions from a whole wind farm or a power system area. The state‐of‐the‐art is to use static power curves for the purpose of power system studies, but the idea of the proposed wind turbine model is to include the main dynamic effects in order to have a better representation of the fluctuations in the output power and of the fast power ramping especially because of high wind speed shutdowns of the wind turbine. The high wind speed shutdowns and restarts are represented as on–off switching rules that govern the output of the wind turbine at extreme wind speed conditions. The model uses the concept of equivalent wind speed, estimated from the single point (hub height) wind speed using a second‐order dynamic filter that is derived from an admittance function. The equivalent wind speed is a representation of the averaging of the wind speeds over the wind turbine rotor plane and is used as input to the static power curve to get the output power. The proposed wind turbine model is validated for the whole operating range using measurements available from the DONG Energy offshore wind farm Horns Rev 2. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermodynamic analysis of wind energy

Wind energy is assessed thermodynamically, from resource and technology perspectives. The thermodynamic characteristics of wind are considered. Wind speed is affected by air temperature and pressure and has an effect on wind turbine performance, based on wind chill effect and Bernoulli's equation. The wind chill effect leads to temperature differences that suggest enthalpy and entropy components must be considered in a thermodynamic analysis. The wind pressure effect based on Bernoulli's equation affects the entropy of wind. These components have not previously been considered in evaluations of wind turbine efficiency for electricity generation. A new efficiency formula for wind energy systems is described, which provides important information about the system. It is seen that average differences between energy and exergy efficiencies are approximately 40% at low wind speeds and up to approximately 55% at high wind speeds. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风特性对风力发电机组输出功率的影响

为了准确研究不同类型的风速对并网风电机组输出功率的影响,建立了并网风力发电机模型和不同类型风速的模型。在不同类型风速的扰动下,对异步风电机输出功率的波动进行了仿真分析;针对引起功率振荡最严重的阵风,进行了不同频率的阵风扰动下风电机组功率振荡的比较,对阵风扰动下风电机组间的相互影响进行了仿真分析。结果表明,在相同幅值的扰动下,阵风引起的风电机组功率振荡最严重,机组功率振荡情况与阵风扰动的频率有关,单台机组在阵风扰动下产生的振荡对其他机组也会产生一定的影响。     

全程变桨距风能转换装置的研究

为了实现风力机的最大能量转换，提出了在整个工作风速范围内采用风轮正面的风压作为变桨距的控制信号，实现最大功率跟踪变桨距。通过计算，设计制造出了风压式全程变桨距风能转换装置。试验结果显示：该风能转换装置的高效运行范围从一个极小的区间扩展为一个较宽的区间；当风速大于额定风速时，风力机仍然能够保持稳定的工作转速，在起动前使桨叶处于阻风状态，起动力矩增大了近20倍。     

特种风力发电机组塔筒防腐方案研究

高原和海洋的风能资源丰富,更能发挥大容量风力发电机组的优势,利用前景广阔。但高原和海上的自然环境恶劣,对风机承载部件——塔筒的防腐要求更为严格。针对在高原和海上运行的特种风机,分析了塔筒的腐蚀环境,研究了塔筒的防腐原理,提出了塔筒的具体防腐措施和防腐方案,为特种风机塔筒的防腐提供了参考。     

风电场风电机组的接地设计

较系统地介绍了风电场风电机组对接地电阻的要求、接地设计思路及方法,并提供实际工程中接地网布置图实例作为参考。