不同来源和年份诺邓火腿的理化和呈味性质

为研究市售常见诺邓火腿的差异,对具有地域特色的诺邓火腿进行综合评价。以洋三元白猪、诺邓黑猪为原材料,按照诺邓火腿工艺加工1、3 年火腿,测定其理化指标、质构特性和游离氨基酸含量,并用电子舌分析其滋味特性差异。结果表明：4 组火腿质地存在明显差异;4 组火腿中均分离出18 种游离氨基酸,精氨酸含量最丰富,亮氨酸、赖氨酸和谷氨酸次之;洋三元白猪火腿（W组）的游离氨基酸含量高于诺邓黑猪火腿（B组）,B组的鲜味氨基酸相对含量高于W组,氨基酸的释放量可明显将1 年和3 年的火腿区分开;电子舌结果表明,B1组的滋味丰富性最大,B3组的咸味最大但鲜味最小,W1组的鲜味较大但丰富性较小,W3组的咸鲜味和丰富性适中。综上,鲜味、丰富性和咸味是诺邓火腿重要的味觉指标,诺邓黑猪火腿滋味较为丰富,B3组硬度、咸味最大,加工过程中要控温控湿。     

贵式肉品中乳酸菌的选育及其对发酵里脊火腿风味品质的影响

以锦屏和榕江酸肉、凯里和遵义香肠、威宁和盘县火腿以及凯里、遵义和毕节风肉9 种贵州发酵肉为对象,对其中乳酸菌分离鉴定并进行蛋白质降解、生理生化特性、生产适应性、安全性研究。根据初筛结果选取1 株蛋白降解能力强且具有肉类发酵剂特性的乳酸菌SJ-4,接种发酵里脊火腿,以未接种火腿为对照,分析该菌株对发酵里脊火腿色泽、质构、电子舌响应值及风味的影响。结果表明：菌株SJ-4能耐受6 g/100 mL NaCl、150 mg/kg NaNO2,不产NH3、H2S、H2O2,无氨基酸脱羧酶活性,具有分解蛋白质的能力但无分解脂肪活性,最适温度37 ℃,最适pH 6.0,培养4 h进入对数生长期,培养18 h pH值可降至3.80,已达到肉类发酵剂条件。经16S rDNA测序鉴定为植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）。菌株SJ-4接种对里脊火腿色泽、硬度、黏聚性均影响显著,添加该菌后有助于产品滋味形成,且关键风味物质如壬醛、3-羟基-2-丁酮等含量增加。植物乳杆菌SJ-4具有作为高活性肉制品发酵剂的潜力。     

电子束辐照对细点圆趾蟹肉营养及滋味成分的影响

以细点圆趾蟹蟹肉为材料,研究电子束辐照对蟹肉营养和滋味成分的影响,为电子束辐照技术在水产品加工中的应用提供依据。结果表明：辐照处理后7 kGy及以上剂量组蟹肉总氨基酸和非必需氨基酸含量下降比较明显;辐照没有改变蟹肉的第1和第2限制性氨基酸种类,各组蟹肉必需氨基酸与总氨基酸之比和必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸之比均分别超过40%和60%,为质量较好的蛋白质;脂肪酸分析结果显示,电子束辐照对蟹肉饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸总量均无显著影响;随着辐照剂量增加,蟹肉中的游离氨基酸总量呈下降趋势,但呈鲜、甜鲜味的游离氨基酸含量有所增加,说明适当的辐照剂量对蟹肉氨基酸的呈味有改善作用;蟹肉中的主要呈味核苷酸是5’-肌苷酸二钠,辐照后蟹肉5’-腺苷酸和5’-肌苷酸二钠含量有所上升,而5’-鸟苷酸二钠含量有所下降,辐照对蟹肉鲜味有提升作用;结合鲜味氨基酸和呈味核苷酸的鲜味协同效应,各辐照组味精当量值均高于对照组,其中1 kGy组蟹肉的味精当量值最高,达到17.92%。综合蟹肉氨基酸、脂肪酸组成和滋味成分的变化规律分析,认为1～9 kGy剂量电子束辐照对蟹肉营养和滋味没有明显的负面影响,可用于对蟹肉进行前处理。     

基于SPME-GC-MS、电子鼻、电子舌技术联用对不同替代盐干腌火腿风味成分表征

研究不同食盐配方对干腌发酵火腿理化特性、细菌菌群变化、挥发性风味物质、风味特征的影响.以4种盐配方发酵火腿,分别为对照组(CK:100％氯化钠)、替代组1(K:30％乳酸钾+70％氯化钠)、替代组2(K+L:18％乳酸钾+12％赖氨酸+70％氯化钠)、替代组3(K+J:18％乳酸钾+12％精氨酸+70％氯化钠).结果表...     

Relations between compositional traits and sensory qualities of French dry-cured ham

The left hams of 20 pig carcasses were processed by dry-curing for either 179 (n = 10) or 273 days (n = 10). The Biceps femoris was taken at the end of the processing and submitted to chemical and sensory analyses. The following chemical traits were determined: pH, moisture, salt content, fatty acid content and composition of lipid classes (triglycerides, phospholipids, free fatty acids), nitrogen fractions (soluble and insoluble protein, non-protein nitrogen, free amino acids) and volatile compounds. Sensory analysis was performed by a panel of 12 trained members, who scored texture traits (firmness, dryness, fibrousness, mellowness), taste (salty, acid), intensity of aromas (typical of dry ham, fresh meat, fat, cured meat, rancid, metal), persistence of dry ham aroma, persistence of taste after deglutition, persistence of astringency, persistence of metallic taste. The sensory qualities of dry-cured ham showed noticeable changes between days 179 and 273. Firmness, dryness and intensities of aromas typical of dry-cured ham and cured meat were enhanced with time. Neither pH, moisture nor salt content played a noticeable role in determining the sensory quality of dry-cured ham. Among the volatile compounds, the levels of several ketones and 1-butanol were significantly correlated with the aromas of dry ham and cured meat, while rancid aroma was related to aldehydes, ethylacetate, 2,3-pentanedione and nonane. Therefore, the aromas of dry ham and cured meat appeared to be determined mainly by the products of lipid oxidation. However, they were related also to unidentified volatile compounds, whose identification would be of particular interest.     

Influence of high pressure application on the nutritional, sensory and microbiological characteristics of sliced skin vacuum packed dry-cured ham. Effects along the storage period

The effect of high pressure processing at 600 MPa on sliced and vacuum packaged commercial dry-cured ham was determined by analyzing the induced color changes, the physicochemical characteristics, the microbiological count and the changes in sensory attributes and also its effect on lipid oxidation measured through TBARS (thiobarbituric reactive substances), antioxidant enzyme activities and the content of fatty acid from total, free and phospholipid fractions. This effect was also studied during 50 days refrigerated storage with different light conditions. The high pressure processing at 600 MPa modified the color of dry-cured ham producing an increase in lightness L*-parameter. Many sensory attributes were also modified resulting in an increase in hardness, chewiness, brightness, odor intensity and saltiness, while reducing color intensity. High pressure produced a reduction in the aerobic count. The oxidative stability of the pressurized dry-cured ham was not altered as observed from the absence of differences in fatty acid contents and antioxidant enzyme activities. Initially pressurization produced a decrease in TBARS levels, however this effect was not found after 50 days of refrigerated storage.

Industrial relevance

The application of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) in food technology is a useful tool to combine a minimal processing that increases the shelf-life of the food products, maintaining their safety and nutritional properties and with minimal changes in flavor or taste. This processing technology is very important to increase the safety of the sliced foods which are prone to the microbiological deterioration, as cured meat products and cooked ham. Pressurization of sliced dry-cured ham at 600 MPa has been shown effective reducing spoilage associated microorganisms. The present study was carried out to evaluate the oxidative stability, nutritional quality, safety and sensory attributes of dry-cured ham pressurized at 600 MPa. This is very important because the hypothesis that HHP does not affect to sensorial characteristics needs to be confirmed in different kind of foods. Also, the possible causes of the observed effects should be explained by the study of physic–chemical parameters. In this way the oxidative stability is an important issue because some authors claimed that HHP can increase oxidation in food containing lipids.     

火腿风味的低钠发酵肉制品品质及风味研究

以猪后腿肉为原料,利用发酵火腿生产工艺参数制成具有火腿风味的产品。采用乳酸钾和L-精氨酸替代30%钠盐用于加工,研究其对发酵肉制品水分活度、颜色、水分含量、蛋白质含量、质构特性、硫代巴比妥酸值等品质指标及产品风味的影响。结果表明:采用不同配比的乳酸钾和L-精氨酸替代30%的钠盐,在保证产品风味的同时,均能降低发酵肉制品中钠含量;结合理化指标及感官评定,采用9%L-精氨酸+21%乳酸钾或12%L-精氨酸+18%乳酸钾的效果最佳。     

Effect of IGF-II (insulin-like growth factor-II) genotype on the quality of dry-cured hams and shoulders

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the paternal allele (homozygous AA and heterozygous AG) of the IGF-II gene on the fat content, fatty acid composition and sensory characteristics of dry-cured hams and shoulders. The effects were more evident in the subcutaneous fat thickness than in the intramuscular fat (IMF) content, and in the dry-cured hams rather than the dry-cured shoulders. Subcutaneous fat thickness was significantly higher in AG dry-cured hams and shoulders; however, IMF content was only significantly higher in AG dry-cured hams. These effects produce changes in fatty acid composition and sensory characteristics when comparing both batches of each product, but the behavior differed with the type of product. Sensory characteristics were similar in both batches of dry-cured hams in spite of the differences in IMF content. Nevertheless, AG dry-cured shoulders showed higher scores in most of the attributes evaluated, despite the IMF content being similar between batches.     

Comparison of different methods for total lipid quantification in meat and meat products

This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of six extraction methods for the quantification of total lipid content in meat and meat products: standard Soxhlet method (with and without previous acid hydrolysis), continuous Soxhlet method (with and without previous acid hydrolysis), and those methods based in the use of a mixture of chloroform and methanol, and described by Folch, Less, and Sloane (1957) and Bligh and Dyer (1959). Lipid content was determined in nine different meat products with different fat contents and physico-chemical features: cooked turkey breast, fresh pork loin, cooked ham, dry-cured ham, mortadella, beef burger, fresh sausage, dry-cured sausage and salami. The most effective methods for determining fat content in the studied meat products were the method described by Folch et al. (1957) and the Soxhlet with previous acid hydrolysis method. The Soxhlet method without previous acid hydrolysis adequately extracted lipids only in those meat products with very high fat content. The use of the method described by Bligh and Dyer (1959) gave rise to the lowest lipid contents in all the studied meat products.     

南美白对虾虾头自溶产物主要呈味成分分析

以南美白对虾虾头为原料,制备风味良好的自溶产物。采用高效液相色谱法、原子吸收光谱等方法分析其主要的呈味物质。结果表明：游离氨基酸含量丰富,总量达9300mg/L,其中天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸4 种呈鲜味氨基酸的总含量达2130mg/L,占总游离氨基酸的22.9%;核苷酸及其关联化合物中,与鲜味有着密切联系的肌苷酸(IMP)含量为6.12mg/L;无机质离子Na+、K+、Cl －含量分别达663.7、182.1、417.2mg/L;甜菜碱、乳酸和琥珀酸含量分别达2400、15.27、13.32mg/L。这些成分都影响着南美白对虾虾头自溶产物的鲜味、甜味及整体的滋味。     

金华火腿口味及呈味物质的研究

金华火腿的口味是以鲜味为主,包括咸、甜、苦等多种口味的复杂呈味体系。谷氨酸是金华火腿中的主要鲜味物质。在整个加工过程中,谷氨酸的含量不断上升。金华火腿中含有的食盐赋予火腿以咸味,同时又是谷氨酸鲜味的助鲜剂。金华火腿的pH值使其中的谷氨酸以鲜味最强的谷氨酸—钠的形式存在。金华火腿中的主要有机酸是乳酸。天门冬氨酸也是金华火腿中的鲜味物质。金华火腿中还含有大量其它的呈甜味和苦味的氨基酸。新工艺加工的金华火腿具有与传统方法加工的金华火腿相近含量的各种呈味物质。因而它们具有相似的呈味体系。     

宣威火腿加工过程游离氨基酸变化规律研究

以宣威火腿为研究对象,利用氨基酸自动分析仪检测宣威火腿不同加工阶段(鲜肉、腌制后90d、210d、270d与360d)的股二头肌肌肉中游离氨基酸含量的变化。结果显示：在腌制过程中,肌肉中游离氨基酸的含量呈现持续上升趋势。其中,腌制360d的肌肉中游离氨基酸的含量最高,此阶段含量较高的游离氨基酸分别为谷氨酸、赖氨酸、丙氨酸和亮氨酸,较低的分别为组氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸。     

大黄鱼成鱼养殖阶段滋味物质分析

以深水网箱养殖大黄鱼为对象,比较在成鱼养殖三个阶段(2016年7月、2016年10月和2017年1月)大黄鱼背部肌肉电子舌电位变化、游离氨基酸和呈味核苷酸差异,探究深水网箱养殖对大黄鱼风味的提升作用。结果表明,电子舌能有效区分成鱼养殖不同阶段大黄鱼的味感差异,鲜味和丰富性均在次年1月份有较大电位变化值;养殖大黄鱼甜味氨基酸(sweetaminoacid,SAA)含量在三个阶段养殖期间呈上升趋势,鲜味氨基酸(umami amino acids,UAA)和苦味氨基酸(bitter amino acids,BAA)含量在10月份达到最高;养殖大黄鱼呈味核苷酸受养殖时间影响波动较大,肌苷酸(inosinicacid,IMP)、腺苷酸(adenosine monophosphate,AMP)和鸟苷酸(guanosine monophosphate,GMP)均在次年1月份达到最高,养殖至次年1月份时大黄鱼IMP的滋味活性值(taste activity values,TAV)值大于1,对养殖大黄鱼滋味贡献最大;味精当量(equivalent umami concentration,EUC)综合评价表明,养殖至次年1月份时大黄鱼EUC值最高,鲜味较强,风味品质改善。综上,深水网箱养殖对大黄鱼滋味品质具有提升作用,转移至深水网箱至次年1月时滋味最佳,可为养殖大黄鱼品质改良与滋味提升提供一定基础。     

Lipolytic and proteolytic properties of dry-cured boneless hams ripened in modified atmospheres

We studied proteolytic and lipolytic properties of dry-cured boneless ham (porcine quadriceps femoris) made with chilled (10°C, 48 h) or frozen/thawed meat (frozen at -20°C frozen for 90 days and followed by thawing at 10°C for 48 h) were determined. Dry-cured meats were stored in modified atmosphere packages (100% N(2) and a mixture of 75% N(2)+25% CO(2)) at 15°C with the intention of reducing ripening space. Results showed that dry-cured hams made with frozen/thawed raw meat had more salt, volatile fatty acids and free fatty acid content after salting and smoking. Whereas, samples prepared with chilled meats contained more nitrogenous compounds (water-soluble nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, and free amino acids). Volatile and free fatty acid contents in all samples significantly increased with storage. Acetic acid was the predominant volatile fatty acid. To confirm lipolytic activity in dry-cured ham stored in modified atmospheres, we calculated the lipolytic coefficient. The lipolytic coefficients of all samples were positive values and significantly (P<0.05) increased with storage indicating lipolysis in samples were still active. Furthermore, nitrogenous compounds in dry-cured ham significantly (P<0.05) increased with storage indicating proteolysis in samples were not affected by modified atmosphere storage. Aerobic, anaerobic and lactic acid bacteria counts in dry-cured meats were stable to modified atmospheres storage for 20 weeks at 15°C. Flavor, texture and color score in sensory evaluation for dry-cured ham made with chilled meat were significantly higher than that made with frozen/thawed meat. All samples had high overall acceptance scores in sensory evaluation. Results in this study suggested that dry-cured boneless ham stored in modified atmospheres for 20 weeks at 15°C was another feasibility to ripen the meat without affecting lipolysis, proteolysis, microbiology and sensory quality.     

Effect of IGF-II (insulin-like growth factor-II) genotype on the quality of dry-cured hams and shoulders

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the paternal allele (homozygous AA and heterozygous AG) of the IGF-II gene on the fat content, fatty acid composition and sensory characteristics of dry-cured hams and shoulders. The effects were more evident in the subcutaneous fat thickness than in the intramuscular fat (IMF) content, and in the dry-cured hams rather than the dry-cured shoulders. Subcutaneous fat thickness was significantly higher in AG dry-cured hams and shoulders; however, IMF content was only significantly higher in AG dry-cured hams. These effects produce changes in fatty acid composition and sensory characteristics when comparing both batches of each product, but the behavior differed with the type of product. Sensory characteristics were similar in both batches of dry-cured hams in spite of the differences in IMF content. Nevertheless, AG dry-cured shoulders showed higher scores in most of the attributes evaluated, despite the IMF content being similar between batches.     

基于智能感官与人工感官评价的中国三大干腌火腿风味特性分析

以我国三大干腌火腿金华火腿、宣威火腿和如皋火腿三个不同年份或等级的火腿为研究对象,分别采用人工感官评价和电子鼻、电子舌智能感官技术分别对香气与滋味进行研究。人工感官评价结果显示,肉香味、腌制味和油脂香是三大火腿的特征香气,如皋和金华火腿中2年/优级和3年陈/特级的干腌火腿较于1级/1年陈具有更加浓郁的肉香,而1年陈/1级火腿的酸味更为明显。电子鼻和电子舌数据的主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)结果表明,不同干腌火腿样品均能实现良好区分。1年陈/1级与2年/优级、3年陈/特级干腌火腿气味轮廓相差较远,金华火腿与宣威2、3年陈的火腿香气和滋味轮廓均比较接近。采用软独立建模分类法(Soft independent modeling class analogy,SIMCA)构建了干腌火腿的判别模型,以三个产地最优干腌火腿为标准样品的等级鉴别模型能够实现对其他年份干腌火腿的有效判别。说明不同年份的火腿风味变化呈现一定规律,可利用智能感官技术对火腿进行快速有效的等级鉴别。     

网箱海养卵形鲳鲹肌肉中呈味物质分析评价

测定网箱海养卵形鲳鲹肌肉中呈味核苷酸、游离氨基酸、无机离子和甜菜碱等主要呈味物质的含量,并采用味精当量值和呈味强度值来评价这些呈味物质的呈味强度。结果表明：网箱海养卵形鲳鲹肌肉的呈味核苷酸总量为379.9 mg/100 g,其中以5’-肌苷酸（5’-inosine monophosphate,IMP）含量最高,高达373.59 mg/100 g;游离氨基酸总量为256.60 mg/100 g,以甘氨酸（136.34 mg/100 g）、丙氨酸（27.47 mg/100 g）、谷氨酸（16.84 mg/100 g）贡献最大;K＋、Na＋、PO43－和IMP为主要呈味离子,甜菜碱含量为1.95 mg/g;呈味核苷酸和鲜味氨基酸具有一定的协同效应,其味精当量值为7.92 g MSG/100 g,呈味强度高达264。结果表明：IMP、甘氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、K＋和PO43－等为网箱海养卵形鲳鲹肌肉中主要滋味贡献物质,且IMP与甘氨酸和丙氨酸具有协同交互作用,这些是卵形鲳鲹肌肉呈现鲜味的物质基础。     

不同干燥方法对海鳗鱼片几种内源酶活力的影响

干燥能赋予水产品独特风味,而这些风味物质的形成与内源酶有关。本实验通过检测冰温真空干燥,真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥海鳗鱼片中对滋味起主要作用的内源酶(AMP脱氨酶、酸性磷酸酶、组织蛋白酶B和亮氨酰氨肽酶)活力和其催化形成的滋味物质(IMP和游离氨基酸)的含量,以探究不同干燥处理对内源酶的影响。结果表明:干燥后AMP脱氨酶、酸性磷酸酶、组织蛋白酶B和亮氨酰氨肽酶潜在活力均降低,真空冷冻干燥鱼片的4种酶活力保存率最高,分别为92.99%、85.58%、65.53%和54.26%,冰温真空干燥次之,热风干燥最低。不同干燥方法鱼片中IMP含量间有显著性差异,冰温真空干燥鱼片含量最高,从最初的174.37mg/100 g(干基)增加到625.08 mg/100 g,且游离氨基酸含量增幅最高,达33.07%。因此,冰温真空干燥的海鳗鱼片,4种酶活力保存较好,滋味物质含量最高。     

复合精油涂层对干腌火腿挥发性风味品质的影响研究

采用电子鼻法分析复合精油涂层对火腿风味品质的影响,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术研究其对火腿半膜肌及股二头肌中挥发性风味物质组成的影响。电子鼻结果表明,复合精油涂层能提高火腿半膜肌中芳香类、烷烃类、萜烯类化合物的风味特征,且能降低含氮类、有机硫化物类化合物的风味特征,而股二头肌中风味特征无明显变化。GC-MS分析结果表明,在半膜肌中,除酮类风味物质外,涂层组的风味物质数量均高于未涂层组,而多出的风味物质种类分别为烃类5种、醇类2种、酯类1种、酸类3种、醛类1种、其他类2种;增加诸如1-辛烯-3醇、2-甲基-1-丁醇、3-甲基丁醛、2-辛烯醛等特征性风味物质的相对含量;复合精油涂层对火腿股二头肌中挥发性风味化合物种类数量及相对含量均无显著(p>0.05)影响,这是由于涂层中的植物精油无法渗透至股二头肌,从而无法对股二头肌的风味产生影响。因此复合精油涂层对提高火腿半膜肌风味品质有明显的促进作用,可以用于干腌火腿的风干成熟中。