露地和大棚条件下噻虫嗪和啶虫脒在青菜中的残留及消解动态

[目的]建立一种高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测青菜中噻虫嗪和啶虫脒残留量的方法,并比较分析噻虫嗪和啶虫脒在大棚和露地青菜中的残留及消解动态。[方法]按照农药登记残留田间试验标准操作规程,研究了25%噻虫嗪和70%啶虫脒水分散粒剂(推荐高剂量的1.5倍)45、37.8 g/hm~2在露地和大棚各施药1次,距离末次施药0、1、3、5、7、10 d采样测定;2者再按推荐剂量30、25.2 g/hm~2和1.5倍推荐剂量45、37.8 g/hm~2,设2、3次施药,施药间隔为7 d,距离末次施药3、5、7 d采样测定。[结果]噻虫嗪和啶虫脒的消解动态均符合一级动力学方程,噻虫嗪半衰期为1.84 d(大棚)和1.69 d(露地),啶虫脒半衰期为1.98 d(大棚)和1.54 d(露地)。噻虫嗪最终残留量为0.014~0.178 mg/kg(大棚)、0.014~0.171 mg/kg(露地);啶虫脒最终残留量为0.032~0.257 mg/kg(大棚)、0.072~0.222 mg/kg(露地)。[结论]通过数据无重复双因素方差分析,本次试验中时间是影响噻虫嗪和啶虫脒残留消解动态主要因素,环境次之。我国暂未制定噻虫嗪在青菜中的最大限量值(MRL),啶虫脒在普通白菜中的MRL值为1 mg/kg,推荐大棚和露地青菜中噻虫嗪和啶虫脒安全间隔期应为3 d。     

灭蝇胺及其代谢物三聚氰胺在大棚黄瓜上的残留降解动态

[方法]采用亲水作用色谱-串联质谱法研究了灭蝇胺及其代谢物三聚氰胺在大棚黄瓜上的残留降解动态,为大棚黄瓜中灭蝇胺的安全使用提供科学依据。[结果]50%灭蝇胺SP以田间推荐用量150 g a.i./hm2(对水600 kg/hm2)喷施1次后,灭蝇胺在大棚黄瓜上的残留量于药后5 d达到最大值,为0.230 mg/kg。以0.230 mg/kg为原始沉积量,灭蝇胺在大棚黄瓜上的残留降解动态符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为14.3 d。处理后28 d内,黄瓜样品中三聚氰胺的残留量一直在增加,但其残留量均低于灭蝇胺的残留量。在最后1次采样时(药后28 d),三聚氰胺和灭蝇胺的残留量趋于相同。[结论]以0.2 mg/kg为灭蝇胺在黄瓜上的最高残留限量,建议灭蝇胺在大棚黄瓜上的安全间隔期为7 d。     

哒螨灵在香蕉和土壤上残留消解动态

采用气相色谱法及田间试验方法,研究哒螨灵在香蕉及其土壤上的残留消解动态。结果表明,哒螨灵在香蕉上的原始沉积量较低,<0.250 mg/kg,施用加倍剂量的原始沉积量与施药后14 d内的残留量均明显高于施用推荐剂量,该两个处理在施药后21 d的残留量均<0.005 mg/kg。哒螨灵在香蕉及其土壤上的残留消解规律符合一级动力学关系,在香蕉上的相关系数r=0.900 3～0.915 6(P<0.01),消解系数k=0.246 85±0.007 95,半衰期T1/2为2.8 d～2.9 d,消解99%所需要的时间T0.99为18.1 d～19.3 d;在土壤上r=0.9115(P<0.01),k=0.1450,T1/2为4.8 d,T0.99为31.8 d。在香蕉采收时最终产品及其土壤上均未检出哒螨灵残留。     

毒死蜱在温室和露地番茄中的残留降解动态研究

采用气相色谱技术,对毒死蜱在露地和温室番茄中的残留消解动态、最终残留量进行了研究。结果表明:毒死蜱在露地番茄中的降解半衰期为4.4~5.1 d,在温室番茄中的降解半衰期为4.3~4.5 d。48%毒死蜱乳油按推荐有效成分用量450 g/hm~2喷施2~3次,药后7 d露地和温室番茄中的最终残留量分别为0.24~0.27 mg/kg和0.36~0.39 mg/kg。     

精吡氟乙草灵乳油在白菜及土壤中的残留动态

采用GC-ECD测定了精吡氟乙草灵在白菜及土壤中的残留动态和最终残留量。测定结果表明:喷施10.8%精吡氟乙草灵乳油2025mL/hm2(218.7ga.i./hm2),白菜上原始沉积量0.9852mg/kg,土壤中原始沉积量0.8914mg/kg;白菜上半衰期为5d,土壤中半衰期为10d。在白菜上的最终残留量低于最大允许残留限量值(0.1mg/kg)。     

利谷隆在玉米及土壤中的残留动态

采用高效液相色谱分析技术测定了利谷隆在玉米及土壤中的残留动态和最终残留量。喷施50％利谷隆可湿性粉剂（2812.5g a．i.／hm^2）测出在玉米植株上的残留量较低，施药后14d的残留量仅为0．08mg／kg；土壤中的原始沉积量为7．02mg／kg，半衰期为2．1d，据施药后第14d采样，消解率为72％。利谷隆属于易降解农药。     

啶虫脒在菜用大豆上残留动态及安全使用技术

采用高效液相色谱法及田间试验方法,研究了啶虫脒在菜用大豆上的残留消解动态.及对其安全使用技术进行示范试验.结果表明:啶虫脒在菜用大豆上的原始沉积量因不同施药处理有所差异,残留消解动态符合一级动力学方程,两年同一季节及不同施药处理的消解速率基本一致,消解系数k为0.1391125±0.00255,半衰期(T1/2)为4.9～5.1 d,消解99%所需要的时间(T099)为32.5～33.6 d;在菜用大豆接近采收时,施用啶虫脒75.00 g a.i./hm2,按常规施药方法,施药1次的在施药后7 d,残留最均小于210 mg/kg,残留最平均为1.028 mg/kg;而间隔期7 d连续施药2次的在第2次施药后7 d,残留量也均小于2.0 mg/kg,残留量平均为1.420 mg/kg,产品质量安全水平达到日本规定的MRL要求.     

异菌脲在苹果和土壤中的残留消解动态研究

异菌脲常用于防治苹果树病害，为了探明其在苹果和土壤中的残留消解动态，对苹果树喷雾后，苹果和土壤取样。样品经丙酮和二氯甲烷提取，弗罗里硅士和活性炭柱净化，用气相色谱仪ECD检测，异菌脲在苹果和土壤中消解较慢。在苹果中半衰期为12．91～17．11d，药后50d消解90％以上；在土壤中的半衰期为9．52～10．95d，药后30d消解90％以上。50％异菌脲悬浮剂500～1000倍液，连喷3～4次，药后7、14d、收获期苹果和土壤中残留量均未超过10mg／kg。     

高效氯氰菊酯和吡虫啉在叶用莴苣中消解动态的研究

采用气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法,研究高效氯氰菊酯和吡虫啉在叶用莴苣中的消解动态,为高效氯氰菊酯和吡虫啉在叶用莴苣上的安全合理使用提供理论依据。结果表明:叶用莴苣中吡虫啉0~5 d消解迅速,5 d时消解率达到78.22%;高效氯氰菊酯0~9 d消解迅速,9 d时消解率达到84.99%。这说明不同类型的农药在叶用莴苣中的降解特性有所不同。吡虫啉和高效氯氰菊酯在叶用莴苣中的半衰期分别为2.82 d和6.13 d。药后14 d,叶用莴苣中的吡虫啉和高效氯氰菊酯的残留量分别为0.243 9、0.066 2 mg/kg,低于GB2763—2014《食品中农药最大残留限量》规定的吡虫啉在蔬菜中最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg和高效氯氰菊酯在莴苣中的最大残留限量2 mg/kg。     

吡蚜酮在大棚和露地芥蓝上的残留消解动态

[目的]比较大棚和露地条件下吡蚜酮在芥蓝的消解动态和最终残留差异,为其在芥蓝上的合理使用提供数据支持。[方法]样品经乙腈提取,经石墨炭净化,采用电喷雾正离子源和多反应监测模式检测。在0.02、0.2、2.0 mg/kg的3个添加水平下,吡蚜酮的平均回收率为91.7%～95.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.2%～3.7%。[结果]吡蚜酮的残留量与其栽培方式有关,在露地芥蓝的半衰期为7.1 d,而在大棚的半衰期为8.8 d,在露地上10 d可降解80%以上;而大棚却要在14 d以上。[结论]吡蚜酮在大棚条件下使用时比在露地使用时更加难以降解,降解半衰期更长。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。