四元体系Li~+,K~+//CO_3~(2-),B_4O_7~(2-)-H_2O273K介稳相平衡研究

针对西藏扎布耶盐湖卤水组成,用等温蒸发平衡法研究了四元体系Li+,K+//CO23-,B4O27--H2O 273 K的相平衡,测定了平衡时各组分的溶解度及平衡液相的密度。四元体系Li+,K+//CO32-,B4O72--H2O273 K时的相图由5条溶解度单变量线、4个结晶区及2个共饱点组成。4个结晶区分别为对应于盐Li2CO3,K2CO3.1.5H2O,K2B4O7.4H2O及Li2B2O4.16H2O。2个共饱点中,一个为Li2CO3,K2CO3.1.5H2O及K2B4O7.4H2O三盐相称共饱点,另一个为Li2CO3,K2B4O7.4H2O和Li2B2O4.16H2O的三盐不相称共饱点。体系属四元水合物相图Ⅰ型,4种原始组分间未形成复盐或固溶体。对于该四元体系273 K和288 K下的介稳相图发现,碳酸锂盐的溶解度呈现较明显的负温度效应,它在273 K下的结晶相区比在288 K下的要小,且析出固相为偏硼酸锂;而碳酸钾、硼酸钾及硼酸锂结晶区则比288 K下的大。     

Na+,K+∥Br-,B4O2-7-H2O交互四元体系348K相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了348 K时交互四元体系Na+,K+//Br-,B4O2-7-H2O的相平衡及平衡液相,测定了平衡液相的溶解度以及密度,补充了该体系在348 K下的溶解度和密度数据.研究结果发现,该体系属于简单共饱和体系,无复盐和固溶体生成.根据实验数据绘制了相应的相图、密度-质量分数图和含水量图,相图中有2个共饱点,5条单变量曲线,4个结晶区.4个结晶区的平衡固相分别为:Na2B4O7·5H2O,K2B4O7·4H2O,KBr和NaBr.从相图上可以看出,该体系在348 K时Na2B4O7·5H2O的结晶区最大,NaBr的结晶区最小.     

五元体系Li~+,K~+//CO_3~(2-),SO_4~(2-),B_4O_7~(2-)-H_2O 273K介稳相平衡研究

采用等温蒸发法研究了五元体系Li+、K+//CO32-、SO42-、B4O72-、H2O 273 K介稳相平衡关系,测定了它们在273 K条件下的介稳平衡的溶解度和溶液密度,根据实验数据绘制了相应的该五元体系在273 K条件下Li2CO3饱和的介稳平衡相图(干盐投影图和水含量图)。研究结果表明该五元体系介稳平衡中有复盐K2SO4-Li2SO4生成,其低温273 K时介稳相图中有4个共饱点和9条单变量曲线,6个Li2CO3饱和的结晶区分别为LiBO2-8H2O、K2B4O7-4H2O、K2CO3-3/2H2O、K2SO4、Li2SO4-H2O和复盐K2SO4-Li2SO4。对该五元体系在288 K和273 K时的介稳平衡相图进行了比较和讨论。     

Li+K+//S4O2-4-H2O交互四元体系273 K介稳相平衡研究

采用等温蒸发法研究了四元体系Li+//SO2-4,B4O2-4-H2O 273 K介稳相平衡,测定了该四元体系273 K时介稳平衡液相组成及密度.根据实验数据绘制了相应的介稳相图、水图及密度组成图.研究发现:该体系介稳相图中有复盐KLiSO4形成,介稳相图中有3个共饱和点,7条单变线,平衡固相分别为Li2SO4H2O,K2SO4,KLiSO4,LiBO28H2,和K2B4O7˙4H2O.复盐KLiSO4和单盐Li2SO4˙H2O有较小的结晶区,而LiBO2˙8H2O、K2B4O7˙4H2O和K2SO4的结晶区较大:平衡液相水含量随溶液K+浓度的减小而逐渐减少,在共饱和点E3处具有最小值;而平衡液相密度随溶液K+浓度的减小而逐渐增大,在共饱和点E3处具有最大值;该四元体系介稳平衡条件下Li2SO4的溶解度最高,有很强的盐析能力.     

四元交互体系Li+,K+//Cl-,B4O72--H2O 323 K相关系研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了四元交互体系L i+,K+//C l-,B4O72--H2O 323 K时的相关系。该四元交互体系323 K下的溶解度等温图含有4个盐类结晶相区、5条单变量线和2个无变量点。4个结晶相区分别对应于盐L i C.lH2O、KC、lL i2B4O7.3H2O和K2B4O7.4H2O的结晶区。2个无变量点标注为E和F。E点平衡固相为L iC l.H2O+KC l+L i2B4O7.3H2O,对应的平衡液相组成为w(L i+)6.55%,w(K+)2.16%,w(C l-)34.57%,w(B4O72-)1.89%;F点平衡固相为KC l+L i2B4O7.3H2O+K2B4O7.4H2O,对应的平衡液组成为w(L i+)2.35%,w(K+)2.37%,w(C l-)12.08%,w(B4O72-)4.56%。研究结果表明,该四元交互体系为简单共饱和型,体系中没有复盐和固溶体的形成。     

K+,Na+//Cl-,SO2-4 ,NO-3-H2O体系热力学研究

通过引入表达离子缔合或离子间的短程静电作用项,提高了局部组成模型关联单一电解质水溶液体系热力学性质的精度,并通过建立新的计算多元混合体系作用参数的方法,将其推广应用到多离子电解质溶液体系.在此基础上,预测了Na+//Cl-,SO2-4,NO-3,H2O、K+//Cl-,SO2-4,NO-3,H2O、K+ ,Na+//Cl-,SO2-4,H2O、K+ ,Na+//Cl-,NO-3,H2O、K+,Na+// SO2-4,NO-3,H2O 5个四元体系及K+,Na+//Cl-,SO2-4,NO-3,H2O 五元体系的溶解度,模型参数均通过上述体系所包含的二元、三元体系的溶解度数据获得,计算结果满意.     

K~+, Na~+//Cl~-,SO_4~(2-),NO_3~--H_2O体系热力学研究

通过引入表达离子缔合或离子间的短程静电作用项,提高了局部组成模型关联单一电解质水溶液体系热力学性质的精度,并通过建立新的计算多元混合体系作用参数的方法,将其推广应用到多离子电解质溶液体系。在此基础上,预测了Na+//Cl-,SO2-3,H2O、K+//Cl-,SO2-4,NO-4,NO-3,H2O、K+,Na+//Cl-,SO2-4,H2O、K+,Na+//Cl-,NO-3,H2O3,H2O、K+,Na+//SO2-4,NO-3,H2O5个四元体系及K+,Na+//Cl-,SO2-4,NO-五元体系的溶解度,模型参数均通过上述体系所包含的二元、三元体系的溶解度数据获得,计算结果满意。     

Na~+,K~+//Br~-,B_4O_7~(2-)-H_2O交互四元体系348K相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了348 K时交互四元体系Na+,K+//Br-,B4O27--H2O的相平衡及平衡液相,测定了平衡液相的溶解度以及密度,补充了该体系在348 K下的溶解度和密度数据。研究结果发现,该体系属于简单共饱和体系,无复盐和固溶体生成。根据实验数据绘制了相应的相图、密度-质量分数图和含水量图,相图中有2个共饱点,5条单变量曲线,4个结晶区。4个结晶区的平衡固相分别为:Na2B4O7.5H2O,K2B4O7.4H2O,KBr和NaBr。从相图上可以看出,该体系在348 K时Na2B4O7.5H2O的结晶区最大,NaBr的结晶区最小。     

Na_2B_4O_7-NaBr-Na_2SO_4-H_2O四元体系348K相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究Na2B4O7-NaBr-Na2SO4-H2O四元体系在348 K的相平衡关系,测定了平衡液相的溶解度和密度。根据实验数据绘制相应相图。该四元体系相图中有1个共饱点E,3条单变量曲线E1E,E2E,E3E,3个结晶区的平衡固相分别为:NaBr,Na2SO4和Na2B4O7·5H2O。研究结果表明:该四元体系无复盐和固溶体生成,属于简单四元体系,NaBr对Na2B4O7·5H2O和Na2SO4有较强的盐析作用。并对NaBr和Na2B4O7在不同温度下含有的结晶水数进行了对比分析,简要讨论了密度变化规律。     

MgB4O7-K2B4O7-Na2B4O7-H2O 四元体系288 K介稳相平衡研究

中国青藏高原的盐湖资源丰富,以富含硼酸盐资源而闻名,且钾、镁储量较大,所以深入开展含硼多组分介稳相平衡的研究,对开发中国盐湖中硼、镁等资源有着重要意义.采用等温蒸发法进行了MgB4O7-K2B4O7-Na2B4O7-H2O四元体系288 K时的介稳相平衡研究,测定了该体系介稳相平衡的溶解度和液相密度.研究发现该四元体系为简单共饱和型,无复盐形成;根据溶解度数据绘制了相图,相图中有一个四元共饱点E和3条单变度曲线E1-E,E2-E,E3-E;平衡固相分别为MgB4O7·9H2O,Na2B4O7·10H2O和K2B4O7·4H2O;由相图可知K2B4O7对Na2B4O7具有盐溶作用.     

Effect of K2O content on breakdown strength and energy-storage density in K2O-BaO-Nb2O5-SiO2 glass-ceramics

Phase evolution, dielectric properties, breakdown strength, and energy-storage performance were studied by varying K₂O content in K₂O-BaO-Nb₂O₅-SiO₂ glass-ceramics. It was found that dielectric loss with the increase of K₂O content increases owing to the un-crystallized K₂O into the glass network, while dielectric breakdown strength firstly increases and then decreases due to the competition between two physical mechanisms, i.e., interfacial polarization and bridging-oxygen bond broken by the non-bridging oxygen ions. With the increase of K₂O content, energy-storage density firstly increased up to 12.06±0.69 J/cm³ with a high breakdown strength of 1973 kV/cm, and then decreased. Also, the discharged efficiency is obtained as a high value of 92% from P-E hysteresis loops.     

The role of K2O on sintering and crystallization of glass powder compacts in the Li2O–K2O–Al2O3–SiO2 system

The effects of K₂O content on sintering and crystallization of glass powder compacts in the Li₂O–K₂O–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ system were investigated. Glasses featuring SiO₂/Li₂O molar ratios of 2.69–3.13, far beyond the lithium disilicate (LD-Li₂Si₂O₅) stoichiometry, were produced by conventional melt-quenching technique. The sintering and crystallization behaviour of glass powders was explored using hot stage microscopy (HSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential thermal (DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Increasing K₂O content at the expense of SiO₂ was shown to lower the temperature of maximum shrinkage, eventually resulting in early densification of the glass-powder compacts. Lithium metasilicate was the main crystalline phase formed upon heat treating the glass powders with higher amounts of K₂O. In contrast, lithium disilicate predominantly crystallized from the compositions with lower K₂O contents resulting in strong glass–ceramics with high chemical and electrical resistance. The total content of K₂O should be kept below 4.63 mol% for obtaining LD-based glass–ceramics.     

K_2B_4O_7-Na_2B_4O_7-Li_2B_4O_7-H_2O四元体系288K相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了K2 B4O7 Na2 B4O7 Li2 B4O7 H2 O四元体系在 2 88K时的相平衡及平衡液相的主要物化性质(密度、电导率、pH值 )。研究发现 :该四元体系为简单共饱和型 ,无复盐及固溶体形成 ,根据溶解度数据绘制了相图 ,相图中有一个共饱点E ,三条单变度曲线E3 E ,E2 E ,E1 E ;三个结晶区平衡固相分别为K2 B4O7·4H2 O ,Na2 B4O7·10H2 O和Li2 B4O7·3H2 O。实验结果表明K2 B4O7对Na2 B4O7有增溶作用 ,并简要讨论了物化性质的变化规律     

Crystallization of glass of the system K2O(Na2O)Al2O3SiO2

In a whiteware composition, the glassy phase derives from the molten feldspar in which a portion of quartz, clay and other crystalline constituents are dissolved. This glass is the major and continuous phase in the whiteware body and is the potential source of the crystalline phase, viz. mullite. Synthetic glass has been prepared by melting mixtures of feldspar and quartz comparable to whiteware-glass in composition. Glasses were also synthesized by melting mixtures of feldspar, quartz and mineralizers. All of these glasses were heat-treated and their mullite contents were estimated by X-ray analysis supported by TEM & SEM study. Among thirtyone (31) different mineralizers tried, only thirteen (13) are found to be effective mullite is builders. The cation of the mineralizer helps replacement of the Al³⁺ ion from the glass which subsequently diffuses through the residual SiO₂ and mullite is formed. The replacement reaction and hence the degree of mullitization is dependent on factors, e.g. charge, radius, field strength of the cation as well as on the cation-oxygen bond strength. This last appears as the most predominant factor for mullitization.     

三元体系LiCl-KCl-H2O和LiCl-SrCl2-H2O在288.15K时稳定相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法,研究了三元体系LiCl-KCl-H_2O和LiCl-SrCl_2-H_2O在288.15 K时的稳定相平衡关系,根据平衡时的溶解度数据和固相鉴定结果,绘制了三元体系LiCl-KCl-H_2O和LiCl-SrCl_2-H_2O在288.15 K时的稳定相图。研究结果表明:三元体系LiCl-KCl-H_2O在T=288.15 K时相图中有1个共饱点、2条单变量溶解度曲线、2个固相结晶区,结晶区对应平衡固相为LiCl·2H_2O和KCl,其中,KCl结晶区远大于LiCl·2H_2O结晶区,表明LiCl对KCl有很强的盐析效应。三元体系LiCl-SrCl_2-H_2O在T=288.15 K时相图中有2个共饱点、3条单变量溶解度曲线和3个固相结晶区,结晶区对应平衡固相为LiCl·2H_2O,SrCl_2·2H_2O和SrCl_2·6H_2O,其中SrCl_2·6H_2O结晶区最大,其次是SrCl_2·2H_2O结晶区,LiCl·2H_2O结晶区最小,表明SrCl_2·6H_2O最容易析出。2个体系中均无复盐以及固溶体形成,属于简单共饱和型体系。     

五元体系KCl-KBr-K2SO4-K2B4O7-H2O 323 K和348 K的相平衡

用等温溶解平衡法研究了五元体系KCl-KBr-K₂SO₄-K₂B₄O₇-H₂O在323 K和348 K时的相平衡关系,测定了该五元体系在相应温度条件下平衡溶液的溶解度和密度,根据相平衡实验数据绘制相应的相图(K₂SO₄饱和)。研究结果表明:该五元体系在323 K和348 K条件下均属于固溶体型,相图中均有2个平衡固相结晶区,其平衡固相分别为固溶体K(Cl,Br)和K₂B₄O₇·4H₂O,1条单变量曲线。该五元体系323 K和348 K的相图相比,348 K时K₂ B₄O₇·4H₂O结晶区变小,而固溶体K(Cl,Br)结晶区变大。     

Self-organized nano-crystallisation of BaF2 from Na2O/K2O/BaF2/Al2O3/SiO2 glasses

In glasses with the compositions (100 ? x)(2Na₂O·16K₂O·8Al₂O₃·74SiO₂)xBaF₂ (with x = 0 to 6), the glass transition temperature decreases with increasing BaF₂-concentration. Samples with x = 6 were thermally treated at temperatures in the range from 500 to 600 °C for 5–160 h. This leads to the crystallisation of BaF₂. The quantity of crystalline BaF₂ increases with increasing time of thermal treatment, while the mean crystallite size remains constant within the limits of error. The glass transformation temperature of partially crystallised samples increases with increasing crystallisation time and approaches a value equal to the temperature, at which the samples were treated. This is explained by the formation of a highly viscous layer enriched in SiO₂ which is formed during crystallisation. This layer acts as a diffusion barrier and hinders further crystal growth.     

四元体系Li+,K+,Mg2+//B4O72——H2O 273 K相平衡

利用等温溶解平衡法研究了四元体系Li⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺//B₄O₇^2--H₂O 273 K相平衡关系。测定了该体系平衡时各组分的溶解度和平衡液相密度。根据实验数据和固相组成分别绘制了四元体系Li⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺//B₄O₇^2--H₂O 273 K时的稳定相图、水图以及相应的密度-组成图。结果表明：该体系组分之间没有形成复盐和固溶体,属于简单共饱和型体系;体系的稳定相图由1个共饱点,3条单变量曲线,3个固相结晶区组成,结晶区分别对应Li₂B₄O₇·3H₂O、K₂B₄O₇·4H₂O和MgB₄O₇·9H₂O;平衡液相密度在共饱点处达到最大。研究还对该四元体系在273 K、288 K和348 K不同温度时的稳定相图作了对比分析和讨论。