沙颍河温室气体含量及沉积物对其贡献

通过现场采样及沉积柱的现场培养,研究了碳氮污染严重的沙颍河表层水体二氧化碳、甲烷和氧化亚氮浓度及沉积物对温室气体的贡献率。结果表明:沙颍河水体溶存CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的浓度分别398.8~1 052.2、0.263 5~4.020 5、0.013 1~0.070 3μmol/L,在世界范围内,沙颍河CO_2、N_2O浓度处于中上等水平,CH4处于较高的浓度水平;昼夜变化显示,CO2昼间浓度显著低于夜间的,CH_4和N_2O昼夜浓度差异性不显著;CO_2浓度受水体理化因子影响较小,CH_4浓度主要受DO的影响,N_2O浓度受DO和TN影响显著;沉积物对水体溶存CO_2和N_2O的贡献率分别为16.52%和9.40%,表明除沉积物外,沙颍河水体CO_2和N_2O还有其他重要来源,沉积物对水体溶存CH_4的贡献率高达78.83%,是沙颍河溶存CH_4的主要来源。     

四参数随机生成法重构土体微观孔隙结构的分形特征

四参数随机生成算法(QSGS)生成的微观结构模型,已被广泛用于研究土的微观孔隙结构并预测土的水力学性质,但模型能否真实反映实际土体的孔隙结构特征,目前尚缺乏实验证据及定量对比分析。利用扫描电镜(SEM)对3种不同孔隙率的土样制备SEM图像,以与QSGS模型进行定量对比分析。采用数字图像技术分析QSGS模型与土体中孔隙的形态特征和分布规律,基于实测数据估算孔隙的质量分维数Dm和表面分维数Ds。结果表明:QSGS算法生成的微观结构由孔隙度P、生长核的分布概率Pd和方向生长概率Pi等参数控制,其中Pd对孔隙结构的影响更为显著。Pd≤0.01时所生成的QSGS模型与实际土体具有相似的微观孔隙形态和分布规律,以及相同的分形特性和相近的分维数值。P越小则Dm越大,Dm与P存在较为显著的线性回归关系。孔隙轮廓愈不规则,Ds愈大,各孔隙的Ds分布符合总体正态分布形式。研究结果揭示了模型参数对QSGS算法生成的微观结构的影响,为合理选取参数提供了科学依据。     

Research progress of water eutrophication induced by climate changeEI北大核心CSCD

对大气CO₂浓度升高及气候变化诱发水体富营养化的驱动机制进行了综述。CO₂浓度升高促进浮游植物大量增殖;水温升高引起水体分层现象加剧,底层缺氧更加严重,沉积物营养盐释放加剧,促进浮游藻类的生长;降水变率、强降水发生的概率增加,会加剧土壤中氮的流失,导致水体营养盐浓度增加;太阳辐射减弱会导致水下光照减少,加速沉水植物的衰亡,促进浮游植物的生长,进一步恶化水下光照环境;风速降低会延长水体分层时间,提高水体稳定性,造成底层缺氧,加大沉积物营养盐的释放;台风等热带气旋引发的强风浪会促进水体中氮、磷等营养盐释放,有利于蓝藻细胞团增大,获得更大的浮力,带来的暴雨还会将周围营养盐携带入水体,促进藻类生长。以上这些气候变化主要特征还会相互作用,加大水体富营养化的发生风险,继而对整个水生生态系统产生一系列间接影响。指出了未来研究的重点:气候变化对水生生态系统的影响;气候变化主要特征之间系统相互作用的机理;内外源污染与气候变化对水体富营养化的贡献率;水生生态系统应对气候变化的对策等。     

辽河口水域溶解氧与营养盐关系

根据2003年9月的调查资料,对辽河口水体中的溶解氧与营养盐的空间分布及其关系进行统计分析。结果表明:该河口溶解氧和营养盐含量主要受沿岸排污的影响,空间分布有一定规律;NO3 N与AOU(表观耗氧量),PO4 P与AOU,NO3 N与PO4 P之间呈显著或高度显著相关关系。     

磁性Fe3O4纳米颗粒的制备及其催化降解水中磺胺甲恶唑研究

旨在构建一种高效绿色的去除水环境中磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)的方法。采用溶剂热法制备了Fe_3O_4磁性纳米颗粒,并利用XRD、磁滞回线、SEM及TEM对Fe_3O_4颗粒进行了物相和形貌的表征。研究了SMZ在纳米Fe_3O_4和H_2O_2构成的非均相Fenton体系中的催化氧化特征,并考察了p H值、H_2O_2初始浓度及催化剂用量对SMZ催化氧化的影响。结果表明:制备的Fe_3O_4纳米颗粒呈微球形,具有很强的顺磁性,平均粒径约250 nm,能够有效地活化H_2O_2产生·OH并高效降解SMZ。在25℃,p H=3,Fe_3O_4用量为1. 0 g/L,H_2O_2浓度为5. 0μL/m L时,所建立Fe_3O_4-H_2O_2氧化体系能在5 min内几乎完全降解20 mg/L的SMZ。循环实验表明,所制备的Fe_3O_4磁性纳米颗粒具有较好的稳定性。该实验结论可为水体中SMZ的去除提供一定的理论参考。     

浑善达克沙地归一化植被指数动态变化及其对标准化降水蒸散发指数的时空响应关系

本文采用GIMMS3g NDVI数据集和气候研究委员会SPEI数据集,通过像元尺度的相关分析,识别了浑善达克沙地1982-2015年NDV (I归一化植被指数,Normalized Differnce Vegetation Index)动态变化及其与SPEI(标准化降水蒸散发指数,Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index)在不同时间尺度上的响应关系。研究区近34年来平均NDVI为0.22,沙地植被总体呈恢复趋势,NDVI增加面积占沙地面积的55.56%。研究区NDVI与不同时间尺度SPEI显著性相关(α=0.05)面积占区域总面积的86.38%。与NDVI相关性最强的为SPEI-03,其次为SPEI-24,呈两极化现象。从不同季节来看,NDVI对SPEI的敏感程度依次为夏季(SPEI-3,51.17%)>生长季(SPEI-3,46.88%)>秋季(SPEI-3,40.32%)>春季(SPEI-9,33.37%)。总体而言,浑善达克沙地植被生长受中短期水热条件变化影响显著。本研究成果有助于进一步揭示变化环境下浑善达克沙地生态水文过程,对该地区生态修复与沙漠化防治具有一定的借鉴意义。     

模糊综合评价法在富营养化评价中的应用

湖泊、水库等水域的植物营养成分(氮、磷等)不断供给,过量积聚,致使水体营养过剩的现象称为水体"富营养化".由于水体中营养物质过多,水生生物(主要是藻类)大量繁殖,藻类的呼吸作用及死亡藻类的分解作用消耗大量的氧,致使水体处于严重缺氧状态,并分解出有毒物质,从而给水质造成严重的不良后果,影响水体周围人民生活和经济建设的发展.     

磁性Fe_3O_4/碳纳米管复合材料光催化处理刚果红染料废水

采用共沉淀法制备了一种磁性Fe3O4/CNTs(碳纳米管复合物),采用XRD、SEM、VSM等对Fe3O4/CNTs复合材料的晶相、颗粒大小和磁性能进行了表征。以刚果红染料废水处理为例,研究了不同处理工艺、催化剂投加量、溶液p H、催化剂重复使用等因素对Fe3O4/CNTs材料光催化脱色刚果红染料废水效果的影响。结果表明,当刚果红染料起始质量浓度为10 mg/L,用量为0.2 g/L,3%的H2O20.2 m L,光照50 min后,Fe3O4/CNTs对刚果红溶液的脱色率达到97.0%。催化剂重复使用第4次,对刚果红染料的脱色率仍可达87%以上。此外,Fe3O4纳米粒子的存在使Fe3O4/CNTs材料具有较强的磁性,且可通过外加磁场将其从处理后的水体中快速分离回收。     

金属有机骨架材料Cu_3(BTC)_2的制备及其光催化性能研究

以三水硝酸铜为铜源,通过调控水热温度合成出高结晶度的金属有机骨架Cu3(BTC)2材料。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和热重(TG)手段对所制备的样品进行表征,同时以甲基橙和罗丹明B作为目标降解物研究Cu3(BTC)2材料的光催化性能。光催化降解结果显示:Cu3(BTC)2材料对罗丹明B有较好的降解效率,水热温度对Cu3(BTC)2材料的结构及光催化效率影响较大,水热温度为140℃制备的Cu3(BTC)2样品具有较高的光催化效率。这主要是由于高的结晶度可以产生更多的光生电子空穴对和提供更多的反应活性位,这将在处理环境污染物方面有着巨大的潜在的应用前景。     

西安黑河金盆水库季节性热分层的水质响应特征

以西安市金盆水库为对象,通过对水温、水化学及水生生物因子的连续监测,初步探明其动态水体分层过程与季节性水质迁移分布的内在相关性.研究表明:水库于每年3—12月间形成并保持热分层状态,水温梯度的稳定存在有效限制了垂向水层间氧的传质交换,加速库底向厌氧状态过渡,滞水层溶解氧(DO)平均浓度随时间呈明显线性衰减趋势,水层呼吸速率高达0.0356~0.0372mg/(L·d)(O2);缺氧/厌氧环境下,沉积物中N、P、Fe等大量释放并向上覆水扩散,底层水质污染加剧.同温混合期后(1—2月),分层结构破坏,全库处于好氧(DO大于8mg/L)、微碱性(pH为7.1~7.3)状态,垂向水质分层异质特征消失.监测期间,水库湖泊区稳态叶绿素a含量(基于Lois Elle稳态假设前提)随混合深度增大而降低,两者存在显著指数负相关.热分层效应的稳定存在是加速金盆水库富营养化进程的重要因素;而其周期性结构失稳所带来的水质突发性污染风险将伴随水库运行时间的延长而上升.     

Sediment greenhouse gases (methane and carbon dioxide) in the Lobo-Broa Reservoir, São Paulo State, Brazil: Concentrations and diffuse emission fluxes for carbon budget considerations

Carbon gases (methane, CH₄, and carbon dioxide, CO₂) were measured for the first time in sediments of the Lobo‐Broa Reservoir, near São Carlos in São Paulo State, Brazil. It is believed these are the first measurements of this kind in any of the many reservoirs located in Brazil. Even though the Lobo‐Broa Reservoir is classified as oligotrophic, the sediment gas concentrations were exceedingly high, ranging from 0.4–3 mmol L^?1 for CH₄ and 1–9 mmol L^?1 for CO₂. Both gases exceeded their in situ gas saturation values at these shallow water depths (7 m in central basin; 11 m at dam), resulting in numerous sediment bubbles. Organic matter was highly concentrated in the reservoir sediments, averaging 25.5% loss on ignition (LOI) (dam) to 26.9% LOI (central basin) for the 0–12 cm depth interval, with values as high as 29–30% LOI (12% organic carbon) in the surface 0–5 mm layer. The theoretical flux of dissolved pore water carbon gases to the sediment–water interface (SWI) averaged 3.4 mmol L^?1 m^?2 day^?1 CH₄ and 7.3 mmol L^?1 m^?2 day^?1 CO₂ for the surface 0–10 mm. From gas emission measurements at the water surface, it was calculated that 90% of CH₄ is consumed either at the SWI or in the water column, resulting in a loss of 0.31 mmol L^?1 m^?2 day^?1 of CH₄ to the atmosphere. However, only 20% of the total CO₂ gas transported across the water–atmosphere interface (36.3 mmol L^?1 m^?2 day^?1, or 1600 mg CO₂ m^?2 day^?1) was produced in the sediments. The remaining 80% of CO₂ probably comes from other carbon sources. With CH₄ oxidation in the aerobic water column, close to 30% of the carbon gas flux to the atmosphere could be accounted for by gas production of CO₂ and CH₄ in the sediments and their diffuse transport to the water column.     

Imbalance of plankton community metabolism in eutrophic Lake Taihu, China

Studies suggest that oligotrophic lakes are net heterotrophic and act as net sources of CO₂, whereas eutrophic lakes are net autotrophic and act as net CO₂ sinks. Data on plankton community metabolism in Lake Taihu contradict this hypothesis. Here, the ratios of depth integrated gross primary production (GPP) to plankton community respiration (PCR) were less than one on 75% of the study sampling dates, indicating that this system was net heterotrophic. Partial pressure estimated for CO₂ also indicated that the lake was a net source of CO₂. Net heterotrophic conditions here may be related to limitation of phytoplankton photosynthesis by the poor underwater light climate (due to elevated suspended solids (SS) and nutrients originating in the catchment) and the preferential enhancement of respiration by high water temperatures. GPP and PCR were significantly correlated (PCR = 1.22GPP + 0.46, r² = 0.80) indicating a partial dependence of heterotrophs on algal derived carbon. The slope of the regression line relating PCR to GPP was more similar to slopes found in rivers than in lakes, likely due to the large nutrient and SS load to the lake.     

简化SWAT模型模拟漓江支流小流域的适用性评价

以漓江支流某小流域作为非点源污染流域研究对象,应用简化的SWAT模型,模拟示范区流域非点源污染的负荷量。通过对SWAT模型的简化,建立适用于漓江支流小流域的非点源污染模型,并对模型的适用性做出评价,得出月均值相对误差Re均小于25%,月相关系数R~2均大于0.7,月效率系数E_(ns)均大于0.5,拟合效果良好。本文研究结果表明,在漓江支流小流域建立简化的SWAT模型,对该流域进行非点源污染模拟是可行的。     

Anaerobic microbial metabolism in hyporheic sediment of a gravel bar in a small lowland stream

Distribution of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, sulphate, carbon dioxide and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), acetate and lactate was studied in the stream and interstitial water along the subsurface flowpath in the hyporheic zone of a small lowland stream. Sediments were found to act as a source of nitrous oxide and methane. Interstitial methane concentrations were significantly much higher in comparison to those from surface water, and were significantly lower in the relatively well oxygenated downwelling zone than in the rather anoxic upwelling zone. The interstitial concentrations of O₂, NO₃^?1 and SO₄^?2 showed significant decline along the subsurface flowpath, while concentrations of CO₂, N₂O, DOC, acetate and lactate remained unchanged. In addition to field measurements, ex situ incubation of sediments was carried out in the laboratory. Maximal methane production was found in the incubation assay using acetate (mean value 380 µg CH₄ kg DW^?1 d^?1). Mean value of the denitrification potential was 1.1 mg N₂O kg DW^?1 d^?1. Nitrous oxide production potential reached 71–100% of denitrification potential. Our results demonstrate that respiration of oxygen, nitrate, sulphate and methanogenesis may coexist within the hyporheic zone and that anaerobic metabolism is an important pathway in organic carbon cycling in the Sitka stream sediments. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Variability in benthic respiration in three southeastern Australian lowland rivers

Benthic respiration is an important measure of decomposition processes occurring in streams, but our understanding of benthic respiration in lowland rivers is not well developed, particularly the factors that affect benthic respiration. In our study we measured benthic respiration at three sites in three contrasting lowland rivers in southeastern Australia. On most sampling occasions, rates of oxygen consumption in benthic chambers were linear. However, oxygen consumption rates fitted exponential decay curves during periods of highest microbial activity. Benthic community respiration ranged from 289 to 619 mg O₂ m² d^?1 in the Broken River, from 178 to 1438 mg O₂ m² d^?1 in the River Murray and from 127 to 2178 mg O₂ m² d^?1 in the Ovens River. Benthic respiration was closely correlated with water temperature, but not with sediment carbon content, sediment particle size, water column nutrients or water column dissolved organic carbon concentrations. Average carbon turnover periods were between 1.7 and 6 years for the three rivers, but were as low as 0.1 year immediately following an event that gave rise to mobilization of in‐stream dissolved organic carbon, sufficient to produce coloured water. The latter occurred in the Ovens River as a consequence of a rain event during a period of base‐flow. Flow regime as such did not have a major impact on benthic community respiration. Induced changes in respiration, by altering flows, would only occur by altering the quality and timing of carbon inputs, since temperature and carbon quality, rather than quantity, appear more important in determining lowland river benthic respiration. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Groundwater discharge drives water quality and greenhouse gas emissions in a tidal wetland

Wetlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle as they can be sources or sinks for greenhouse gases. Groundwater discharge into wetlands can affect the water chemistry and act as a source of dissolved greenhouse gases, including CO₂ and CH₄. In this study, surface water quality parameters and CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations were evaluated in a tidal wetland (Hunter Wetlands National Park, Australia) using time series measurements. Radon (²²²Rn), a natural groundwater tracer, was used to investigate the role of groundwater as a pathway for transporting dissolved CO₂ and CH₄ into the wetland. In addition, water-to-air CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes from the wetland were also estimated. The results showed a high concentration of radon in wetland surface water, indicating the occurrence of groundwater discharge. Radon concentration had a strong negative relationship with water depth with a determination coefficient (R²) of 0.7, indicating that tidal pumping was the main driver of groundwater discharge to the wetland. Radon concentration also showed a positive relationship with CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations (R² = 0.4 and 0.5, respectively), while the time series data revealed that radon, CO₂, and CH₄ concentrations peaked concurrently during low tides. This implied that groundwater discharge was a source of CO₂ and CH₄ to the wetland. The wetland had an average water-to-air CO₂ flux of 99.1 mmol/(m²·d), twice higher than the global average CO₂ flux from wetlands. The average CH₄ flux from the wetland was estimated to be 0.3 mmol/(m²·d), which is at the higher end of the global CH₄ flux range for wetlands. The results showed that groundwater discharge could be an important, yet unaccounted source of CO₂ and CH₄ to tidal wetlands. This work has implications for tidal wetland carbon budgets and emphasizes the role of groundwater as a subsurface pathway for carbon transport.     

Seasonal dynamics of light absorption by suspended particulate matter and CDOM in highly turbid inland rivers on the Loess Plateau,China

The spectral characteristics of optically active constituents in water are key parameters in bio‐optical modelling. Light absorption by phytoplankton [a_ph(λ)], nonalgal particles (NAPs) [a_NAP(λ)], and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) [a_CDOM(λ)] was investigated at 28 sites in the Wuding River (WDR) during the abundant river flow period (AP) in July 2017 and the normal river flow period (NP) in May 2018. The water quality parameters in the WDR substantially differed between the AP and NP. The dissolved organic carbon and turbidity were high in the NP, and chlorophyll a (Chl‐a), total suspended matter (TSM), dissolved oxygen concentrations and electrical conductivity were low in the AP. a_p(675) and Chl‐a were more strongly correlated in the NP (r=0.96) than in the AP (r=0.41). a_NAP(440) and a_NAP(675) were strongly correlated with TSM (r=0.98 and 0.97) in the AP but weakly correlated in the NP. Moreover, a_ph(λ) was positively correlated with Chl‐a in both the AP and NP. In addition, a_CDOM(440) was significantly correlated with Chl‐a (r=0.62, p<.001) in the NP but not the AP. TSM was weakly correlated with a_CDOM(440) in both the AP and NP. The S_275‐295 values in the NP (0.0147‐0.020 nm^‐1) were lower than those in the AP, demonstrating that the molecular weights were higher in the AP than in the NP. The photosynthetically active radiation absorption of most samples was dominated by the NAPs and CDOM, implying a crucial role in light attenuation in highly turbid inland rivers on the Loess Plateau.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Effect of mixing patterns and light dose on growth of Anabaena circinalis in a turbid,lowland river

Anabaena circinalis is common in the lower Murray River, Australia, and may compromise water quality due to the release of toxins. The water is turbid and thermal structure may significantly affect light availability. An in situ experiment was designed to represent complete mixing, diurnal stratification and persistent stratification and test the effect on growth of A. circinalis. To represent the mixing treatments, cells were incubated in diffusion chambers that were adjusted to different positions in the water‐column throughout the day. Populations exposed to persistent stratification over six days grew significantly faster than the other treatments at a rate of 0.65 day^?1. However, growth of the diurnally stratified populations was slower than (0.28 day^?1), or similar to (0.40 day^?1) the mixed population (0.40 day^?1). Therefore, the growth of the subpopulations exposed to the euphotic zone was insufficient to counteract the slow growth of the majority that were confined to darkness during the stratified period. A relationship between growth rate (G) and average daily light dose (I) was constructed and growth rate at optimal light dose (G_max), slope of linear section of G–I curve (α), and light dose where lines of G_max and light‐limited portion of G–I curve intersect (I_k) were solved as 0.66 day^?1, 0.12 day^?1 (mol^?1 m^?2 day^?1)^?1 and 5.4 mol m^?2 day^?1, respectively. Using these parameters, a model was developed to predict possible differences in growth between diurnal and mixed populations under varying conditions of vertical light attenuation, mixed depth and incubation time. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆玛纳斯河流域植被水分利用效率时空格局及影响因素研究

水分利用效率（WUE）是生态系统碳水循环的基础,是评价植被生长条件的重要生态指标。为了揭示玛纳斯河流域不同植被类型WUE的时空变化规律,分析不同植被类型WUE的差异,探讨影响WUE的驱动因子,基于MODIS数据估算了2001-2019年玛纳斯河流域水分利用效率,利用变异系数、Theil-Sen median趋势分析结合M-K显著性检验以及Hurst指数分析了研究区植被WUE时空变化的现状和未来的趋势,并利用地理探测器定量分析了WUE的影响因素。结果表明：2001-2019年玛纳斯河流域WUE在0.74～1.08 g/(mm·m²)之间,WUE多年平均值为0.88 g/(mm·m²),整体表现为波动降低趋势,降幅为6.82%。流域WUE空间差异显著,呈现中部和北部高、南部低以及中游高、上游和下游低的分布格局。研究区各植被类型中林地WUE平均值较高,其中针叶林的平均WUE最高,为1.52 g/(mm·m²);其次为阔叶林,WUE平均为1.29 g/(mm·m²)。研究区WUE主要驱动因子为CO₂、土壤湿度、温度植被干旱指数和饱和水汽压差。与单因子相比,多因子相互作用对研究区WUE的影响更明显。双因子交互探测均呈显著增强关系,解释力均在60％以上,其中CO₂与土壤湿度的交互作用解释力最高,达到90.3％。研究结果可为研究区农业高效生产、水资源优化管理及生态恢复提供科学依据。