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1.
When polyethylene is subjected to high fields in the presence of water, a water tree may be formed. However, under dry conditions a `deteriorated region' is gradually formed before the initiation of an electrical tree. The experimental results suggest some similarities in structure and properties between the deteriorated and the water-treed regions. FTIR analysis shows that there are common polar groups in these regions. Scanning electron microscope observation found a number of microvoids in both regions. The formation of the deteriorated region increases the resistance to electrical tree initiation during subsequent ac ramp voltage and positive impulse voltage but decreases it for negative impulse voltage. Dried water-treed regions show the same effect  相似文献   

2.
为研究水中脉冲电晕放电的声学特性,由水听器测量了放电产生的压力信号,在以放电电极为圆心、电极到水听器的距离为半径的球面对压力信号积分,得到放电的声能和放电的声效率;利用快速傅立叶变换(FFT)得到同轴电极下电晕放电的频谱分布;比较尖—尖电极下电弧放电晕放电的频谱发现电晕放电声信号的主频比电弧放电的高。  相似文献   

3.
A model for electrical tree initiation in epoxy resins is presented in which the process is driven by the generation of new charge traps as a result of energy transferred to the polymer via charge recombination processes. The electroluminescence intensity expected from the model is computed and shown to be in agreement with the experimental data. In particular it is shown how the initial emission due to recombination can change to an emission arising from impact excitation in a natural way when the trap density reaches a level sufficient for the high electric field of the tree initiation region to connect shallow traps to form conducting filamentary paths in the form of percolation clusters. This result allows the electroluminescence behavior to be correlated with the observed onset of filamentary damage. The model is also shown to be able to explain the decrease in emission intensity observed at the time of transition between the two mechanisms for luminescence.  相似文献   

4.
The basic processes of electrical conduction in dielectric liquids are reviewed, attention being drawn to the similarities between conductive electrolytes and insulating liquids. The concepts of the electronic amorphous solid state are employed to provide a framework for the review. The conditions at metal electrodes can be incorporated naturally into the scheme, and it is known that the space charge layers occurring on them can control conduction. Although electrical breakdown itself is not considered, the underlying electronic processes which will develop when breakdown electrical fields exist in the liquid are considered  相似文献   

5.
Electrical treeing in high voltage cable insulation has been studied widely as it is one of the major breakdown mechanisms for solid dielectrics subjected to high electrical stresses. The most frequently experimental set-up used to study electrical treeing is utilizing needles to achieve a high divergent field to promote the initiation of electrical trees. In this paper a new type of electrode configuration is described, which will be beneficial when examining electrical treeing in terms of both the capability to follow the course of events in real time and the small amount of insulation material is needed. This new electrode configuration makes use of a thin tungsten wire as electrode to obtain the high divergent electrical stress needed to initiate electrical trees. Multiple electrical trees are at times formed at different points along the wire during the testing, this indicates that the field are homogenous along the wire. This allows for determining the tree initiation field and the rate of tree growth. It is also shown that this electrode configuration is able to distinguish the increased electrical tree inception obtained by the addition of voltage stabilizers.  相似文献   

6.
谢德明 《电池工业》2006,11(5):330-332
在简单综述了导致固体氧化物燃料电池(Solid Oxide Fuel Cell,SOFC)失效的主要原因的基础上,探讨了采用实验室模拟加速的实验研究和材料损伤演化动力学与计算机模拟的理论研究来对SOFC的失效进行快速判断的可行性。  相似文献   

7.
张爱华  陈长东  毕学松  朱亮 《高电压技术》2011,37(10):2512-2516
金属丝在高压电场中通过丝端部与电极之间的气体放电导入电流,完成电热爆,沉积在丝段上的比能量对电爆制粉和喷涂有着重要影响。为系统认识金属丝段电爆过程中初始充电电压、丝长和直径与沉积比能量之间的关系,通过建立含气隙的丝段爆炸过程的电路模型,进行一系列电热爆数值模拟,得到了适合实际电热爆过程的最佳气隙长度。在电极间距不变的条...  相似文献   

8.
Presents a study of streamer inception in mineral transformer oil, in point-plane and rod-plane geometry under impulse voltage. The measurements performed with points and rods over a wide range of tip radii show a marked decrease of initiation fields when the electrode radius is increased. The initiation field is divided by 30 over the investigated range (from 1 μm points up to 2 cm rods). This effect compares fairly well with the "surface effect" known for breakdown voltages under uniform field with large electrodes. Plotting these results together shows the decrease of streamer initiation fields over a very wide electrode surface range (12 decades), proportional to S-0.17 (S: electrode surface area, cm2). These results suggest the influence of electrode surface defects on streamer initiation under impulse voltage  相似文献   

9.
We report the results of numerical simulations for the change of both mechanical and electrical properties of elastomers with anisotropically filled polarizable particles under capacitively graded electric and mechanical fields. Such composites have potential applications in electromechanical control. We have used numerical techniques to study the effect of particle shape, permittivity/conductivity ratio, and spatial arrangement on the shear modulus as a function of the electric field. We also investigated the influence of the high field and nonlinear conductivity in the polymer matrix. The results indicate that electrostatic energy and changes therein, which result in electro-rheological effects, are concentrated between particles, and that the electrostatic interaction between the particles is concentrated in a very narrow regime at the tip of the particles, The interaction increases with the electric field intensity until the field between the particles is high enough to cause nonlinear electrical conduction in the polymer, resulting in a redistribution of the electric field and electrostatic energy  相似文献   

10.
Certain nonpolar liquids, when doped with specific salts, are able to produce sustained and reproducible ion injections from one of the electrodes. Electronic transfer to the ionic pairs attached to the electrodes and the subsequent extraction of the free ions by the Schottky effect are the mechanisms responsible for this injection. The electrical conduction of these liquids is studied, using a recently proposed electric-field dependent law for the injection of ions and Onsager theory for the dissociation of ionic pairs in the bulk. Recombination is allowed between electrolytic ions and injected ions. The current-voltage characteristics predicted with this model have been presented in term of dimensionless parameters, so that an easy comparison with experiments can be done. Special attention has been paid to distinguish the contribution of the dissociation and the injection in the total current. The electric field distortion and the charge density at the injector has also been determined  相似文献   

11.
高压电场中金属丝段的电爆现象   总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2  
朱亮  罗仁昆  毕学松 《高电压技术》2008,34(10):2177-2180
金属丝电爆是制备超细粉的一种新方法,为了解决通常所采用金属丝与电极接触后通入大电流的电爆方法容易发生电极烧蚀这一问题,开发了高压电场中金属丝段与电极非接触电爆的设备。通过改变电极间距、金属丝长度和电场电压,进行了系列高压电场中金属丝段电爆试验。结果表明,在高压电场中电极与金属丝的端部发生气体放电,将大电流导入金属丝段而发生电爆,可减轻对电极的烧蚀;由于金属丝段的端部与电极之间的等离子体旁路作用,金属丝段的端部残留0.5~2 mm长的金属丝不发生电爆;适于制备粉末的电场中金属丝段电爆的工艺条件是,电场电压为6、7、8 kV时,与之匹配的电极间距与丝长之差的范围分别为:1.8~4 mm、2.2~5.8 mm和3.2~8 mm。  相似文献   

12.
A Laplacian model (i.e excluding the space charge effect) for a bell-type electrostatic painting system has been developed using the charge-simulation technique. The study involved the evaluation of the electric field in the space between the bell and the paint target as well as at their surfaces. An investigation was also conducted to determine the variations that occur to the electrical parameters when: (1) the bell-to-target spacing is changed; and (2) the size of the target is varied. Finally, results are reported for incorporating the charge-simulation model in a routine that predicts the paint-droplet trajectories from the bell to the target. The results of the developed model predict that the field-dependent droplet charging mechanisms, which are required to ensure strong electrical forces on the droplets, will be insensitive to the size of the workpiece and the spacing between the bell and the target. However, the magnitude of the fields at the workpiece, which account for the enhanced deposition in electrostatic painting, are shown to be highly dependent on these parameters  相似文献   

13.
Spark gaps, which use water as a switching medium, allow fast closing and high repetition rate operation for high power and high voltage switching. They are usually operated in the pulse-charging mode and have a large jitter. To reduce the jitter, a trigger electrode with positive polarity is used to initiate breakdown between a negative high voltage electrode and a ground electrode. The trigger electrode consists of a tungsten wire with a diameter of 50 μm, enclosed in glass tubing. At the triple point where the three dielectrics (glass, water and metal) meet, the electric field is greatly enhanced. From the triple point, a trigger voltage of +16 kV at a pulse duration of 100 ns produces two streamer branches traveling towards the high voltage and ground electrodes. These two streamer branches bridge the main gap and serve as preionized channels for the initiation of the breakdown between the main electrodes. Arc transition develops along the two channels and completes the switching. It allows for the gap to be fired at various voltages independent of the gap?s self-breakdown voltage. The delay between application of the trigger pulse and the electrical breakdown is on the order of hundred nanoseconds. The jitter in breakdown is on the order of ten nanoseconds. It is less by more than an order of magnitude than that obtained with pulse charging.  相似文献   

14.
金属化膜电容器的工作场强高,故其储能密度很高,但因其电极通过喷金方式引出,故其通流能力差。箔式电容器的通流能力强,但不具有自愈特性,故其工作场强低,储能密度也低。混合电极电容器可以兼具两者的优点,能在较高的场强下工作并拥有较大的通流能力。为加深对混合电容器的了解,通过模拟混合电极电容器和全膜金属化膜电容器的工作状况,研究了混合电极中金属化膜的自愈特性。结果表明自愈能量随放电电流的增加而增大;自愈点的直径随放电电压的升高而增加;自愈能量和自愈电流与放电电容大小的相关性小;相同条件下,全膜电容器金属化膜的自愈能量要小于混合电极电容器金属化膜的自愈能量。  相似文献   

15.
This article describes the fabrication of a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) mirror array and mirror‐drive electrodes with high‐aspect‐ratio gold walls that reduce electrical interference in a wavelength‐selective switch (WSS). The MEMS mirror array, in which a lot of closely spaced adjacent mirrors are electrostatically operated, can be fabricated with a high yield by encapsulating the mirrors with an organic film that protects them from process damage. The gold walls with a high‐aspect ratio are formed in the narrow space between adjacent mirror‐drive electrodes by using thick‐multilevel interconnection technology. Because of these walls between adjacent electrodes, each MEMS mirror operates with low electrical interference. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   

16.
This paper discusses the charging and behavior of a spherically conducting particle on a dielectrically coated electrode in non-uniform dc and ac electric fields between non-parallel plane electrodes in atmospheric air. The charging mechanism of a particle resting on a dielectrically coated electrode is investigated by observing light emissions from partial discharges and by utilizing the dust figure technique. The charge acquired by a particle is estimated from the results of particle motion onset voltage measurement and direct measurement with a Faraday cage. The basic particle movement as well as particle-triggered breakdown characteristics under non-uniform electric field distribution along the electrode surface is also investigated. The results suggest that the effect of the electrical gradient force/dielectro-phoretic force on particle motion on a dielectrically coated electrode should be adequately considered in the design of gas insulated systems (GIS). This is because a particle can move laterally on the coated electrode toward increasing electric field regions by the action of the electrical gradient force which is independent of the charge on the particle. Also the possibility of the particle charging and lifting at high field regions or reaching and adhering onto an insulating spacer further increases the risk of breakdown.  相似文献   

17.
Electrostatically driven MEMS devices commonly operate with electric fields as high at 10/sup 8/ V/m applied across the dielectric between electrodes. Even with the best mechanical design, the electrical design of these devices has a large impact both on performance (e.g., speed and stability) and on reliability (e.g., corrosion and dielectric or gas breakdown). In this paper, we discuss the reliability and performance implications of leakage currents in the bulk and on the surface of the dielectric insulating the drive (or sense) electrodes from one another. Anodic oxidation of poly-silicon electrodes can occur very rapidly in samples that are not hermetically packaged. The accelerating factors are presented along with an efficient early-warning scheme. The relationship between leakage currents and the accumulation of quasistatic charge in dielectrics are discussed, along with several techniques to mitigate charging and the associated drift in electrostatically actuated or sensed MEMS devices. Two key parameters are shown to be the electrode geometry and the conductivity of the dielectric. Electrical breakdown in submicron gaps is presented as a function of packaging gas and electrode spacing. We discuss the tradeoffs involved in choosing gap geometries and dielectric properties that balance performance and reliability.  相似文献   

18.
In the present contribution, five unloaded AT-cut quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors with nominal resonant frequencies equal to 5, 5.2 and 10 MHz, bearing silver (5.2 MHz) and gold electrodes (5 and 10 MHz) on their main surfaces, were bonded on a high pressure cell and studied with respect to their electrical and frequency response in the temperature range from 20 °C to 150 °C at a nitrogen atmosphere (P?=?1 atm). The goal was the qualitative and the quantitative identification of energy dissipation mechanisms of quartz resonators, based on their electrical response and effective properties (quartz viscosity and oscillation area). Electrical response measurements took place with high frequency impedance analysis (HF-IA), while admittance data were processed with the use of equivalent circuit theory and the Differential Evolution heuristic for nonlinear optimization, equipped with an error analysis module. Apart from the inherent energy dissipation due to sensor mounting and electrode related mass and stress effect, dissipation was also induced due to the manifestation of thermally active point defects at temperatures between 65 °C and 145 °C. These point defects are attributed to the movement of interstitial sodium ions within the crystal lattice. Energy dissipation was also observed due to temperature dependent (70–90 °C) creep deformation of the 60Sn-40Pb solder joints which bonded the mounted sensors to the experimental setup. A critical discussion on the magnitude of all observed dissipation mechanisms is presented.  相似文献   

19.
外施电压频率对XLPE电缆绝缘中电树枝生长特性的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
本文研究了半结晶交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆绝缘试样在50~2000Hz正弦电压下电树枝的结构特征与生长特性,发现由于XLPE的半结晶聚集态物理结构,在小于250Hz施压频率下会生成枝状、枝状与丛林混合状及纯丛林状三类电树枝,在500Hz以上高频下则只能生成稠密枝状电树枝,分别对应于不同的生长机理.低频下电树枝生长特性和电树枝结构与材料的聚集态密切相关,而高频下的电树枝生长特性与材料的聚集态关系不大.高频电树枝与环氧树脂、有机玻璃等高聚物材料中的生长规律相同.半结晶高聚物在低频下的电树枝生长特性主要取决于晶界与无定形界面的微孔、杂质集中情况以及针尖电极与晶块或无定形区所处的相对位置,而在高频下电极向介质中注入与抽出电荷的过程较低频下猛烈,会形成较均匀的介质弱区,因此高频电树枝引发与生长规律较为单一.  相似文献   

20.
In this paper we present a model for polymer degradation during high-field stresses in analogy to the charge-to-breakdown concept in SiO 2. The model is based on space charge injection under high fields which leads to a cumulative effect as in radiation damage. A critical total injected charge density Qc is introduced, which is needed prior to any permanent damage. The assumption of a critical injection level explains the time and field dependence of the tree initiation time. The model is applied to electrical aging experiments in epoxy resins. It turns out that the critical charge for tree initiation is ~10 C/cm2 similar to the value for trap creation in SiO2 gate oxides  相似文献   

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