Effects of saline-water flow rate and air speed on leakage currentin RTV coatings

Room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone rubber is increasingly being used to coat porcelain and glass insulators in order to improve their electrical performance in the presence of pollution and moisture. A study of the dependence of leakage current, pulse current count and total charge flowing across the surface of RTV on the flow rate of the saline water and on the compressed air pressure used to create the salt-fog is reported. The fog was directed at the insulating rods either from one or two sides. The RTV was fabricated from polydimethylsiloxane polymer, a filler of alumina trihydrate (ATH), a polymerization catalyst and fumed silica reinforcer, all dispersed in 1,1,1-trichlomethane solvent. The saline water flow rate was varied in the range 0.4 to 2.0 l/min. The compressed air pressure at the input of the fog nozzles was varied from 0.20 to 0.63 MPa. The air speed at the surface of the insulating rods was found to depend linearly on the air pressure measured at the inlet to the nozzles and varied in the range 3 to 14 km/hr. The leakage current increased with increasing flow rate and increasing air speed. This is attributed to the increased loss of hydrophobicity with a larger quantity of saline fog and a larger impact velocities of fog droplets interacting with the surface of the RTV coating     

Feature article - Development of RTV Silicone Coatings in China: Overview and Bibliography

The development of room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone coatings in China began in early 1985. Over the course of time, they have come to be widely used in China. At present, nearly 800,000 kg of RTV coatings are used every year. They have successfully prevented serious pollution flashover of traditional glass and porcelain insulators and radically reduced the costs of maintaining transmission lines in polluted areas. RTV silicone coatings have been extensively studied in China. The main aspects of the research include improvements in the properties of the formula for better adhesion to porcelain and control of leakage current, the hydrophobicity transference mechanism, and aging. These decades of research have successfully promoted the development of RTV silicone coatings in China. The history of the development and research of RTV silicone coatings in China are discussed in this article.     

运行多年RTV涂料绝缘子表面涂层老化分析研究

室温硫化硅橡胶涂料(RTV涂料)可以有效防止污闪事故，已在我国电力系统中广泛应用。文中通过取得大量在天津挂网运行多年老化的RTV涂料绝缘子，在对其表面憎水性和积污状况研究的基础上，进行了两种状态下试品防污闪能力测试，结果表明试品仍具有良好的防污闪能力。通过绝缘子试品表面涂层的红外分析对比，讨论了线路周边污染源环境对RTV涂层的不同影响。针对RTV涂料国内比较保守的寿命定义，通过热重分析，引入胶含量的概念，结合防污闪性能及红外谱图的变化，提出了对RTV涂料寿命评估新的参考方法，并对RTV涂料在不同运行条件下的实际使用寿命给出了指导性意见。     

发展工厂复合化绝缘子提高特高压电网配置质量

针对特高压电网部分设备的外绝缘配置矛盾,提出发展传统的瓷/玻璃绝缘子与高综合性能RTV防污闪涂料相结合的工厂复合化绝缘子,促进RTV由临时性、补救性产品向正式性、持久性产品的转变,为输变电工程设计和基建阶段的外绝缘配置提供一种具备扎实研究基础和丰富运行经验的新选择,为突破瓷/玻璃绝缘子的配置限制、提高特高压电网的综合配置质量奠定基础。基于运行经验和试验数据,澄清、改善或解决了涂层自洁性、盘形绝缘子陡波性能下降、玻璃绝缘子小电弧自爆、自爆玻璃件的散落形态等涉及工厂复合化绝缘子的疑义和问题,设计了工厂复合化绝缘子技术参数,提出了相应的配置原则。     

涂覆半导电室温硫化硅橡胶涂层的绝缘子污闪特性试验与仿真

绝缘子覆冰对电网的安全运行构成巨大威胁,目前有学者提出一种基于半导电RTV的电热防冰法。为了研究这种方法对于绝缘子污闪特性的影响,分别进行了绝缘子的污闪试验,绝缘子受潮试验和电场仿真计算,发现其可以在一定程度上提高绝缘子的污闪电压。由于这种半导电RTV具有较好的憎水迁移性,因此对污闪电压的提高有一定作用。此外,绝缘子半导电涂层增加了表面泄漏电流,对污秽层有烘干作用。同时通过仿真计算研究了涂层对绝缘子电场分布的影响,发现半导电涂层可以均匀绝缘子下表面的电场。综合分析得出半导电涂层的憎水迁移性、对污秽层的烘干作用、对绝缘子下表面电场的均匀作用,共同作用从而提高了绝缘子的污闪电压。     

工厂复合化绝缘子电场分布特性及防污闪涂层参数优化计算

为研究工厂复合化直流绝缘子在不同涂层厚度及涂覆工艺下的电场分布特性，利用传导电流场进行有限元仿真，分别对无涂覆涂层绝缘子、全涂覆涂层绝缘子、局部涂覆涂层绝缘子、不同涂层厚度下的绝缘子电场分布情况进行计算。计算分析表明，工厂复合化瓷和玻璃绝缘子，在厚度不低于0.3 mm的RTV涂层全覆盖绝缘体表面时，钢脚边缘（涂层边缘）的最大电场强度不超过空气中的电晕起始场强；当RTV涂层在钢脚附近存在留空时，钢脚边缘的电场强度均较高。研究结果为工厂复合化绝缘子的防污闪涂层的参数优化设置提供了指导。     

Performance of RTV silicone rubber coatings installed in coastal systems

RTV SIR coatings can improve the performance of ceramic insulators, in cases where pollution problems are experienced and the use of composite housings is not technically or financially in profit for the electrical utility. In this paper the performance of coatings installed in a coastal high voltage substation is investigated by measurements of leakage current. The measurements indicated the importance of the wetting mechanism, for the specific environmental conditions. In the case of condensation the surface activity on the coated insulators has been remarkably suppressed. On the other hand, in the case of light rain the same levels of activity have been recorded for both coated and non-coated insulators. The overall performance of the coated insulators, for the specific conditions, is superior in comparison to the non-coated insulators.     

瓷和玻璃绝缘子人工污秽交流闪络特性及有效爬电系数的比较

人工污秽绝缘子的闪络电压、污闪电压梯度和有效爬电系数均与其材质和型式有关。国内虽对污闪特性研究较多，但对不同绝缘子的有效爬电系数研究不多。文中在人工雾室中对五种典型结构的瓷和玻璃绝缘子的污闪特性进行了试验研究。根据试验结果分析和计算了五种典型绝缘子的闪络电压、闪络电压梯度、有效爬电系数。结果表明：在人工污秽试验条件下，不同型式绝缘子的污闪电压有较大差异，盐密对不同型式绝缘子的闪络电压的影响程度也有差异；三伞型绝缘子和玻璃绝缘子具有较高的闪络电压；不同绝缘子的有效爬电系数与其结构型式和材质有关，玻璃绝缘子的有效爬电系数高于瓷绝缘子，且玻璃绝缘子的有效爬电系数随污秽程度的增加而增加，而瓷绝缘子的有效爬电系数随污秽程度的增加而减小。     

输电线路外绝缘复合化的实践

针对玻璃和瓷绝缘子防污能力较差的问题,强调输电线路外绝缘复合化的必要性和可行性,提出采用复合绝缘子和在玻璃（瓷）绝缘子表面喷涂硫化硅橡胶（RTV）-超长效硫化硅橡胶（PRTV）防污闪涂料的方法对输电线路外绝缘进行改造,并进行经济性分析。实践证明,输电线路外绝缘复合化在防污能力、经济性能、技术可行性、日常维护等方面具有良好的应用效果。     

自然积污绝缘子表面污秽分布特性研究

绝缘子的污秽分布对绝缘子的污闪电压具有一定的影响,文章通过实验方法,重点研究分析了玻璃,瓷及复合三种类型绝缘子在自然积污条件下的污秽分布规律,所选择的这三种绝缘子为河北保定地区输电线路上已运行多年的悬垂绝缘子,利用盐密(Equivalent Salt Deposit Density,ESDD)与灰密(Non Soluble Deposit Density,NSDD)实验测量了绝缘子串中不同片的绝缘子及同一片绝缘子的不同表面的盐密、灰密,将数据以表、图的形式进行了处理分析,得到该地区绝缘子的污秽分布规律,最后以玻璃绝缘子及瓷绝缘子为研究对象,运用ANSYS对其在不同盐密分布下的电场及电流密度进行了仿真分析。     

憎水性对线路绝缘子耐污闪特性影响的试验分析

室温硫化硅橡胶(RTV)防污闪涂料因具有良好的防污闪作用,在我国电力系统得到了大量应用.然而,受长期积污、材料老化、短时快速积污、外力破坏等因素的影响,绝缘子表面涂层的憎水性状态会发生显著变化,这对于线路绝缘子耐污闪能力可能存在较大影响.为此,基于现场获得的运行多年的RTV涂层绝缘子,对不同表面憎水性状态下的绝缘子耐污...     

高海拔地区750kV线路防污闪、防雨闪措施研究

我国第1条750kV输电线路不仅处于高海拔地区，而且该地区气候条件恶劣，环境染污问题严重。根据750kV输电线路所在的高海拔地区的气候环境特点，分析了外绝缘设备在高海拔地区的污闪问题，并通过试验证实了复合绝缘子和RTV涂料技术在高海拔低气压条件下的防污闪能力，分析了高海拔地区可能出现的气象条件对硅橡胶材料憎水性的影响，发现低温和高湿度对硅橡胶憎水性的影响比低气压的影响更显著。讨论了750kV变电设备上可能出现的雨闪问题，提出了提高相关设备防雨闪能力的建议措施。     

超、特高压直流线路瓷和玻璃绝缘子污闪特性研究

根据直流人工污秽试验,笔者分析和比较了6种型式瓷和玻璃绝缘子污闪特性。试验结果表明:不同型式绝缘子的污秽闪络性能不同,盐密影响特征指数α与绝缘子的结构和材质有关.其值在0.32～0.55间。同样污秽下,玻璃绝缘子的污闪电压梯度高于相同结构的瓷绝缘子,外伞型绝缘子的污闪电压梯度低于钟罩型绝缘子。绝缘子的有效爬电系数与其型式和污秽程度有关,可表示为K=M×(SDD)~m。在试验的五种非标准绝缘子中,玻璃钟罩型绝缘子较好的利用了其爬电距离,而双伞型瓷绝缘子的有效爬电系数最低。     

瓷和玻璃绝缘子人工污秽交流闪络特性比较

人工污秽绝缘子的闪络电压、污闪电压梯度和有效爬电系数均与其材质和型式有关,国内虽对污闪特性研究较多,但对不同绝缘子的有效爬电系数研究不多。为此在人工雾室中对5种典型结构的瓷和玻璃绝缘子的污闪特性进行了试验研究,根据试验结果分析和计算了5种典型绝缘子的闪络电压、闪络电压梯度、有效爬电系数。结果表明:在人工污秽试验条件下,不同型式绝缘子的污闪电压有较大差异,盐密对不同型式绝缘子的闪络电压的影响程度也有差异;三伞型绝缘子和玻璃绝缘子具有较高的闪络电压;不同绝缘子的有效爬电系数与其结构型式和材质有关,玻璃绝缘子的有效爬电系数高于瓷绝缘子,且玻璃绝缘子的有效爬电系数随污秽程度的增加而增加,而瓷绝缘子的有效爬电系数随污秽程度的增加而减小。     

复合绝缘子与瓷和玻璃绝缘子直流污闪特性比较

为满足我国特高压直流工程建设的需要，该文通过人工污秽试验，对3种超、特高压直流复合绝缘子短样及4种不同型式瓷和玻璃绝缘子的直流污闪特性进行了比较分析。结果表明：复合绝缘子的污秽影响特征指数a为0.267~ 0.291，小于瓷和玻璃绝缘子；其沿面50%闪络电压梯度和爬电距离有效系数均高于瓷和玻璃绝缘子；复合绝缘子耐污性能优于瓷和玻璃绝缘子，污秽越严重，其耐污性能越明显；绝缘子伞裙结构和型式对其污闪特性有重要影响。     

特高压直流换流站支柱绝缘子设计

特高压直流换流站的外绝缘设计是特高压直流输电工程的关键技术之一,直接影响工程的安全可靠运行,文章主要讨论特高压换流站支柱绝缘子的选型和设计。首先统计了 我国±500 kV换流站外绝缘的运行情况,总结了±500 kV换流站加强外绝缘和防污闪的主要措施,并分析了室温硫化硅橡胶(room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber,RTV)和长效室温硫化硅橡胶涂料的性能特点。然后根据积污站测试结果对特高压换流站站址的污秽水平进行了预测,根据预测的污秽水平和实验室污耐压试验结果推导出其所需的爬电比距。最后,分析了不同型式支柱绝缘子的经济技术特点,以及国内外厂家的制造能力,推荐瓷涂RTV方案作为特高压直流换流站外绝缘的首选方案,并对瓷涂RTV绝缘子使用过程中的相关问题进行了探讨。     

重污区电力设备综合性防污闪措施

给出了４ 级污秽０．２ｍ ｇ／ｃｍ ２、０．３ｍ ｇ／ｃｍ ２ 盐密下１１０ｋＶ、２２０ｋＶ 悬式瓷绝缘子、支柱瓷绝缘子与１１０ｋＶ 电流互感器瓷套、加增爬裙、涂ＲＴＶ 涂料及加增爬裙与涂ＲＴＶ涂料组合时绝缘子耐污闪特性。试验结果表明,ＲＴＶ涂料与加增爬裙均具有良好的耐污闪性能,对重污区电力设备具有良好的抗污闪、湿闪效果     

A comparison of the pollution performance of long rod and disc type HVDC insulators

Long rod insulators made of porcelain and disc type insulators made of porcelain or glass are the main types of HV insulators used since more than 60 years in overhead transmission and distribution lines and also will be the dominating products in the future. Historically based, there exists much published work on the electrical pollution performance of disc (cap and pin) type HV insulators. Only little knowledge exists about the good service pollution performance of the long rod type insulators. This paper compares the test results obtained from artificial pollution tests according to IEC 61245 with both types of HV insulators under same test conditions. The tests were performed with DC voltage at the FGH (Forschungsgemeinschaft fur Elektrische Anlagen), an independent German high voltage test laboratory. It is well known that the sensitivity of insulator strings to pollution effects is much higher at DC than at AC (50 Hz power frequency) voltage. The test results show an equivalent pollution performance of long rod and disc (cap and pin) type insulators under the same pollution conditions and the same electrical stresses     

Study on Pollution Flashover Performance of Short Samples of Composite Insulators Intended for /spl plusmn/800 kV UHV DC

Based on the artificial pollution tests, the effects of pollution and high altitude on the flashover performance of short samples of five kinds of UHV/EHV dc composite long rod insulators are analyzed. The exponent characterizing the influence of salt deposit density on the flashover voltage is related with the profile and the material of the insulator shed. The values of the samples' exponents vary between 0.24 and 0.30, which are smaller than those of porcelain or glass cap-and-pin insulators, namely, the influence of the pollution on the composite long rod insulators is less, relatively. Thus, the composite insulators have certain advantages in severe pollution regions. The best ratio of the leakage distance to the arcing distance is about 3.35. The exponent characterizing the influence of air pressure on the flashover voltage is related with the profile and the material of the insulator shed and the pollution severity, the values of the samples' exponents vary between 0.6 and 0.8, which are larger than those of porcelain or glass cap-and-pin insulators. Therefore, the dc composite insulator used in high altitude regions should have enough arcing distance. Based on the test results, if insulator sample Type E is selected for the plusmn800 kV UHV dc transmission lines, the basic arcing distance should be no less than 8.16 m and the basic leakage distance no less than 30.2 m.     

输电线路绝缘子新型防冰涂料及其性能研究

针对当前输电线路防冰涂料低温憎水性和防冰性能的不足,提出了一种基于电热效应和冰水开关原理,具有良好憎水特性和半导电特性的的输电线路绝缘子主动式防冰涂料及其应用方式.人工气候室的试验表明,该种涂料具有良好防覆冰性能,可有效阻止冰层在输电线路绝缘子表面的形成.涂料绝缘子的雨闪、污闪耐受试验表明,涂料绝缘子在非覆冰期泄漏电流较小、损耗较小,与正常无涂料绝缘子一致,雨闪电压明显高于污闪电压,污闪电压也高于无涂料绝缘子,同时绝缘子串的工频电压分布也得到明显改善,输电线路绝缘子新型防冰涂料具有良好的综合防冰效能