TELEME PRODUCTION BY PURIFIED FICIN

Fig tree latex (ficin) was stepwise purified by ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl (CM)-cellulose and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100, and then utilized in the production of teleme. Following ion exchange chromatography, the milk clotting to proteolytic activity ratio (MCA/PA) increased from 1.97 to 3.1 and following gel filtration, to 7.4. The purified fraction gave better chemical and sensory properties than teleme made by fig tree latex. The protein content of teleme made by fig tree latex and the purified fraction were 3.90 and 6.50%, respectively. Syneresis in teleme decreased from 95% to 85% upon purification of the proteolytic enzymes. Exclusion of proteolytic activity appears to be essential to improve the quality of teleme.     

壳聚糖-埃洛石纳米管微球的制备及其对木瓜蛋白酶的固定化

运用交联-吸附法制备壳聚糖-埃洛石纳米管(chitosan-halloysites nanotube,CTS-HNTs)复合微球固定木瓜蛋白酶,并通过傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、荧光标记等方法进行表征。2%CTS+1%HNTs制备的微球对木瓜蛋白酶的固定量最高。固定化条件为木瓜蛋白酶质量浓度1 mg/mL、固定化时间10 h。固定化木瓜蛋白酶最适pH 6.8(游离酶pH 7.2)、最适温度60℃(游离酶50℃),保存30 d该酶相对活性为62%(游离酶27%),使用4次后,木瓜蛋白酶的相对活性仍然保留26.26%。CTS-HNTs微球固定化木瓜蛋白酶耐贮存,操作稳定性强,可以提高酶的利用率,降低酶解的成本,提高生产效率。     

OPTIMIZATION OF IMMOBILIZATION PROCESS ON CRAB SHELL CHITOSAN AND ITS APPLICATION IN FOOD PROCESSING

Optimization of immobilization process on crab shell chitosan was carried out. The chitosan purified from the crab shell was used as the matrix for the immobilization of α-galactosidase. The prepared matrix was activated with glutaraldehyde at different concentrations and different time intervals and coupling time was determined. Immobilization of α-galactosidase on crab shell chitosan resulted in 72% immobilization yield. The parameters like the effect of pH, temperature, thermal stability and storage stability were determined. The study revealed that immobilized enzyme shows better thermal and storage stability than the free enzyme. The performance of the free and immobilized α-galactosidase was tested in continuous stirred batch reactor to hydrolyze raffinose family oligosaccharides in soymilk. The oligosaccharide content of the soymilk was reduced by 77% in continuous reaction by immobilized α-galactosidase.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Chitosan used for the immobilization of α-galactosidase offers several advantages for enzyme immobilization and it contains all characteristic features for use as industrial material. Immobilization of one of the industrial important enzyme α-galactosidase, as it has many potential application in hydrolyzing raffinose series of oligosaccharides. The hydrolyzed soymilk after processing by immobilized α-galactosidase is free from flatus-inducing factors like raffinose and stachyose. It can be used as an alternative means for cow's milk for lactose intolerance, particularly among individuals in developing countries. As chitosan used is from the crustacean waste from the crab shell, the production and utilization of chitosan provides an economical alternative means of crustacean shell waste disposal sought worldwide.     

Eudragit L-100固定球毛壳霉菌木聚糖酶酶学性质的研究

采用可逆溶解性聚合物EudragitL-100对球毛壳菌木聚糖酶进行了吸附固定化。在1.0%EudragitL-100浓度时获得10.6IU/mg载体的固定化酶活和88.47%的酶活回收。酶固定化后最适温度不变,最适pH向碱性方向移动了一个pH单位。固定化酶热稳定性和操作稳定性显著提高,循环利用6次仍保留65%初始酶活。木聚糖水解产物测定表明,在同酶用量的条件下固定化后总还原糖产量明显高于游离酶,二者水解产物均以低聚糖为主,酶固定化后水解产物木二糖含量显著高于游离酶,成为主要的产物。木聚糖酶固定化后各方面特性明显优于游离酶,在低聚糖生产中有实际应用价值。     

单宁酸功能化Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子固定化微泡菌褐藻胶裂解酶的工艺条件优化

该研究探讨单宁酸功能化Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子固定化微泡菌褐藻胶裂解酶的工艺条件.以单宁酸功能化磁性纳米粒子(TA-MNPs)作为固定化酶的载体,通过测定固定化酶的活力和酶活回收率优化微泡菌褐藻胶裂解酶的固定化条件,并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱和透射电镜对固定化酶的结构进行了表征.结果表明,固定载体量为10 mg时,微泡菌褐...     

Clotting and proteolytic properties of plant coagulants in regular and ultrafiltered bovine skim milk

Regular and ultrafiltered (UF; 1×, 2× and 4× concentrated) skim milk samples were treated with a range of enzymes including calf rennet, ficin and papain. The clotting properties, curd casein profiles and free amino acid (FAA) contents were determined. In general, UF milk samples coagulated faster and formed firmer curds irrespective of protein concentration. Furthermore, both ficin and papain had a more significant effect on proteolysis in curd formed from regular and 1× UF milk than on 2× or 4× UF milk. Cardoon extract and calf rennet had very similar clotting properties, although the former caused both the capillary electrophoresis profile of caseins and FAA measurements to show slightly more extensive hydrolysis in the curd. The results suggest that the UF process may cause structural changes to proteins or other milk constituents with a resultant change in clotting properties and proteolysis of the casein molecules.     

Immobilization of <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Aspergillus oryzae</Emphasis> β-Galactosidase onto Duolite A568 Resin via Simple Adsorption Mechanism

In this study, a rapid, simple and economic method of enzyme immobilization was developed to hydrolyze lactose. Duolite A568 resin was used for the immobilization of β-galactosidase via simple adsorption mechanism. The effects of immobilization parameters such as time, pH, and temperature were studied. Immobilization parameters for maximum enzyme activity were estimated at 35 °C temperature, pH 4.5, 5 mg/mL enzyme concentration, and approximately 60 min immobilization time. A significant amount of enzyme was immobilized with high catalytic activity. Enzyme immobilization procedure explained in this study slightly affected the enzyme kinetic. The value of Michaelis constant K _m for immobilized enzyme was significantly larger, indicating decreased affinity by the enzyme for its substrate. It was observed that both free and immobilized enzyme showed maximum activity at 65 °C reaction temperature. Immobilized β-galactosidase was significantly more active at all temperatures as compared to its free form. However, optimal pH of immobilized enzyme was slightly affected by immobilization procedure. The optimum pH of immobilized enzyme was shifted up 0.5 unit to a more alkaline value of 6.0 compared to the free enzyme.     

AB-8大孔树脂固定化溶菌酶及酶学性质研究

利用AB-8大孔树脂为载体,戊二醛为交联剂对溶菌酶进行固定化,研究固定化酶的制备条件、酶学性质、微观结构及抑菌效果。结果表明：固定化时间4h、固定化温度25℃、戊二醛质量浓度0.3g/100mL、m酶:m载体＝1:200时固定化溶菌酶的相对酶活力最高;与游离酶相比,溶菌酶经过固定化后耐热性提高、耐酸性增强,米氏方程分析表明,溶菌酶经过固定化后与底物壳聚糖的亲和力下降,固定化酶重复使用5次时,酶活力残留率为57.6%,抑菌实验结果表明,固定化溶菌酶对纯牛奶具有较好的抑菌效果。     

Preparation and characterization of immobilized beta-lactamase for destruction of penicillin in milk

beta-Lactamase I (Bacillus cereus) was covalently bound to cyanogen bromide-activated, crosslinked agarose. An initial 5.00 mg of soluble beta-lactamase were used in the immobilization reaction for each preparation, and average coupling yield was 80.5%. Of the enzyme immobilized on the matrix, an average 53.4% remained active. To minimize diffusional effects on immobilized enzyme activity, reaction mixtures were rotated at 250 rpm throughout the study. The shape of the pH activity curve of the immobilized enzyme was identical to that of the soluble enzyme; both exhibited optimum pH around 7.0. In general, only 2-fold differences in Michaelis constant and maximum volume were observed between native and immobilized enzyme when penicillin G was used as the substrate. However, the Michaelis constant of the immobilized enzyme increased up to 22-fold that of the native enzyme when cephaloridine was used as the substrate. The immobilized enzyme exhibited enhanced stability in the acidic pH region in contrast to the native enzyme, which had superior stability in the alkaline pH region. The heat stability of the immobilized enzyme was about twice that of native enzyme after heat treatment at 60 degrees C for 30 min. Approximately a 10% increase of storage stability on immobilization of beta-lactamase was observed when stored at room temperature (23 +/- 1 degree C) for up to 6 d in the absence of antimicrobial agents. Little loss of activity (less than 2%) was noted after repeated use of the immobilized enzyme up to seven times each in 10.0 ml of skim milk containing .5 U/ml penicillin G.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Properties of Rhodotorula gracilis D-amino acid oxidase immobilized on magnetic beads through his-tag

D-amino acid oxidase catalyzes one of the key steps in the production of semisynthetic cephalosporins. We expressed and purified recombinant Rhodotorula gracilis D-amino acid oxidase with C-terminal his-tags. This engineered enzyme was immobilized onto Ni(2+)-chelated nitrilotriacetic acid magnetic beads through the interaction between his-tag and Ni(2+). The kinetic constants, storage properties, and the reusability of the immobilized d-amino acid oxidase were determined. The effects of temperature, pH, and hydrogen peroxide on the activity of immobilized d-amino acid oxidase were also studied. The highest activity recovery was 75%. Thermal stability was improved after immobilization; the relative activity of the immobilized enzyme was 56% whereas the free enzyme was completely inactivated after incubation at 50 degrees C for 1 h. In the presence of 10 mM hydrogen peroxide, the immobilized enzyme did not show a rapid loss of activity during the first 2 h of incubation, which was observed in the case of the free enzyme; the residual activity of the immobilized enzyme after 9 h was 72% compared with 22% of the free form. The long-term storage stability was improved; the residual activity of the immobilized enzyme was 74% compared with 20% of the free enzyme when stored at room temperature for 10 d. The immobilized form retained 37% of its initial activity after 20 consecutive reaction cycles.     

海藻酸钠固定化碱性蛋白酶制备及酶学性质的研究

对采用海藻酸钠固定化碱性蛋白酶的方法和酶学性质进行了研究。在单因素实验基础上,采用响应面优化方法确定固定化的最优条件,得到的最佳条件为:海藻酸钠浓度3.1%,pH9.4,CaCl2浓度3.0%,游离酶添加量10000U/g,时间1.8h,固定化酶活力可达5518U/g。固定化酶的最适pH为10,最适温度为60℃,制得的固定化酶的热力学稳定性和操作稳定性较好。此外,固定化酶重复利用5个循环后酶活力仅降低40%。     

固定化乳糖酶制备低乳糖牛奶的研究进展

不同来源的β-半乳糖苷酶已经用于水解牛乳或乳清中的乳糖。酶水解乳糖的基本产物为葡萄糖和半乳糖。经水解后的乳糖增加了产品的甜度并使得牛乳适于那些患乳糖不耐症的人群。由于用游离乳糖酶会使牛奶掺入外来蛋白以及使用游离乳酶酶提高了生产成本,从而使乳糖酶的应用受到限制。将乳糖酶固定化后既可以重复使用,又能连续操作,且缩短了处理时间,从而明显降低了使用成本,因此对于乳糖酶的固定化受到了酶学专家的关注。本文简要介绍了乳糖和乳糖酶及其分类、乳糖酶的固定化方法及其应用,包括包埋法、交联法、吸附法、结合法及多种方法的混合使用及国内外的研究现状,并简要介绍了固定化乳糖酶的清洗。     

Immobilization of urease on dialdehyde porous starch

Dialdehyde porous starch (DPS) was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis and periodate oxidation. Urease was immobilized on DPS by several techniques including physical adsorption and covalent bonding. Optimum urease immobilization conditions for maximum enzyme activity were shown as following: immobilization pH 6.0, processing time of immobilization 25 h, immobilization temperature 25°C, aldehydic groups content 79.6% and ratio of supporter to urease 1:2 (w/v in g/mL). Temperature optimum of the free and immobilized urease were 60 and 70°C, respectively. The temperature curve of the immoblized urease was wider than that registered for the free urease. After being stored at ambient temperature for 42 days, the immobilized urease retained almost all of the original activity. DPS was found capable of holding the urease enzyme during a repeated cyclic test for ten times. An increase of the K_m value for the immobilized urease was found. The foregoing data indicated that DPS is a fine supporter for urease and provided a basis for biosensor or bioreactor development with reduced costs and improved shelf life.     

响应面法优化离子交换法固定化β-D-呋喃果糖苷酶

以大孔阴离子树脂D311 为载体,对日本曲霉来源的β-D- 呋喃果糖苷酶进行离子交换法固定化。研究温度、pH 值、时间、游离酶液酶活力对固定化效果的影响,并在此基础上运用响应面法对固定化条件进行优化。结果表明,最佳固定化条件为：室温、pH6.6、固定化时间4h、游离酶液酶活力为900U/mL,在此条件下,固定化β-D- 呋喃果糖苷酶生产的低聚果糖产量可达58.16%。     

氨基化Fe3O4-SiO2固定化磷脂酶A1

以磁性Fe3O4-SiO2纳米颗粒为载体,研究固定化条件对磷脂酶活力的影响,通过响应面试验得到最优固定化条件为：固定化pH 6.7、固定化温度30 ℃、固定化时间7.9 h、戊二醛质量分数8.3%、加酶量8.2 mL/50 mg,在此条件下酶活力回收率能达到63.6%,蛋白固载率68%。并对制备的固定化磷脂酶的化学组分、形态结构和粒径进行分析,结果表明磷脂酶固定化效果较好,粒径均一,载体平均粒径为200 nm左右。固定化酶热稳定性、pH值稳定性和贮藏稳定性增强,最适反应温度为50 ℃,最适pH 6.0,重复操作10 次后保留60%以上的初始酶活力。     

海藻酸钠-阿拉伯胶固定化糖化酶及其性质的研究

以海藻酸钠（SA）与阿拉伯胶（GA）为载体固定化糖化酶,以酶活回收率为评价指标,在单因素试验基础上,通过响应面法优化固定化条件,得到固定化糖化酶最佳工艺条件为SA-GA质量比2.7∶1,氯化钙质量浓度6.2 g/100 mL,固化时间0.8 h,此条件下固定化糖化酶酶活回收率为67.91%。通过对固定化酶酶学性质的研究得出：经固定化的糖化酶最适反应pH值与最适作用温度均与游离酶相同,pH值为4.6,温度45 ℃,热稳定性及操作稳定性均优于游离酶。     

Properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus subolivaceus</Emphasis> free and immobilized dextranase

Aspergillus subolivaceus dextranase is immobilized on several carriers by entrapment and covalent binding with cross-linking. Dextranase immobilized on BSA with a cross-linking agent shows the highest activity and considerable immobilization yield (66.7%). The optimum pH of the immobilized enzyme is shifted to pH 6.0 as compared with the free enzyme (pH 5.5). The optimum temperature of the reaction is resulted at 60 °C for both free and immobilized enzyme. Thermal and pH stability are significantly improved by the immobilization process. The calculated K _m of the immobilized dextranase (14.24 mg mL⁻¹) is higher than that of the free dextranase (11.47 mg mL⁻¹), while V _max of the immobilized enzyme (2.80 U μg protein⁻¹) is lower than that of the free dextranase (11.75 U μg protein⁻¹). The immobilized enzyme was able to retain 76% of the initial catalytic activity after 5.0 cycles.     

Immobilization of amyloglucosidase on polystyrene anion exchange resin I. preparation and properties

Amyloglucosidase (exo‐1,4‐ α‐D‐glucosidase, E C 3.2. 1.3) was coupled to glutaraldehyde activated Indion 48‐R (a cross‐linked macroporous anion exchanger) by Schiff base reaction. The bound enzyme exhibited 60–70% activity of the free enzyme. Substrate concentrations as high as 32% (w/w) liquefied tapioca starch could be quantitatively converted into 96–98% (w/w) dextrose in 24 h at 50°C and pH 4.5. Though immobilization lowered the temperature optimum to 50–60°C from 65°C for the free enzyme, it increased the temperature stability. However, there was no change either in the pH optimum or pH stability after immobilization. In batch operations, the immobilized preparation showed a half life of 32 and 12 days at 50°C and 60°C respectively.     

Stability and Kinetic Properties of a Magnetic Immobilized alpha-Amylase K

The properties of α-amylase K immobilized on hydrous titanium(IV)oxide coated magnetic iron oxide are reported and compared with the previously reported properties of the soluble form of the enzyme. The optimum pH was increased on immobilization but the addition calcium chloride caused a decrease. Compared to the soluble form the immobilized enzyme is less stable at 60 °C in calcium enriched buffers but more stable in calcium free buffers. The temperature-activity profile has a plateau between 40 °C and 60 °C attributable to a comformational change above 60 °C to a more active form. The action pattern in the hydrolysis of soluble starch was found to be unaffected by immobilization. Parameters affecting the amount of bound activity were studied. The magnetic recovery of the immobilized enzyme was complete.     

菠萝皮渣羧甲基纤维素/海藻酸钠复合水凝胶珠固定化菠萝蛋白酶的制备及稳定性研究

本实验以菠萝皮渣羧甲基纤维素、海藻酸钠为原料,制备了菠萝皮渣羧甲基纤维素/海藻酸钠复合水凝胶珠,用于固定化菠萝蛋白酶。采用单因素法分析菠萝皮渣羧甲基纤维素与海藻酸钠的质量比、氯化钙的浓度、菠萝蛋白酶浓度、戊二醛体积分数和交联时间对固定化酶活性的影响。结果表明,固定化酶的优化制备工艺为:菠萝皮渣羧甲基纤维素与海藻酸钠的质量比为2:3,氯化钙的浓度为1.0%,菠萝蛋白酶浓度为2.0 mg/mL,戊二醛体积分数为1.0%,交联时间为60 min。制备的固定化酶比游离酶具有更好的热稳定性,在80℃环境下放置2.0 h后,固定化酶的相对酶活性为35.1%,而游离菠萝蛋白酶在此条件下几乎失活;在pH为11条件下放置24 h后,游离酶的相对酶活性为43.2%,而固定化酶相对酶活性为85.1%,说明固定化酶比游离酶更耐受碱性环境。另外,固定化酶重复使用7次后,相对酶活性为60.5%,说明制备的固定化酶具有较好的重复使用性能。