Collaboration profile of theoretical population genetics speciality

Traces the growth of collaborated and funded research as reflected in research papers in theoretical population genetics research speciality from 1916–80 through a case study. Analyses the proportion and extent of collaborated papers, averge number of authorship per paper, and collaborative coefficient index of research papers thereby giving an overall perspective of the growth of professionalism in the field. Studies the relation between collaboration, productivity, and funding of research papers in theoretical population genetics. Classifies the total collaborative papers/authors by type of collaboration and studies the trends and shifts in the nature and type of collaborative research over the years.     

Collaboration patterns in theoretical population genetics

The paper points out that the characteristic properties of general social networks are reflected in co-authorship patterns of theoretical population genetics as studied from 1900 to 1980. The results are consistent with the analyses of bibliographies where the co-authorship networks in invisible colleges probably have shown the same behavioural patterns as the non-scientific populations. The patterns of behaviour are portrayed in two-dimensional as well as three-dimensional representations of co-authorship data in theoretical population genetics.     

Scientific productivity of authors in theoretical population genetics

The study analyses the distribution of productivity of authors in theoretical population genetics (TPG) as reflected in their publication output from 1881 to 1980 from two different approaches. The internal dynamics of TPG specialty affecting the distribution of the productivity of authors is studied using time cross-sectional type of approach. Here the productivity distribution of authors in 10 time-year blocks and in three phases of the development (1921-50, 1951-65 and 1966-80) of TPG is studied using cohort type of approach. The extent of cumulative advantage acquired by the prolific group of authors over time in TPG is also studied. The paper also analyzes the regularity in the distribution of productivity of various cohorts, having same length of activity, but different periods of participation.     

Growth and obsolescence of literature in theoretical population genetics

Studies the relation between growth rates and obsolescence rates and half-life of theoretical population genetics literature. Explores the application of lognormal distribution in age distribution of citations over a period of time.     

Analysis of distribution of the age of citations in theoretical population genetics

Analyses the age of references cited in source papers of the theoretical population genetics speciality at different phases of its development. Discusses the characteristics of specialities in terms of obsolescence measures such as half-life and immediacy index. Explores the applicability of different theoretical probability functions in the age densities of references cited. Concludes that age of references cited is best modelled according to lognormal distribution.     

Author productivity patterns in theoretical population genetics (1900–1980)

Focuses on the validity of Lotka's law and the negative binomial distribution model to author productivity data in different time periods in theoretical population genetics speciality. Finds out if there is any relation between applicability of a statistical distribution and the development of speciality. Looks at the linkages between inequality/concentration measures and the development of speciality. Explores the relevance and applicability of the two generalisations, namely Price Square, Root Law and 80/20 Rule to the author productivity data and their relation with development of theoretical population genetics. Finally, a study of the growth of practitioners in the field with different productivity levels is conducted, and the emergence of core authors in the speciality is explored.     

Applicability of selected probability distributions to the number of authors per article in theoretical population genetics

Recently scientists have investigated what statistical distributions can be used to describe the distribution of the number of authors per article.Ajiferuke has undertaken the most comprehensive study of this problem. He has found that by and large the Inverse Gaussian-Poisson distribution could describe most properly the observed authorship distributions. However, it is well known that this distribution is rather intricate, soRousseau tried to fit some simple one-parameter distributions to the number of authors of LIS articles. He has found that the geometric and the truncated Poisson distribution adequately describe these authorship data sets. The main purpose of the present paper is to continue these investigations and to analyse and test the viability of simple statistical distributions. As to (sub)fields where the single author dominates the results ofRousseau were corroborated: the truncated Poisson and the geometric distribution give often adequate fits to describe the number of authors. The Lotka distribution should be rejected. The truncated binomial distribution and the truncated negative binomial were investigated as well. However, it is not clear whether they are acceptable candidates.     

Interplay of population genetics and dynamics in the genetic control of mosquitoes

Some proposed genetics-based vector control methods aim to suppress or eliminate a mosquito population in a similar manner to the sterile insect technique. One approach under development in Anopheles mosquitoes uses homing endonuclease genes (HEGs)—selfish genetic elements (inherited at greater than Mendelian rate) that can spread rapidly through a population even if they reduce fitness. HEGs have potential to drive introduced traits through a population without large-scale sustained releases. The population genetics of HEG-based systems has been established using discrete-time mathematical models. However, several ecologically important aspects remain unexplored. We formulate a new continuous-time (overlapping generations) combined population dynamic and genetic model and apply it to a HEG that targets and knocks out a gene that is important for survival. We explore the effects of density dependence ranging from undercompensating to overcompensating larval competition, occurring before or after HEG fitness effects, and consider differences in competitive effect between genotypes (wild-type, heterozygotes and HEG homozygotes). We show that population outcomes—elimination, suppression or loss of the HEG—depend crucially on the interaction between these ecological aspects and genetics, and explain how the HEG fitness properties, the homing rate (drive) and the insect''s life-history parameters influence those outcomes.     

甘孜藏猪与合作猪SLA-DQA基因的群体遗传研究

对甘孜藏猪和合作猪SLA-DQA基因的第1和第2内含子部分序列以及完整的第2外显子进行了PCR-RFLP分析,结果表明:经EcoRⅠ酶切后,BB基因型频率(0.5537)分别高于AB型(0.3719)和AA型(0.0744); B为优势等位基因(0.7397).经AluⅠ酶切后,MM基因型频率(0.4380)分别高于MN型(0.3637)和NN型(0.1983);M为优势等位基因(0.6198).2品种中Alu I酶切基因型在合作猪中未达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡,且群体间M、N的基因频率和NN基因型频率差异分别达极显著(P＜0.01)和显著水平(P＜0.05).共鉴别了9种组合基因型,甘孜藏猪和合作猪分别为6和8种组合基因型, BBMM、BBNN组合基因型频率在两群体间差异显著(P＜0.05).两酶切位点均表现为中度多态,AluⅠ位点多态信息含量均高于EcoRⅠ位点,合作猪杂合性高于甘孜藏猪,两群体间的遗传距离为0.0389.     

Collaboration and cross-disciplinarity in autoimmune diseases

Collaboration and cross-disciplinarity are important features in autoimmune disease research. Taking co-authorship as an indicator for research collaboration, for selected European countries it was found that 91% to 99% of all publications are based on collaboration. International collaboration affects about 27% of all publications. Small countries like Sweden and Finland pursue international collaboration more intensively than larger countries like Germany or the UK. Different collaboration strategies were found for nationally co-authored papers, for instance, Germany seems to focus more on intra-departmental collaboration, while France and Italy have stronger inter-institutional links. About 54% of all publications are based on cross-disciplinary The term ‘cross-disciplinarity’ is used to highlight the fact that contributions from more than one discipline are made and required. This more general term is used—rather than the term ‘interdisciplinarity’—because it collaboration, which was found to be even more important in international collaboration. is hard or even impossible to distinguish interdisciplinary from multi-disciplinary work based on the data used. For a more detailed discussion of the terminology see e.g. Refs 1–5.     

International Collaboration in Indian Scientific Papers

Internationally co-authored publications may be regarded as an indicator of scientific co-operation between countries and is of interest in science policy. In this study, the extent of international collaboration in Indian science has been estimated from SCI data in 1990 and 1994. We find an increase in collaboration both in terms of output and the extent of the network and significantly higher impact (IF) associated with internationally co-authored papers in several disciplines. However, there was no significant increase in IF of collaborative papers over time, whereas Indian papers in general showed a statistically significant, though small, increase in average impact from 1990 to 1994. The bulk of Indian scientific co-operation was with the developed Western nations and Japan, but it was often the smaller countries with a few co-authored papers which showed higher average impact. Co-operation with South Asian countries, initially low, has doubled in four years. By a combination of multivariate data analysis techniques the relative positions of India's partners in scientific collaboration have been mapped with respect to the fields of co-operation.     

Collaboration structures in Slovenian scientific communities

We combine two seemingly distinct perspectives regarding the modeling of network dynamics. One perspective is found in the work of physicists and mathematicians who formally introduced the small world model and the mechanism of preferential attachment. The other perspective is sociological and focuses on the process of cumulative advantage and considers the agency of individual actors in a network. We test hypotheses, based on work drawn from these perspectives, regarding the structure and dynamics of scientific collaboration networks. The data we use are for four scientific disciplines in the Slovene system of science. The results deal with the overall topology of these networks and specific processes that generate them. The two perspectives can be joined to mutual benefit. Within this combined approach, the presence of small-world structures was confirmed. However preferential attachment is far more complex than advocates of a single autonomous mechanism claim.     

816英里间的近距离合作

Kram／Weisshaar工作室由瑞德克拉姆（Reed Kram）和克莱蒙斯维荫哈（Clemens Weisshaar）共同协作，这两个人在2001年一起在同一个项目上作咨询的时候相遇，于是决定一起合作。但他们认为没有必要从他们现在居住的城市里面迁走，二人分别在相隔816英里的两个城市开始了合作；虽然Kram／Weisshaar的全职职员仅有8人，但他们的客户却包括Moroso，庞皮杜艺术中心和BMW等国际知名品牌，合作者包括Rem Koolhaas和Miuccia Prada。二人远距离的合作在几年的尝试中验证了其有效性，近期的《icon》杂志对他们进行了介绍。[编者按]     

Competition and Collaboration in German Technology Transfer

This paper reports on a detailed institutional study of theGerman technology transfer system using material from a surveyof practitioners and observations of the system over a 2 yearperiod. The purpose of this research was to understand the dynamicswithin the system which, despite heavy criticism over the past10–15 years, has proved remarkably resilient, competitiveand capable of change. It is argued that the dynamism lies withinthe funding and the institutional structures of the system whichallow competition to exist alongside collaboration and networking,thus incorporating the best of a ‘market-based’technology transfer system with the advantages of regulationand coordination. These inherent, but contradictory, pressuresare termed ‘symbiotic tension’: it is argued thatthis is key to understanding the resilience of the system.     

防伪之道在于合作

各种防伪技术及其供应商之间竞争激烈，这种竞争有时候表现为对市面上领先技术——全息技术的诋毁。新防伪鉴别技术的开发商与供应商都试图贬低全息技术，这毫不令人惊讶。然而，最强的力量来自百花争鸣，最好的系统是那些集成多种防伪特性能为客户提供多重保护的产品，在这样的一个领域里，相互贬低是徒劳无益的。供应商应当相互联合起来，提供最好的技术组合，而不应当为了显示自己产品的优越性而贬低市场的领导者。[编者按]     

真空蒸镀SiOx膜的特性及加工应用

讨论了用于软包装的镀铝膜和ＳｉＯＸ镀膜,同时也讨论镀铝、镀ＳｉＯｘ的工艺方法和ＳｉＯｘ镀膜加工、应用。