Pt/TiO_2催化二甲醚部分氧化重整制氢

二甲醚是一种理想的氢载体,可用于解决氢的储存和运输。以Pt/TiO_2为部分氧化催化剂,结合Ni/Al_2O_3重整催化剂,考察钛前驱体和焙烧温度对二甲醚部分氧化重整制氢反应的影响。结果表明,以Ti(C4H9O)4为原料制备的TiO_2为金红石相,Ti(SO4)2或Ti O(OH)2为原料制备的TiO_2为锐钛矿相;以Ti(C4H9O)4为原料制备的Pt/TiO_2-E催化剂催化性能略好,转化率接近100%,H2收率约90%,表明金红石相TiO_2负载的Pt催化剂略佳;以Ti(SO4)2为原料制备的Pt/TiO_2-S催化剂500℃焙烧可获得金红石相TiO_2。与Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂相比,Pt/TiO_2催化剂具有更好的催化性能,H2收率超过90%,而Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂H2收率约80%。     

蛋白土与硫酸铵煅烧反应产物及过程动力学

蛋白土具有良好的应用前景,但是其自然白度较低制约了其开发应用。蛋白土硫酸铵煅烧法可去除其中的显色金属氧化物,提高蛋白土的白度,同时提取其中Al₂O₃。本文采用热重-差示扫描量热（TG-DSC）、同步热分析与红外质谱（TG-FTIR-MS）联用系统,结合X射线衍射对煅烧过程的固相及气相产物进行了表征分析,明析了其化学过程。结果表明,蛋白土中的Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃在200~350℃时反应生成（NH₄）₃（Al,Fe）（SO₄）₃,同时逸出NH₃和H₂O;350~450℃时,进一步反应转化为NH₄（Al,Fe）（SO₄）₂,同时逸出NH₃、H₂O、SO₂和O₂;450~550℃时,NH₄（Al,Fe）（SO₄）₂分解生成（Al,Fe）₂（SO₄）₃,同时逸出NH₃、H₂O、SO₂和O₂;550~750℃时（Al,Fe）₂（SO₄）₃分解生成Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃,同时逸出SO₂和O₂。采用Kissinger微分法与Ozawa积分法分别计算出4个阶段表观活化能后取二者平均值,分别为101.74kJ/mol、104.52kJ/mol、201.40kJ/mol、232.51kJ/mol,并获得对应4个热化学反应阶段的频率因子、反应级数和动力学方程。     

增稠剂对NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O蓄放热性能的影响

利用电热恒温水槽、高低温交变试验箱搭建蓄放热实验平台,研究了9种增稠剂对NH₄Al(SO₄)₂·12H₂O蓄放热性能的影响,测试分析了NH₄Al(SO₄)₂·12H₂O改性后的循环稳定性能。结果表明,质量分数为2%的黄原胶、1%的瓜尔豆胶或1%的羟乙基纤维素均能较好改善NH₄Al(SO₄)₂·12H₂O的放热性能且对相变潜热的削弱程度不大,对应改性NH₄Al(SO₄)₂·12H₂O的主要参数变化为：熔点分别降低1.0℃、1.3℃、1.3℃,蓄热时长分别增加94%、35%、9%,蓄热相变平台分别增加125%、63%、5%,过冷度分别减小43%、45%、34%,结晶过程温度变化分别减小84%、87%、73%,放热时长分别增加27%、11%、50%,相变潜热分别减小5.8%、8.3%、4.1%。增稠剂对NH₄Al(SO₄)₂·12H₂O放热性能的改性效果会受到降解反应影响,而2%黄原胶的改性效果相对其他两种增稠剂较好,循环过程中改性材料的结晶过程温度始终保持在60℃以上。60次循环后,改性材料主要参数相比纯材料的变化为：熔点下降0.2℃,蓄热相变平台减小15%,蓄热时长增加13%,结晶过程温度变化减小87%,过冷度减小42%,放热时长增加36%,相变潜热减小1.6%。     

Synergistic catalysis of carbon black oxidation by Pt with MoO3 or V2O5

A series of SiO₂-supported MoO₃, V₂O₅, and Pt catalysts were prepared for the study of model soot oxidation with simulated diesel exhaust gas. Composite samples of Pt with the metal oxides demonstrated higher oxidation activities than the single-component SiO₂-supported MoO₃, V₂O₅ or Pt catalysts in the absence of SO₂ in the reactant gas. Based on the effects of NO₂ on carbon oxidation, a synergistic reaction mechanism was suggested to explain the effects of combining Pt with the oxides: Pt catalyzes the oxidation of NO with gas phase O₂ to NO₂, while MoO₃ and V₂O₅ catalyze the oxidation of carbon with NO₂. Finally, the effects of SO₂ on the carbon oxidation reaction were examined and discussed.     

选择催化还原(SCR)反应机理研究进展

简述了NH₃和NO在催化剂表面吸附、转化活化和反应历程及H₂O和SO₂对以上反应行为的影响。分析表明,NH₃氧化脱氢进而与NO反应是决定NH₃反应性和最终产物的关键。NO以气态（Eley-Rideal机理）或硝基类物质等吸附态（Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理）形式参与选择催化还原（SCR）反应。提高催化剂酸性和氧化还原循环性能,利于NH₃和NO吸附和转化及相互间反应。高温时,H₂O影响轻微,而SO₂增强催化剂酸性,提高脱硝活性。低温时,H₂O和SO₂抑制NO吸附和转化活化,导致硫铵盐累积和活性位转变为硫酸盐使催化剂失活。因此,提高抗H₂O、抗SO₂性能是低温脱硝催化剂研发的重要方向。而发展在线升温等再生工艺以解决硝酸盐或含硫化合物导致的失活问题,对保障低温脱硝系统长期稳定运行具有重要意义。     

SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITRIC OXIDE BY AMMONIA ON PILLARED CLAY CATALYSTS: POSSIBLE MECHANISM AND PROMOTERS

The delaminated Fe₂0₃-pillared clay shows high activities for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH₂. Temperature program desorption (TPD) studies show that large amounts of NO., are adsorbed on the pillared clay catalyst at the SCR reaction temperatures (i.e. near 400°C). This result indicates that a Langmuir-Hinshelwood type mechanism (for reaction between chemisorbed NO, and NH, on the surface to form N₂) is operative for the pillared clay catalyst, which is in contrast to the SCR reaction on the commercial vanadia-based catalysts. The SCR activities for the delaminated Fe₂0₃-pillared clay catalyst are higher than that of a commercial-type V₂O₅ + WO₃/TiO₂ catalyst under SO₂ + H₂0 free conditions, but became lower in the presence of SO₂ +l H₂0. However, when promoted by doping 1-3% Cr₂0₃, the pillared clay catalyst exhibits higher SCR activities than the commercial-type catalyst in the presence of S0₂ + H₂O at all practical SCR reaction temperatures     

Combined effect of H2O and SO2 on V2O5/AC catalysts for NO reduction with ammonia at lower temperatures

Combined effect of H₂O and SO₂ on V₂O₅/AC the activity of catalyst for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH₃ at lower temperatures was studied. In the absence of SO₂, H₂O inhibits the catalytic activity, which may be attributed to competitive adsorption of H₂O and reactants (NO and/or NH₃). Although SO₂ promotes the SCR activity of the V₂O₅/AC catalyst in the absence of H₂O, it speeds the deactivation of the catalyst in the presence of H₂O. The dual effect of SO₂ is attributed to the SO₄²⁻ formed on the catalyst surface, which stays as ammonium-sulfate salts on the catalyst surface. In the absence of H₂O, a small amount of ammonium-sulfate salts deposits on the surface of the catalyst, which promote the SCR activity; in the presence of H₂O, however, the deposition rate of ammonium-sulfate salts is much greater, which results in blocking of the catalyst pores and deactivates the catalyst. Decreasing V₂O₅ loading decreases the deactivation rate of the catalyst. The catalyst can be used stably at a space velocity of 9000 h⁻¹ and temperature of 250 °C.     

333.15 K K+,NH4+//Cl-,SO42——H2O和K+,NH4+//Cl-,SO42——(CH2OH)2-H2O体系固液相平衡

采用等温溶解法研究333.15 K体系（K⁺,NH₄⁺//Cl^-,SO₄^2--H₂O）和（K⁺,NH₄⁺//Cl^-,SO₄^2--（CH₂OH）₂-H₂O）[w（（CH₂OH）₂）=30%]的固液相平衡关系。测定了平衡溶液的溶解度数据及物化性质,包括密度、黏度、折射率、pH。根据实验数据,绘制了相应的干盐相图、水图及物化性质-组成图。实验中的物化性质（黏度、密度、折射率、pH）随J（2NH₄⁺）的变化呈现相似性规律。实验结果表明：在333.15 K下,体系（K⁺,NH₄⁺//Cl^-,SO₄^2--H₂O）和（K⁺,NH₄⁺//Cl^-,SO₄^2--（CH₂OH）₂-H₂O）[w（（CH₂OH）₂）=30%]的相图相似,均含有一个四元共饱和点,四条单变曲线及四个固相结晶区域。这两个体系均为复杂体系,存在（K,NH₄）Cl、（NH₄,K）Cl、（K,NH₄）₂SO₄、（NH₄,K）₂SO₄四种固溶体。实验所获数据和结论,可优化以硫酸盐型固体废弃物为硫酸根来源,转化法生产硫酸钾工艺。     

CeO2改性再生SCR催化剂的单质汞氧化特性

对国内某1000MW燃煤发电机组失活选择性催化还原（SCR）催化剂进行CeO₂改性再生。对再生前后样品进行N₂吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线荧光光谱（XRF）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对比表征分析。在自制固定床反应系统上对CeO₂改性再生催化剂（CeReCat）进行Hg⁰氧化性能测试,同时研究了SO₂、H₂O、NO和NH₃对Hg⁰氧化性能的影响。结果表明,CeO₂改性再生方法可有效清洗失活SCR催化剂表面杂质,恢复催化剂表面活性位点和孔隙结构,可使Ce、V两种活性元素得到有效负载。CeO₂改性后的样品Hg⁰氧化性能显著提升,3.0 CeReCat具有最佳Hg⁰的氧化效率。此外,烟气中加入600μL/L SO₂后,3.0 CeReCat仍具有高达74.4%的Hg⁰氧化效率,抗SO₂性能较好。烟气中的NO可轻微促进Hg⁰的氧化。由于竞争吸附作用,烟气中的H₂O和NH₃会抑制Hg⁰的氧化。CeO₂改性再生催化剂置于SCR系统下层时,由于烟气NH₃浓度较低而具有较高Hg⁰氧化效率,具有良好的应用前景。     

铵盐体系电解锰渣中石膏的转变规律

电解锰渣已成为阻碍电解锰行业发展的瓶颈,其中锰渣含有的大量石膏是限制其资源化利用的关键。针对锰渣中石膏浸出问题,本文研究了NH₄HCO₃和NH₄Cl用量、浸出初始pH、浸出时间、浸出温度对锰渣中石膏转变规律的影响。研究结果表明,当锰渣与NH₄HCO₃和NH₄Cl之间的质量比为20∶8∶1.5、固液比为1∶5、浸出初始pH为7.5、浸出温度为70℃、浸出时间为120min时,石膏的浸出率达到90.0%;浸出锰渣主要物相含有CaCO₃、SiO₂、Ca₂Mn₂(OH)₄Si₄O₁₁·2H₂O、Mg_5.0Al₆Fe₄Si_2.5Al_1.5O₁₀(OH)₈以及KAl₃Si₃O₁₀(OH)₂等,其中浸出锰渣中MnO含量由未浸出前的7.45%提高到14.71%。转变规律表明,NH₄HCO₃与锰渣中的石膏反应转变成(NH₄)₂SO₄和CaCO₃,而NH₄Cl作为盐试剂可进一步促进石膏的溶解,从而提高石膏的浸出率。     

Inhibition effect of H2O on V2O5/AC catalyst for catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 at low temperature

The inhibition effect of H₂O on V₂O₅/AC catalyst for NO reduction with NH₃ is studied at temperatures up to 250 °C through TPD, elemental analyses, temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) and FT-IR analyses. The results show that H₂O does not reduce NO and NH₃ adsorption on V₂O₅/AC catalyst surface, but promotes NH₃ adsorption due to increases in Brønsted acid sites. Many kinds of NH₃ forms present on the catalyst surface, but only NH₄⁺ on Brønsted acid sites and a small portion of NH₃ on Lewis acid sites are reactive with NO at 250 °C or below, and most of the NH₃ on Lewis acid sites does not react with NO, regardless the presence of H₂O in the feed gas. H₂O inhibits the SCR reaction between the NH₃ on the Lewis acid sites and NO, and the inhibition effect increases with increasing H₂O content. The inhibition effect is reversible and H₂O does not poison the V₂O₅/AC catalyst.     

Synthesis of long zeolite-L crystals with flat facets

Synthetic conditions that produce long zeolite-L crystals in hexagonal columnar structures with flat basal and side planes were investigated. The gels with the molar compositions of Al₂O₃:SiO₂:K₂O:H₂O = a:b:c:d, where a = 1.3–2.0, b = 20–24, c = 10.2–10.5, and d = 1000–1400 and with Al₂(SO₄)₃ as the Al source produced zeolite-L with sharp edged hexagonal columnar structures and flat basal and side planes upon heating at 180 °C for 3 d. The crystal size, in particular the length, increased with increasing the SiO₂, H₂O, or Al₂O₃ content, but with decreasing the K₂O content. While the length increased, the width decreased upon increasing both Al₂(SO₄)₃ and H₂O contents, leading to the production of sharp-edged hexagonal columnar crystals. In the case where a = 1.7, b = 20, c = 10.9, and d = 1030, sharp edged hexagonal columnar crystals with the length up to 20 μm and the width of 2.3 μm were produced. When Al(OH)₃, a more commonly used Al source, was used instead of Al₂(SO₄)₃, crystals with blunt edges and round planes were produced. Furthermore, the size decreased with increasing the Al(OH)₃ content. While KCl and NaCl had a negligible effect on the morphology change, LiCl and MgCl₂ led to a dramatic decrease in size by 96% and 91%, respectively, even with in the presence of 0.2 and 0.001 equivalents, respectively, with respect to the amount of Al₂O₃ content. The addition of CaCl₂ led to the production of an unknown phase. The use of mixed base, i.e., the KOH and NaOH mixture in the mole ratio of 6:4.9, led to the formation of crystals whose one end was connected to a bundle of narrow and long crystals.     

Opposite activation conditions of acid and metal functions of Pt/SO4-ZrO2 catalysts

The influence of the thermal treatments of Pt/SO₄²⁻-Zr(OH)₄ catalysts on the activity for the metal-catalyzed reaction of cyclohexane dehydrogenation and the acid-catalyzed reaction of n-butane isomerization, were studied in this work. A mutual antagonism between the conditions for optimal activity of the acid and metal functions was found and was seemingly related to the crystallization of the support. In order to be able to isomerize n-butane, SO₄²⁻-Zr(OH)₄ had first to be calcined in air at T^calc>400 °C. The onset of activity and strong acid properties coincided with the appearance of the tetragonal crystal phase. SO₄²⁻-Zr(OH)₄ supported Pt, prepared from chloroplatinic acid, was tried to be converted to the metal state (Pt⁰) in order to have full catalytic capacity. When Pt/SO₄²⁻-Zr(OH)₄ was first calcined in air at T^calc>400 °C, Pt remained in a seemingly oxidized state, with no de/hydrogenation properties even after reduction in H₂ at 300 °C. Under certain conditions, Pt metal properties were improved: (i) calcining Pt/SO₄²⁻-Zr(OH)₄ in air at T^calc<400 °C; (ii) calcining Zr(OH)₄ at T^calc>400 °C before sulfating the support; and (iii) calcining Pt/SO₄²⁻-Zr(OH)₄ in N₂ instead of air. In these cases, though Pt dehydrogenation activity increased, the activity of the acid function decreased (iii) or was practically null ((i) and (ii)). The support was amorphous in case (i) and mainly monoclinic in case (ii). Sulfate loss and conversion into the monoclinic phase occurred in case (iii). As compared to sulfate-free Pt/ZrO₂, sulfur poisoning always decreased the metal activity of sulfated catalysts but the decrease was higher for mainly tetragonal sulfate-doped catalysts. The final conclusion is that the optimum activation conditions for the metal and acid functions in Pt/SO₄²⁻-Zr(OH)₄ are mutually excluding. The deleterious effect of SO₄²⁻-ZrO₂ (SZ) on Pt metal activity is closely related to the growth and/or the presence of the tetragonal phase and cannot be prevented if a high activity of the acid function is demanded by the reacting system.     

Transient analysis of the release and reduction of NOx using a Pt/Ba/Al2O3 catalyst

The release and reduction of NO_x in a NO_x storage-reduction (NSR) catalyst were studied with a transient reaction analysis in the millisecond range, which was made possible by the combination of pulsed injection of gases and time resolved time-of-flight mass spectrometry. After an O₂ pulse and a subsequent NO pulse were injected into a pellet of the Pt/Ba/Al₂O₃ catalyst, the time profiles of several gas products, NO, N₂, NH₃ and H₂O, were obtained as a result of the release and reduction of NO_x caused by H₂ injection. Comparing the time profiles in another analysis, which were obtained using a model catalyst consisting of a flat 5 nmPt/Ba(NO₃)₂/cordierite plate, the release and reduction of NO_x on Pt/Ba/Al₂O₃ catalyst that stored NO_x took the following two steps; in the first step NO molecules were released from Ba and in the second step the released NO was reduced into N₂ by H₂ pulse injection. When this H₂ pulse was injected in a large amount, NO was reduced to NH₃ instead of N₂.

A only small amount of H₂O was detected because of the strong affinity for alumina support. We can analyze the NO_x regeneration process to separate two steps of the NO_x release and reduction by a detailed analysis of the time profiles using a two-step reaction model. From the result of the analysis, it is found that the rate constant for NO_x release increased as temperature increase.     

The CO–H2 and CO–H2O reactions over TiO2 nanotubes filled with Pt metal nanoparticles

We have investigated the catalytic behavior of Pt encapsulated TiO₂ nanotubes for the water gas shift reaction as well as the hydrogenation of CO. Pt–TiO₂ nanotube catalysts were prepared by employing fine fiber shaped crystals of [Pt(NH₃)₄](HCO₃)₂ complex as a structure determining template material. The turnover frequencies (TOF) of these nanotube catalysts were more than one order of magnitude larger than conventional impregnation Pt/TiO₂ catalysts, and the selectivity for methanol in CO–H₂ reaction was extraordinary high compared to the impregnation catalysts. The XPS and XRD analyses of the nanotubes revealed characteristic electronic state of reduced TiO₂ (Ti³⁺ in rutile structure) with zerovalent Pt even after the calcination at 773 K. In WGS reaction, electron rich Ti³⁺ on the nanotube wall may play an important role to activate water molecules for the oxidation of CO. In CO–H₂ reaction, similar promotion effect of Ti³⁺ species may be operating for selective methanol formation by supplying active OH(a).     

SIMULTANEOUS REACTIONS OF CO, NO, O2 AND NH3 ON Pt/γA12O3 CATALYST IN A TUBULAR REACTOR

A reliable method to continuously monitor NH₃ in a gas stream containing CO—NO—O₂ and H₂O has been developed. The method is based on a quantitative oxidation of NH₃ to NO on a Pt catalyst. The extent of this reaction is affected by temperature, excess oxygen present, and space-velocity. There is a significant effect of inlet O₂ concentration on extent of various reactions in the CO—NO—O₂—H₂O system on a Pt/γAl₂O₃ catalyst. At fixed space-velocity and catalyst temperature, and for fixed reactor inlet concentrations of CO and NO. there is negligible CO—NO reaction either in the absence of oxygen or in the presence of excess oxygen. However, short of the stoichiometric amount of O₂ required for CO oxidation, there is appreciable CO—NO (and possibly also CO—NO—H₂O) reaction whose extent increases with increasing oxygen concentration. This increase is especially dramatic in a narrow window of O₂: concentrations near the stoichiometric point. Interestingly enough, near the stoichiometric point, self-sustained isothermal oscillations in the outlet CO and NO concentrations are also observed (Subramaniam and Varma. submitted for publication)     

The combustion of carbon particulates using NO/O2 mixtures: The influence of SO4 and NOx trapping materials

The activity of several catalysts are studied in the soot combustion reaction using air and NO/air as oxidising agents. Over Al₂O₃-supported catalysts NO_(g) is a promoter for the combustion reaction with the extent of promotion depending on the Na loading. Over these catalysts SO₄²⁻ poisons this promotion by preventing NO oxidation through a site blocking mechanism. SiO₂ is unable to adsorb NO or catalyse its oxidation and over SiO₂-supported Na catalysts NO_(g) inhibits the combustion reaction. This is ascribed to a competition between NO and O₂. Over Fe-ZSM-5 catalysts the presence of a NO_x trapping component does not increase the combustion of soot in the presence of NO_(g) and it is proposed that this previously reported effect is only seen under continuous NO_x trap operation as NO₂ is periodically released during regeneration and thus available for soot combustion. Experiments during which the [NO]_(g) is varied show that CO, rather than an adsorbed carbonyl-like intermediate, is formed upon reaction between NO₂ (the proposed oxygen carrier) and soot.     

-15℃下Na+， K+， Mg2+//Cl-， NO3-， SO42——H2O体系相平衡研究

新疆卤水硝酸盐矿主要含有Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-六种离子,属于高元复杂体系,其合理利用和开发需要不同温度下的相平衡研究作为理论支撑。采用等温溶解平衡法,对Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺//Cl^-, NO₃^-, SO₄^2--H₂O体系在-15℃、NaCl·2H₂O饱和条件下的相平衡进行了研究,并构建了相图。相图中有六个零变量点和八个两盐结晶区,只存在一种复盐KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O。八个两盐结晶区,分别对应于NaCl·2H₂O+Na₂SO₄·10H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+NaNO₃、NaCl·2H₂O+KCl、NaCl·2H₂O+KNO₃、NaCl·2H₂O+MgSO₄·7H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+MgCl₂·8H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O和NaCl·2H₂O+KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O,其中NaCl·2H₂O+Na₂SO₄·10H₂O共晶区最大,在低温时,硫酸钠的溶解度最小,降温过程中较易结晶析出。与该体系在25℃下的相图相比,复盐种类减少5种,零变量点减少19个,相关系得以极大简化。     

Study on phase equilibrium of system Na+, K+, Mg2+//Cl-, NO3-, SO42--H2O at -15℃

Xinjiang brine nitrate mine mainly contains six kinds of ions: Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^-, NO₃^-, and SO₄^2-, belonging to a high-element complex system, and its rational utilization and development require phase equilibrium studies at different temperatures as theoretical support. The phase equilibrium of the system Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺//Cl^-, NO₃^-, SO₄^2--H₂O saturated with NaCl·2H₂O at -15℃ was investigated using the isothermal solution equilibrium method. According to the measured data, the phase diagrams were constructed. Only one double salt KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O was found in the system. There are six invariant points and eight two-salt crystallization fields corresponding to NaCl·2H₂O+Na₂SO₄·10H₂O, NaCl·2H₂O+NaNO₃, NaCl·2H₂O+KCl, NaCl·2H₂O+KNO₃, NaCl·2H₂O+MgSO₄·7H₂O, NaCl·2H₂O+MgCl₂·8H₂O, NaCl·2H₂O + Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O and NaCl·2H₂O+KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O. The crystallization area of NaCl·2H₂O+Na₂SO₄·10H₂O occupies the largest part because of its low solubility, and they will crystallize out easily from the mixed solution in the cooling process. Compared with the phase diagram of the system at 25℃, there are 5 types of double salts reduced, 19 zero variable points reduced, and the phase relationship is greatly simplified.     

The chemical anchoring of noble metal amine precursors to silica

The effect of pretreatment on the dispersion of supported noble metal Catalyst prepared from amine precursors in basic solution have been studied. The following metal precursors were used: Pt(NH₃)₄(NO₃)₂, Pd(NH₃)₄(NO₃)₂, Ru(NH₃)₆Cl₃ and [Rh(NH₃)₅Cl]Cl₂ Pretreatment in oxygen, prior to reduction in H₂ at 400C, resulted in poor dispersions for Ru and Rh, moderate dispersions for Pd and high dispersions for Pt. Pretreatment in H₂ resulted in poor dispersions for Pd and Pt and high dispersions for Ru and Rh. Decomposition of the adsorbed Pt and Pd precursors in argon resulted in very high dispersions.