New application and electrochemical characterization of a nickel-doped mesoporous carbon for supercapacitors

A novel electrode of nickel-doped mesoporous carbon (NMC) is prepared from furfuryl alcohol and firstly developed for use in electrochemical capacitors. The electrochemical performance of NMC/AC capacitor is systematically investigated and characterized by BET and BJH methods for determining surface area and pore size distribution, respectively. This new NMC/AC shows a high specific capacitance, high energy and power density due to its large surface area and bulk conductivity. Its electrochemical characteristics are investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and charge-discharge (C/D) tests. The NMC/AC has a specific capacitance of 144.3 Fg⁻¹, higher than that of a pure activated carbon (AC)-based EDLC (ca. 105 Fg⁻¹). It can be a promising candidate for a new energy storage material for supercapacitor.     

Carbon aerogels for electric double-layer capacitors

In this study, carbon aerogels were derived via the pyrolysis of resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) aerogels, which were cost-effectively manufactured from RF wet gels by an ambient drying technique instead of conventional supercritical drying. By varying the R/C ratio (molar ratio of resorcinol to catalyst), mesoporous carbon aerogels with high specific surface area were prepared successfully and further investigated as electrode materials for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). The textural properties of carbon aerogels obtained were characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis and SEM. The electrochemical performances of carbon aerogels were investigated by impedance spectroscopy, galvanostatic charge/discharge and cyclic voltammetry methods. The results show that BET surface area and specific capacitance increase with R/C ratio, the maximum values of 727 m2·g-1 and 132 F·g-1 are achieved at R/C ratio will of 300. Increasing R/C ratio increase the average pore size of carbon aerogel electrode, which has improved the rate capability. Furthermore, EDLC with carbon aerogel electrodes has an excellent stability at large discharge current and long cycle life.     

Hydrothermal express synthesis of CNT/MnO<Subscript>2</Subscript> composite for asymmetric supercapacitor

A hydrothermal technique for the express synthesis of a composite based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and manganese dioxide by means of the direct reduction of potassium permanganate from an aqueous isopropanol solution is proposed in this work. The synthesis conditions (time, temperature, ratios between reagents) are optimized; the primary and secondary processes taking place in the system are considered in detail. The synthesized CNT/MnO₂ composite is studied with the help of a wide range of physicochemical and electrochemical methods to assess the possibility of its use as a positively charged electrode of an asymmetric supercapacitor (SC). The assembled SC cell based on this composite and an activated carbon (AC) electrode has fairly high power typical of conventional electric double-layer capacitors (0.82 kW/kg) with a twofold increase in the energy density (12.14 W h/kg).     

氧化钌／活性炭超级电容器电极材料的研制

文描述了一种氧化钌／活性炭复合电极材料的制备方法，并对不同条件下制备的材料的循环伏安特性、交流阻抗特性进行了比较。使用该复合材料组装的模拟电化学超级电容器单电极比容量达到359F／g，远高于普通活性炭材料。与氧化钌电极材料相比，氧化钌／活性炭复合材料的高功率放电特性则有了明显的提高。     

Carbon-nanotube-based electrochemical double-layer capacitor technologies for spaceflight applications

Electrochemical double-layer capacitors, or supercapacitors, have tremendous potential as high-power energy sources for use in low-weight hybrid systems for space exploration. Electrodes based on single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) offer exceptional power and energy performance due to the high surface area, high conductivity, and the ability to functionalize the SWCNTs to optimize capacitor properties. This paper will report on the preparation of electrochemical capacitors incorporating SWCNT electrodes and their performance compared with existing commercial technology. Preliminary results indicate that substantial increases in power and energy density are possible. The effects of nanotube growth and processing methods on electrochemical capacitor performance is also presented. The compatibility of different SWCNTs and electrolytes was studied by varying the type of electrolyte ions that accumulate on the high-surface-area electrodes. For more information, contact W.J. Ready, Georgia Tech Research Institute, 925 Dalney St., Atlanta, GA 30332; (404) 385-4497; fax (404) 894-0580; e-mail jud.ready@gtri.gatech.edu.     

An electrochemical study of the synthesis and properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube/poly ortho aminophenol composites

Composites of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and poly ortho aminophenol (POAP) with good uniformity for use as electrodes in electrochemical capacitors were prepared by electropolymerization by using the ionic surfactant as electrolyte, for dispersing CNTs within conducting polymer/carbon nanotube composite films. The capacitance properties were investigated with cyclic voltammetry (CV), discharge tests and ac impedance spectroscopy. The composite electrode shows much higher specific capacitance, better power characteristics and is more promising for application in the capacitor than a pure POAP electrode. The effect and role of MWCNT in the composite electrode are discussed in detail. In comparison with a Ni–POAP/glassy carbon (GC), a Ni–MWCNT–POAP/GC electrode shows a better catalytic performance for the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol.     

Nickel sulfide-based energy storage materials for high-performance electrochemical capacitors

Supercapacitors are favorable energy storage devices in the field of emerging energy technologies with high power density,excellent cycle stability and environmental benignity.The performance of supercapacitors is definitively influenced by the electrode materials.Nickel sulfides have attracted extensive interest in recent years due to their specific merits for supercapacitor application.However,the distribution of electrochemically active sites critically limits their electrochemical performance.Notable improvements have been achieved through various strategies such as building synergetic structures with conductive substrates,enhancing the active sites by nanocrystallization and constructing nanohybrid architecture with other electrode materials.This article overviews the progress in the reasonable design and preparation of nickel sulfides and their composite electrodes combined with various bifunctional electric double-layer capacitor(EDLC)-based substances(e.g.,graphene,hollow carbon) and pseudocapacitive materials(e.g.,transition-metal oxides,sulfides,nitrides).Moreover,the corresponding electrochemical performances,reaction mechanisms,emerging challenges and future perspectives are briefly discussed and summarized.     

Improving anode performances of lithium-ion capacitors employing carbon-Si composites

The lithium-ion capacitor is a promising energy storage system with a higher energy density than traditional supercapacitors.However,its cycling and rate performances,which depend on the electrochemical properties of the anode,are still required to be improved.In this work,soft carbon anodes reinforced using carbon-Si composites of various compositions were fabricated to investigate their beneficial influences on the performance of lithium-ion capacitors.The results showed that the specific capacities of the anodes increased significantly by 16.6 mAh g~(-1) with 1.0 wt% carbon-Si composite,while the initial discharge efficiency barely changed.The specific capacity of the anode with a 10.0 wt% carbon-Si composite reached 513.1 mAh g~(-1),and the initial discharge efficiency was 83.79%.Furthermore,the anodes with 7.5 wt% or lower amounts of carbon-Si composite demonstrated reduced charge transfer resistances,which caused an improvement in the rate performance of the lithium-ion capacitors.Moreover,the use of the optimized amount(7.5 wt%) of carbon-Si composite in the anode could significantly improve the cycling performance of the lithium-ion capacitor by compensating the consumption of active lithium.The capacity retention of the lithium-ion capacitor reached 95.14% at 20 C after 10,000 cycles,while the anode potential remained below 0.412 V,which is much lower than that of a soft carbon anode.     

Application of spherical Ni（OH）2/CNTs composite electrode in asymmetric supercapacitor

1 Introduction Electrochemical capacitors (hereafter ECs) have greater power density than usual batteries and can be deeply discharged without any deleterious effect on life time[1]. Activated carbon(AC) with various modifications is the electrode materia…     

Tobacco Stem-Based Activated Carbons for High Performance Supercapacitors

Tobacco stem-based activated carbons (TS-ACs) were prepared by simple KOH activation and their application as electrodes in the electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) performed successfully. The BET surface area, pore volume, and pore size distribution of the TS-ACs were evaluated based on N₂ adsorption isotherms at 77?K. The surface area of the obtained activated carbons varies over a wide range (1472.8-3326.7?m²/g) and the mesoporosity was enhanced significantly as the ratio of KOH to tobacco stem (TS) increased. The electrochemical behaviors of series TS-ACs were characterized by means of galvanostatic charging/discharging, cyclic voltammetry, and impedance spectroscopy. The correlation between electrochemical properties and pore structure was investigated. A high specific capacitance value as 190?F/g at 1?mA/cm² was obtained in 1?M LiPF₆-EC/DMC/DEC electrolyte solution. Furthermore, good performance is also achieved even at high current densities. A development of new use for TS into a valuable energy storage material is explored.     

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 为了提高电力电容器的使用率，延长其寿命，对电力电容器进行失效分析是十分必要的。与传统的电压、电流表法和双电压表法相比，现在测量电容器电容值大多采用数字电容表如：AI-6600，测量范围宽，准确度高。通过对一组12个滤波电容器在2003~2011年期间运行中所积累的电容值数据进行比较、分析和讨论，指出在轧制生产线上谐波电流大、环境温度高是造成电力电容器失效的主要原因；并提出了切实可行的预防措施，以抑制谐波、改善环境温度、实现对电力电容器的实时监测。     

Influence of carbon sputtering power on structure, corrosion resistance, adhesion strength and wear resistance of platinum/ruthenium/nitrogen doped diamond-like carbon thin films

Platinum/ruthenium/nitrogen doped diamond-like carbon (PtRuN-DLC) thin films were deposited on conductive p-Si substrates using a DC magnetron sputtering deposition system by varying carbon sputtering power. The chemical composition, bonding structure, surface morphology and adhesion strength of the PtRuN-DLC films were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), micro-Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and micro-scratch test, respectively. The corrosion behavior of the PtRuN-DLC films in a 0.1 M NaCl solution was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization test. The corrosion results indicated that the corrosion resistance of the PtRuN-DLC films increased with increased carbon sputtering power probably due to decreased porosity level in the films with increased growth rate and film thickness. The wear performance of the PtRuN-DLC films was investigated with a ball-on-disc micro-tribometer. It was found that the increased carbon sputtering power significantly improved the wear performance of the films by enhancing the adhesion strength of the films.     

Flexible free-standing graphene-like film electrode for supercapacitors by electrophoretic deposition and electrochemical reduction

Electrophoretic deposition in conjunction with electrochemical reduction was used to make flexible free-standing graphene-like films. Firstly, graphene oxide (GO) film was deposited on graphite substrate by electrophoretic deposition method, and then reduced by subsequent electrochemical reduction of GO to obtain reduced GO (ERGO) film with high electrochemical performance. The morphology, structure and electrochemical performance of the prepared graphene-like film were confirmed by SEM, XRD and FT-IR. These unique materials were found to provide high specific capacitance and good cycling stability. The high specific capacitance of 254 F/g was obtained from cyclic voltammetry measurement at a scan rate of 10 mV/s. When the current density increased to 83.3 A/g, the specific capacitance values still remained 132 F/g. Meanwhile, the high powder density of 39.1 kW/kg was measured at energy density of 11.8 W·h/kg in 1 mol/L H₂SO₄ solution. Furthermore, at a constant scan rate of 50 mV/s, 97.02% of its capacitance was retained for 1000 cycles. These promising results were attributed to the unique assembly structure of graphene film and low contact resistance, which indicated their potential application to electrochemical capacitors.     

液压泵产品功率密度特性分析

液压泵功率密度定义为输出功率与质量的比值。对质量和体积有严格要求的诸如深海机电、航空航天和仿生机器人等领域,功率密度是液压泵研发与选用的重要指标。基于结构和材料2个方面,对比分析了国内外知名液压公司3类液压泵（齿轮泵,叶片泵和柱塞泵）的功率密度特性。结果表明：液压泵功率密度范围为0.18～7.35 kW/kg,齿轮泵功率密度最大为7.35 kW/kg,叶片泵为5.41 kW/kg,斜盘式柱塞泵为3.54 kW/kg;力平衡式或间隙自动补偿式结构的液压泵功率密度较高;铝、钛等轻质合金材料的应用能明显降低液压泵自重,提高功率密度。研究为高功率密度化、轻量化液压泵的设计和选用提供参考。     

Electrode material for supercapacitors based on nanostructured carbon

Results are presented of studies of composite materials based on nanoporous carbon for application as an electrode material for supercapacitors with an aqueous KOH electrolyte solution. The optimum concentration ratio of the formula components for the electrode material is found on the basis of the studies of the power-capacitance characteristics of the studied samples of such capacitors.     

The production of niobium powder and electric properties of niobium capacitors

In order to evaluate the electrical and frequency properties of niobium powder manufactured by the metallothermic reduction method for use as a capacitor, the present study measured capacitor performance evaluation factors such as leakage current, permittivity loss (tanδ) and capacitance, etc. The niobium powder used in this experiment was processed using the external continuous supply method and had large coarse globular particles of 0.5 μm to 1.0 μm, but the granularity distribution was very irregular. Capacitance decreased significantly from 150 μF in electrolyte (wet cap) to 130 μF after carbon (C)/silver (Ag) solution coating, and to around 115 μF after aging, falling within the capacity tolerance of tantalum capacitors. Converted to CV/g, capacitance was around 81,000 CV/g. Permittivity loss (tanδ) decreased significantly from 13.0 % after C/Ag coating to 7.5 % after aging, satisfying the general standard level of 10 % or less. Leakage current was 2.5 μA after C/Ag coating and 3.0 μA after aging, both less than the standard level of 6.3 μA. On the whole, the niobium capacitor showed somewhat more unstable characteristics than commercial tantalum capacitors but is nonetheless considered applicable as a future substitute for tantalum capacitors.     

软开关弧焊电源主电路元器件的选择与设计

对新型软开关弧焊电源主电路元器件进行了选择,主要包括:开关元器件、变压器一次侧整流电容、变压器二次侧滤波电容、变压器一次侧串并联电容的选择和参数确定;设计了变压器、电感.据此对研制的新型软开关弧焊电源进行了实验研究,实验证明该电源工作稳定、可靠.从而说明电源主要元器件的选择和设计合理、有效.     

Effect of Au film pre-deposited at different durations as inner electrode on the electrical properties and interface microstructures of Na_2O-PbO-Nb_2O_5-SiO_2 multi-layer glass-ceramic capacitors

To further study the effect of sputtered Au film as transition electrode layer on the electrical properties and interface microstructures of Na 2 O-PbO-Nb 2 O 5 -SiO 2 multilayer glass-ceramic capacitors, Au films pre-deposited at different time were prepared by DC magnetron sputtering. Compared with the single paste electrode structure, samples with Au films pre-deposited from 6 to 18 min have the consistent performance to effectively improve the electrical properties of the capacitors, resulting in the do...     

Characterization of graphene-based supercapacitors fabricated on Al foils using Au or Pd thin films as interlayers

We demonstrate that an Au or Pd interlayer between graphene and an Al-foil current collector plays an important role in enhancing supercapacitor performance. Graphene was prepared by scalable chemical exfoliation and mild thermal reduction (～150 °C) processes. Working electrodes were prepared by coating the graphene on Au/Al or Pd/Al by drop-dry method. The graphene deposited on the noble metals Au and Pd demonstrated excellent supercapacitor performance. Estimated specific energy and specific power of supercapacitors were ～40 Wh/kg and ～40 kW/kg at the current density of ～33 A/g, when operated in organic solution. Altogether, we demonstrate that employing noble metals in the fabrication of graphene-based supercapacitors can lead to excellent performance, and this could be a critical basis for further development of graphene-based supercapacitors.     

Characteristics and performance of functionalized MWNT blended cellulose electro-active paper actuator

Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (F-MWNTs) were blended with cellulose solution to fabricate F-MWNTs/cellulose electro-active paper (EAPap) actuators. Cellulose was dissolved in LiCl/N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solution by solvent exchange process and blended with F-MWNTs to make F-MWNTs/cellulose EAPap actuators. Their characteristics were investigated by taking X-ray diffractometer (XRD), SEM, Young's modulus measurement and water retention measurement. Actuator performance of F-MWNT/cellulose EAPap was evaluated in terms of bending displacement, resonance frequency, output force and electrical power consumption. A large bending displacement of 4.5 mm and improved output force of the actuator were obtained. The actuation principle of cellulose EAPap was more likely based on ion migration effect, especially in humid condition. More explanation about the characteristics, actuation principle and performance of actuator is introduced.