不同培养模式对微藻Chlorella vugaris代谢与蛋白质组分的影响

研究不同培养模式对小球藻蛋白合成的影响。分别采用自养、异养和混养模式培养小球藻生产蛋白质。结果为混养时藻细胞更易积累生物量,其比生长速率和产率高达0.526 d-1和0.318mg/(L·d),且其蛋白质质量分数和产率分别为35.6%和0.097 g/(L·d),自养时蛋白质质量分数却最高为52.1%;3种方式培养小球藻均含18种氨基酸,且必须氨基酸比例均超过总的40.0%;异养和混养方式下各氨基酸组成比例基本相似,而与自养时相比,Cys-s、Tyr和Met比例差异显著,Cys-s比例分别高了约78.57%,而Tyr及Met分别低27.59%和33.33%左右。营养方式显著影响小球藻蛋白质合成及氨基酸组成比例。     

氮浓度对异养小球藻生长及蛋白质含量的影响

为了提高异养小球藻蛋白质含量低的问题,研究了异养小球藻生长及蛋白质含量和氮浓度的关系,探究了分阶段调控氮浓度对异养小球藻生长及蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,氮浓度在3～15mmol/L范围内,小球藻生物量及蛋白质含量随氮浓度增加而增加,生物量从0.91g/L提高到了3.02g/L,蛋白质含量从26.1%提高到了37.4%。分阶段培养小球藻,首先在低氮条件下培养至指数期前期,然后转移至高氮浓度下培养,生物量达3.04g/L,且蛋白质含量提高至53.8%,与自养培养条件下蛋白质含量相当。     

培养条件对蛋白核小球藻生长及油脂合成的影响

以富油蛋白核小球藻为出发藻株,研究自养、异养和混养培养模式对小球藻生物量和油脂含量的影响,以及异养发酵培养基葡萄糖质量浓度、氮源种类及质量浓度对小球藻生长的影响。结果表明,与自养和混养培养模式相比,采用异养发酵方式培养蛋白核小球藻可获得最大的生物量和油脂含量。通过气相色谱法测得异养蛋白核小球藻油主要脂肪酸为棕榈酸(36.07%)、油酸(34.26%)、亚油酸(20.17%)和亚麻酸(6.12%)。经单因素试验优化得到最适蛋白核小球藻生长异养发酵培养基的葡萄糖质量浓度为60 g/L,最适的氮源为酵母粉,质量浓度为4 g/L,在此条件下经192 h发酵,蛋白核小球藻生物量可达12.43 g/L,油脂产量为5.45 g/L。研究结果表明,异养发酵培养获得的蛋白核小球藻油是一种潜在且可再生的新油源。     

不同培养模式对微藻Chlorella vugaris代谢与蛋白质组分的影响

研究不同培养模式对小球藻蛋白合成的影响。分别采用自养、异养和混养模式培养小球藻生产蛋白质。结果为混养时藻细胞更易积累生物量,其比生长速率和产率高达0.526 d-1和0.318mg/(L·d),且其蛋白质质量分数和产率分别为35.6%和0.097 g/(L·d),自养时蛋白质质量分数却最高为52.1%;3种方式培养小球藻均含18种氨基酸,且必须氨基酸比例均超过总的40.0%;异养和混养方式下各氨基酸组成比例基本相似,而与自养时相比,Cys-s、Tyr和Met比例差异显著,Cys-s比例分别高了约78.57%,而Tyr及Met分别低27.59%和33.33%左右。营养方式显著影响小球藻蛋白质合成及氨基酸组成比例。     

蛋白质高产株小球藻MBFJNU-17的异养培养基优化

通过单因素试验筛选出以尿素作为小球藻MBFJNU-17异养培养基的单一氮源。以尿素作为氮源时,分批培养条件下小球藻的最高生物量达到10.85 g/L,蛋白质含量为44.5%,同时培养过程中藻液的pH相对稳定,更有利于藻细胞的生长。利用Plackett-Burman法选取了小球藻异养培养基中对微藻生长影响最显著3个因素。随后通过响应面法优化了3个因素的最佳质量浓度,分别为：葡萄糖41.53 g/L,尿素4.14 g/L,微量元素母液1.84 mL。优化后小球藻细胞干重从10.85 g/L提升至15.53 g/L,提高了43.1%,同时藻细胞蛋白质含量为52.3%。最后对小球藻蛋白与大豆蛋白在FAO/WHO/UNU模式下比较了必需氨基酸指数(essential amino acids index, EAAI),其中异养小球藻的EAAI为0.724,比大豆蛋白(0.657)更高。综合研究结果显示,通过优化小球藻MBFJNU-17培养基,获得了较高的藻生物量,且细胞蛋白质比大豆蛋白更具营养价值,可开发为动物饲料或人类食品蛋白质的优质原料。     

海水小球藻生产叶黄素的研究

为了扩大叶黄素资源,降低其生产成本,研究了圆形海水小球藻异养培养的最佳生长条件和发酵生产叶黄素的条件,并探讨了高细胞浓度培养小球藻生产叶黄素的可行性。结果表明,异养培养海水小球藻发酵生产叶黄素的最佳条件为:含葡萄糖10g/L、尿素0.5g/L的BG-11培养基,培养温度28℃,培养基起始pH7.0,接种量10%(v/v),培养8d。利用40g/L的葡萄糖进行海水小球藻的高细胞浓度培养,可以使叶黄素的产量达到0.926mg/g。     

异养小球藻培养基优化筛选

异养小球藻生长周期较长,需要改进培养条件来提高效率。通过将异养小球藻接种到异养小球藻培养基和其它常用培养基用于对比培养后发现,氮含量高、氮源种类丰富的培养基可以有效促进异养小球藻生物量的增长。对异养小球藻培养基进行优化、补充氮源后,对比培养,发现改良后的异养小球藻培养基质量优于原有培养基。新培养基用于50L小试经过10d培养,细胞数最高值达到21.0亿,质量浓度达到126.3g/L,与原有培养基相比,发酵周期缩短5d。改良培养基对异养小球藻的细胞数与质量浓度增长最为有利。     

布那迪栅藻异养培养条件的优化和生化组成含量分析

研究了布那迪栅藻(Scenedesmus bernardii)异养培养条件及不同碳源、氮源对其生化组成的影响。结果表明:异养培养时所需的最佳碳源为葡萄糖,其最适质量浓度为50.0 g/L;最佳氮源为酵母提取物,其最适质量浓度为2.7 g/L;摇瓶培养时所获得的最大生物量达24.8 g/L。布那迪栅藻异养培养时细胞内主要积累碳水化合物,其含量达到细胞干重的58.2%,最高产率为1.05 g/(L·d);其次积累总脂,含量为细胞干重的30.9%,最高产率为0.64 g/(L·d)。     

不同营养方式对普通小球藻生长特性和细胞组成的影响

采用自养、异养和混合培养3种营养方式对普通小球藻进行了培养,分析了3种培养方式下小球藻的生长曲线、比生长速率和产率、培养基中pH和葡萄糖的变化,测定了藻细胞的光合色素、蛋白质和油脂含量及其产率。结果表明:混合营养条件下小球藻的比生长速率为自养的4.25～4.43倍、异养的0.78～1.00倍,产率为自养的5.79～6.27倍、异养的1.11～1.31倍;混合营养条件下,单位体积小球藻培养液中总叶绿素、蛋白质和油脂的产率分别为3.62 mg/(L·d)、53.41 mg/(L·d)和44.65 mg/(L·d),均高于自养和异养培养。研究认为,混合营养方式更加符合微藻生长的实际环境,是高密度、高含量活性物质培养微藻的理想方式,具有潜在的应用价值。     

营养强化混养条件下提高色绿藻生物量和虾青素产量

本研究在混养条件下,系统地比较了葡萄糖浓度、氮源种类以及不同碳氮比对色绿藻生物量和虾青素产率的作用规律。目的是在短时间内达到最高生物量同时获得较高含量的虾青素,为建立色绿藻高密度快速扩种和诱导积累虾青素应用技术提供科学依据。研究结果表明:在混养条件下,当葡萄糖浓度一定时,硝酸钠是细胞生长所需的最优氮源,6 d可达到最高生物量浓度9.23 g/L,平均比生长速率为0.24/d,虾青素产量为12.38 mg/L,虾青素占总类胡萝卜素的比例高达46.94%。至于不同碳氮比、葡萄糖浓度对色绿藻生物量和虾青素生产的影响,当葡萄糖浓度为30 g/L、C/N比为34为细胞生长的最优条件,生物量浓度最高为11.28 g/L,平均比生长速率高达0.32/d;虾青素含量显著优于其他组(p0.05),虾青素的产量为21.77 mg/L,虾青素占总类胡萝卜素的比例进一步提高到52.71%。本研究结果对于色绿藻高密度快速生长并积累大量虾青素的放大技术开发具有重要的指导意义。     

Isolation,Composition, Structure,Properties, Modifications,and Uses of Yam Starch

Starch is the major carbohydrate in yam tubers and can amount up to 80% of the dry matter. The starch quality determines the quality of food and industrial products made from yam tubers. This review summarizes the present knowledge of the isolation, composition, structure, property, modifications, and uses of starches from diverse yam species. Compared with other tuber and root starches, there is a lack of systematic information on the yam starches. This hinders the further development of yams as sustainable crops as well as the value‐added processing of the starches. Therefore, suggestions on how to better understand and utilize these starches are provided.     

Mineral contents of some southern Italian wines. II. Determination of Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Co, As, Rb, Sr, Ag, Sb, Ba

Following our study of the mineral contents of some Southern Italian wines, this work reports on the detection of 12 elemental components. The elements were determined using ICP-AES, flame atomic emission or absorption spectroscopy. The values determined for Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Rb, Sr and Ba were within the usual ranges for wines (average values for these elements were: 0.010, 26.2; 94.4; 888; 94.0; 3.30, 0.82 and 0.11 mg/l respectively). All the wines contained low levels of As, the concentrations of which were always under 0.20 mg/l, the maximum level permitted by E.E.C. standards. The measuring of Co, Ag, and Sb led us to ascertain, in all the wines, concentrations lower than 0.01 mg/l for Co and Ag and below the instrumental detection level for Sb (0.06 mg/l). In a previous study wines from D.O.C. areas of Southern Italy were analysed by the technique of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), for 14 minerals. This paper deals with further investigation of the mineral composition of the same wines for different metal constituents, analysed by ICP-AES, flame atomic emission, or atomic-absorption spectroscopy (two techniques). The first technique was applied to the detection of Co, As, Sr, Ag, Sb, and Ba. The alkaline metals Li, Na, K, and Rb were determined by flame atomic emission, a technique which possesses better detection limits for these elements. For Mg and Ca the atomic absorption methods were applied.     

卷烟中锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量分析

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了41个牌号烤烟型卷烟和雪茄烟样品烟丝中的锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量,并按照类型和价位对卷烟中这10种有害元素含量进行了统计分析。结果发现:①卷烟中锂和铜的含量较高,铊的含量很低,铬、镍、镉、铅、砷、硒和钼7种元素的平均含量为0.55～4.42μg/g;②雪茄烟中铬、镍、砷、钼、镉、铊和铅的含量一般高于烤烟型卷烟,而硒元素的含量则相反,但差别较小;烤烟型卷烟中锂和铜的含量与雪茄烟没有显著差异;③高档卷烟中的锂、镍、镉、铊和铬含量较低,而砷、铅的含量较高;不同价位卷烟的铜、硒和钼含量差异不显著。     

Survey of trace elements (Al,As, Cd,Cr, Co,Hg, Mn,Ni, Pb,Se, and Si) in retail samples of flavoured and bottled waters

Concentrations of eleven trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Si) were measured in 39 (natural and flavoured) water samples. Determinations were performed using graphite furnace electrothermetry for almost all elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Si). For Se determination hydride generation was used, and cold vapour generation for Hg. These techniques were coupled to atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The trace element content of still or sparkling natural waters changed from brand to brand. Significant differences between natural still and natural sparkling waters (p < 0.001) were only apparent for Mn. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to search for significant differences between flavoured and natural waters. The concentration of each element was compared with the presence of flavours, preservatives, acidifying agents, fruit juice and/or sweeteners, according to the labelled composition. It was shown that flavoured waters generally increase the trace element content. The addition of preservatives and acidifying regulators had a significant influence on Mn, Co, As and Si contents (p < 0.05). Fruit juice can also be correlated to the increase of Co and As. Sweeteners did not provide any significant difference in Mn, Co, Se and Si content.     

Varied Composition of Tocochromanols in Different Types of Bran: Rye,Wheat, Oat,Spelt, Buckwheat,Corn, and Rice

The profiles of tocopherol (T) and tocotrienol (T3) homologues in 37 samples of seven different types of bran (rye, wheat, oat, spelt, buckwheat, rice, and corn), available on the Polish market, were studied. Tocochromanols were identified and quantified by reverse phase-high-performance liquid chromatograph/fluorescence detector and reverse phase-ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry. Only rice bran contained all eight tocochromanol types. Corn bran lacked β-T3; rye, wheat, oat, and spelt bran lacked γ-T3 and δ-T3; and buckwheat bran lacked β-T3, γ-T3, and δ-T3. In buckwheat and corn bran tocopherols predominated (98 and 78%, respectively); whereas rye, wheat, oat, spelt, and rice bran were rich in tocotrienols (78, 76, 66, 87, and 66%, respectively). The average total tocochromanol contents in the oat, corn, spelt, buckwheat, wheat, rye, and rice bran were 5.5, 16.2, 15.8, 14.7, 12.8, 10.7, and 9.1 mg/100 g of dry weight, respectively. Tocochromanol concentrations in samples of the same type bran from different sources varied considerably. Better labeling of bran products to reflect this variation would assist with control of vitamin E daily dietary requirements.     

Optimization of extraction conditions of total phenolics, antioxidant activities, and anthocyanin of oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total phenolic extracts and antioxidant activity and anthocyanins of varieties of the investigated plants. These plants include oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate. The optimum extraction conditions including temperature and solvent of the extraction process itself were investigated. Total phenolic and anthocyanin extracts were examined according to Folin-Ciocalteu assay and Rabino and Mancinelli method, respectively. The effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on extracts of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins were studied. Plant samples were evaluated for their antioxidant chemical activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazl assay, to determine their potential as a source of natural antioxidant. Results showed that all tested plants exhibited appreciable amounts of phenolic compounds. The methanolic extract (60 °C) of sour pomegranate peel contained the highest phenolic extract (4952.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Terebinth green seed had the lowest phenolic extract (599.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Anthocyanins ranged between 3.5 (terebinth red seed) and 0.2 mg/100 g of dry material (thyme). Significant effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on total phenolics and anthocyanin extracts were found. The methanol and 60 °C of extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting phenolic compounds. The distilled water and 60 °C extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting anthocyanin.     

ICP-MS测定饼干中的铅、砷、铬、镉、铜、锌、铁和锰

探讨了应用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定饼干中铅、砷、铬、镉、铜、锌、铁和锰8种重金属元素的方法。运用微波消解系统对样品进行消解,以铋、锗、钪和铟作为内标物,用ICP-MS对消解液进行检测,并采用国标方法对其结果进行验证。利用加标回收率试验和国家标准物质小麦(GBW 10052)检测试验考察了方法的准确性和可靠性。结果表明,该方法所测元素在标准溶液浓度范围内呈线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999,方法检出限在0.002~0.500 mg/kg之间,相对标准偏差均小于6.55%,本法与国标方法测量结果的相对偏差在3.73%~8.40%之间,加标回收率在88.0%~106%之间,标准物质的测定值与标准参考值符合要求。     

The effect of storage of canned juices on content of the metals Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sn, Al, Cd, Sb and Ni

The increase in concentration of iron, copper, zinc, lead, antimony, aluminium, cadmium, tin and nickel over a 2 year's time of juices of peach (prunus persica), pear (pyrus communis), apricot (prunus vulgaris) and apple (malus pumila) was determined. The results show a considerable increase in Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn and Sn with time, while the change in Al, Cd, Ni and Sb is negligible.     

接装纸中汞、砷、铅等8种元素的分析研究

本文利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES法)同时测定接装纸样品中铅、铜、镉、铬、锡、锑元素含量,汞、砷元素含量采用冷原子吸收光谱法和银盐法测定.结果表明接装纸样品中锡元素含量最高,铜次之,汞、砷、铅相比,砷元素含量较高,部分样品中砷、铅元素含量超出食品包装用纸的最高限量标准.采用ICP-AES法同时测定接装纸6种元素,操作简便,重复性好,回收率高.此外,本文还对接装纸荧光物质和脱色程度进行了测定分析,从随机抽检的47份国产、进口接装纸样品看,进口白色接装纸无荧光,国产白色接装纸有荧光,珠光色接装纸个别有荧光,纸边为白色的接装纸荧光程度不一.脱色试验表明,进口接装纸,国产印刷型接装纸、珠光纸不脱色,涂布型接装纸均有不同程度的脱色.     

Analysis of cheese for histamine, tyramine, tryptamine, histidine, tyrosine, and tryptophane

A method is described for determining the content of selected biologically active amines (histamine, tyramine, tryptamine) and amino acids (histidine, tyrosine, tryptophane) in cheeses by high performance liquid chromatography. The amines and amino acids were quantified by employing a counter ion-containing mobile phase and by comparing peak areas of high performance liquid chromatography charts for sample cheeses versus standard cheeses containing known amounts of added amines based on dual injections of samples and standards. Recovery of amines and amino acids varied from 87.5 to 111%. Histamine, which has been associated with food poisoning in concentrations of 185 mg/100 g in Swiss cheese and 180 to 500 mg/100 g in fish, was found in concentrations above 500 mg/100 g in Swiss cheese. The high performance liquid chromatography analytical method should be useful for screening to detect cheese samples containing toxic amounts of histamine and for research studies designed to determine the cause and effect relationships for histamine production in cheese.