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1.
Abstract: Modeling of mine water rebound in the southernmost zone of the Durham Coalfield has been undertaken in an attempt to reproduce
observed water level recovery, since the 1970s, within five coal blocks south of the Butterknowle Fault. The lumped parameter
model GRAM (groundwater rebound in abandoned mineworkings) was chosen to perform the simulations since it overcomes, to a large extent, a common problem found in such studies,
namely a lack (especially concerning historic hydrogeological records) and superabundance of various kinds of data. The results
obtained from this approach are satisfying and closely resemble the observed pattern of mine water rebound for the mining
blocks studied. Such research indicates the critical dependence of predictions on factors such as the volume of water flowing
into the system, the percentage runoff, and the value of storage coefficient assigned to the old workings. Model predictions
are most useful as a tool for improving the conceptual understanding of abandoned mine systems and as a basis for evaluating
alternative possibilities of coalfield behaviour, rather than as a strict quantitative assessment for all management purposes. 相似文献
2.
Abstract Closure of Pb-Zn mines in the Iglesias district (SW Sardinia, Italy) caused the cessation of pumping in 1997, and the consequent flooding of underground workings. Deep saline water mixed with the shallow groundwater as the water table rose, increasing salinity. Stratification caused the saline water at depth to settle over a period of three years. At the beginning of rebound, an increase in dissolved Zn, Cd, Pb, and Hg was observed under near-neutral pH conditions. Following peak concentrations, a marked decrease of Zn, Cd, and Hg, and to a lesser extend Pb, occurred. After 7 years of rebound, the concentrations of these metals are relatively low at most mine sites, although the levels are generally still higher than in unmined areas. Nowadays, the highest release of metals to the aquatic system occurs from the weathering of tailings and mine wastes. 相似文献
3.
Abstract. Helicopter-mounted electromagnetic (HEM) surveys have been
used to delimit conductive mine pools and groundwater features
at various areas in the eastern United States that contain
abandoned surface and underground coal mines. HEM was used to
delineate the source areas and flow paths for acidic,
metal-containing groundwater. This will aid remediation efforts.
A recent HEM survey of Kettle Creek Watershed, Clinton County,
Pennsylvania, using a 6-frequency electromagnetic data
acquisition system, is presented. The survey accurately located
conductive pools within underground mines, acidgenerating mine
spoil at surface mines, and areas of groundwater recharge and
discharge. 相似文献
4.
Christopher H. Gammons 《Mine Water and the Environment》2006,25(2):114-123
Abstract. The Lexington tunnel is the last accessible underground mine working in the Butte, Montana mining district. Used as recently
as 1993, the tunnel and adjacent workings have been abandoned for over 10 years. Although the Lexington tunnel is over 200
m above the regional water table, perched water is present over much of its extent. Mine water near the portal is moderately
acidic (pH 4 to 5), with extremely high concentrations of metals, including Cu (up to 1000 mg/L) and Zn (up to 1400 mg/L).
In the middle reaches of the tunnel, the quality of the water is much better, with near-neutral pH, high bicarbonate alkalinity,
and lower concentrations of heavy metals. The low acidity and metal content is attributed to a lack of pyrite and other sulfides
in this portion of the mine, as well as the presence of carbonate minerals, such as rhodochrosite (MnCO3), in exposed veins. Sulfide minerals are more widespread further back in the tunnel, and are now oxidizing rapidly, leading
to pockets of severe acid drainage (pH< 3, dissolved Zn up to 5000 mg/L).
Geochemical modeling suggests that the near-neutral waters—the most voluminous type encountered in the Lexington tunnel—are
close to equilibrium saturation with rhodochrosite and hydrous Zn-carbonate (ZnCO3•H2O). The Eh of these waters is most likely controlled by redox reactions involving dissolved Mn2+ and secondary, Zn-rich, hydrous Mn-oxides. In contrast, the Eh of the acidic waters appears to be controlled by reactions
involving Fe2+ and Fe3+. Most of the acidic waters are saturated with K-jarosite, which forms delicate, straw-like dripstones at several localities.
Decaying mine timbers could be an important renewable source of organic carbon for heterotrophic microorganisms, such as iron-
and sulfate-reducing bacteria, especially deeper in the mine workings where the ground is saturated with anoxic ground water. 相似文献
5.
Abstract.
As population increases and high quality water becomes more difficult to obtain, many communities will seek alternative water supply sources. Some municipalities have realized that they have a reservoir of unexploited water readily available in abandoned underground coal mines. Analysis of the mines history, the quality of the coal and water that reside within the mine, and knowledge of local hydrology, geology, and mine chemistry will provide communities with the information they need to determine the best mine sites to use. 相似文献
6.
Abstract. Airborne geophysical reconnaissance was used to identify
potential flow paths for mercury-rich, acidic water entering
Clear Lake near the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine. Airborne magnetic
and electromagnetic conductivity surveys were conducted over a
12.3 km2 (4.75
mi2) area that included the Oaks Arm
of Clear Lake and the old mine. These surveys identified four
magnetic and/or conductive anomalies that may represent
groundwater conduits towards or away from the Herman
Impoundment. An anomaly that extended from Herman Impoundment
through a waste rock dam and into Clear Lake was selected for a
more detailed ground electromagnetic conductivity survey. The
combined results of the airborne and ground surveys provided a
detailed, lateral depiction of conductive zones, the most
probable pathways for groundwater flow. These surveys also
identified near-surface areas that may contain elevated
concentrations of sulfide minerals that weather to produce acid
groundwater. 相似文献
7.
Fouzan Al-Fouzan William Harbert Robert Dilmore Richard Hammack James Sams Garret Veloski Terry Ackman 《Mine Water and the Environment》2004,23(1):28-33
Abstract. A geophysical analysis was conducted over the abandoned
T&T subsurface mines and portions of the Muddy and Roaring
Creek watersheds in northeastern Preston County, West Virginia.
The data were collected using helicopter-borne measurements of
frequency-domain electromagnetic (FDEM) conductivity (390, 1555,
6254, 25,800, and 102,680 Hz). Noise was a significant issue in
the lowest frequency EM conductivity data, especially the 390 Hz
and 1555 Hz data; noise removal was accomplished by standard
spatial frequency filtering, using homomorphic filters and
Fourier filtering along individual flight lines. We interpret
the filtered FDEM apparent conductivities and apparent
resistivities as showing regions of potential mine pools and
regions of contrasting groundwater conductivity related to
discharge. 相似文献
8.
Abstract. An analog pit lake (APL) test has been developed to
predict pit lake water quality following closure of an
equatorial copper-gold mine. The juvenile (0-9 years after
closure) pit lake (JPL) water budget will comprise 10% rainfall;
26% surface runoff; 40% wallrock runoff, and 24% deep
groundwater inflow. The mature (>65 years after closure) pit
lake (MPL) will consist of 39% rainfall; 29% surface runoff; 15%
wallrock runoff; 3% deep groundwater inflow, and 1% shallow
groundwater inflow, with the balance (13%) contributed by the
JPL. Wallrock runoff due to incident precipitation was
replicated in humidity columns, subaqueous wallrock leachate by
leaching columns of each rock type with groundwater, rainwater
by addition of sea salt to deionized water, and surface runoff
by a sample from a local creek. The solutions were combined in
aquaria and the appropriate fraction evaporated, 7% for the JPL
and 36% for the MPL. Electron microprobe analysis of
precipitates identified clays and Al, Cu, and Zn adsorbed to
ferrihydrite surfaces. A preliminary pit design resulted in an
acidic (pH 3.3) JPL containing 7 mg/L Cu. However, by modifying
the design to exclude a potentially acidgenerating andesite
unit, the JPL water quality improves (e. g., pH 6.7; Cu 0.002
mg/L). The MPL pH with the andesite would be 6.1 (Cu = 2.2
mg/L), while the final design results in a pH of 7.1 and 0.22
mg/L Cu. The APL test can also be used to corroborate numerical
models predictions and assess the efficacy of mitigation
alternatives. 相似文献
9.
G. J. Van Tonder B. H. Usher I. Dennis P. D. Vermeulen 《Mine Water and the Environment》2007,26(2):79-87
Abstract: The main challenge facing many of the coal mines in South Africa is the management of mine water following the closure of
mining operations. The Sigma Colliery is situated in the Free State Province, adjacent to the town of Sasolburg and bordering
the Vaal River, one of the country's largest rivers. The mining includes both opencast and underground operations; however,
this paper will only discuss the main underground operations. There are several aquifer systems overlying the deeper mining,
which was done by bord and pillar and high extraction mining. Detailed conceptual models of the interactions between several
aquifer systems and the rebounding mine voids were constructed using mining and monitoring data. From this, numerical flow
models were used to model the complex flow system where rebound of water levels is expected. The results have led to an accurate
understanding of the complex flow system and the important controls on the final water levels in the area. 相似文献
10.
Abstract.
The effluent water produced by the washing process at the Al-Hisa and Al-Abyad phosphate mines in central Jordan was investigated in summer 2002. Twenty-four effluent and 10 ground water samples were collected and analyzed. There was a significant difference in water chemistry between input (groundwater) and output (effluent water) but, although the investigated area is highly fractured, the stable isotopic results indicated little or no mixing between the effluent water and groundwater in the area. This is attributed to the precipitation of clay-sized particles along the drainage channel. The quality of the effluent from the Al-Hisa mine was better than at the Al-Abyad mine, with electrical conductivity averaging 1474 µS/cm at Al-Hisa and 3250 µS/cm at Al-Abyad. The difference in effluent quality is attributed to slight lithological differences. At both mines, chloride was the predominant ion in the effluent water, with an average concentration of 669 ppm and 1299 ppm at the Al-Hisa and Al-Abyad mines respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals in the high-pH effluent water were very low, presumably due to precipitation and absorption onto suspended fine-grained particles. The effluent water from both mines was found to be relatively low in sodium and radiation, and suitable for the irrigation of salt tolerant plants. 相似文献
11.
Abstract. Nighttime high-resolution airborne thermal infrared
imagery (TIR) data were collected in the predawn hours during
Feb 5-8 and March 11-12, 1999, from a helicopter platform for
72.4 km of the Youghiogheny River, from Connellsville to
McKeesport, in southwestern Pennsylvania. The TIR data were used
to identify sources of mine drainage from abandoned mines that
discharge directly into the Youghiogheny River. Image-processing
and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques were used to
identify 70 sites within the study area as possible mine
drainage sources. The combination of GIS datasets and the
airborne TIR data provided a fast and accurate method to target
the possible sources. After field reconnaissance, it was
determined that 24 of the 70 sites were mine drainage. This
paper summarizes: the procedures used to process the TIR data
and extract potential mine-drainage sites; methods used for
verification of the TIR data; a discussion of factors affecting
the TIR data; and a brief summary of water quality. 相似文献
12.
Abstract. High-resolution airborne thermal infrared (TIR) imagery
data were collected over 90.6 km2 (35
mi2) of remote and rugged terrain in
the Kettle Creek and Cooks Run Basins, tributaries of the West
Branch of the Susquehanna River in north-central Pennsylvania.
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the
effectiveness of TIR for identifying sources of acid mine
drainage (AMD) associated with abandoned coal mines. Coal mining
from the late 1800s resulted in many AMD sources from abandoned
mines in the area. However, very little detailed mine
information was available, particularly on the source locations
of AMD sites. Potential AMD sources were extracted from airborne
TIR data employing custom image processing algorithms and GIS
data analysis. Based on field reconnaissance of 103 TIR
anomalies, 53 sites (51%) were classified as AMD. The AMD
sources had low pH (<4) and elevated concentrations of iron
and aluminum. Of the 53 sites, approximately 26 sites could be
correlated with sites previously documented as AMD. The other 27
mine discharges identified in the TIR data were previously
undocumented. This paper presents a summary of the procedures
used to process the TIR data and extract potential mine drainage
sites, methods used for field reconnaissance and verification of
TIR data, and a brief summary of water-quality data. 相似文献
13.
Abstract. The generation of acid drainage from overburden spoil
piles at open-pit lignite mines impacts water quality in large
parts of the Lusatian mining area in Germany. The Lohsa Mine was
exploited until the early 1990s and is to be flooded by 2005. It
will then be used as a reservoir basin for the river Spree.
Future acidity and sulphate concentrations in the surface water
are of great interest because considerable amounts of the bank
filtrate of the river are used to supply drinking water to
communal water plants downstream. In our study, the input of
sulphate from the unsaturated zone of the heap into the
groundwater was calculated using the one dimensional reactive
transport code SAPY. The SAPY program, which had been calibrated
for effective diffusion and tortuosity using oxygen breakthrough
curves of a column experiment with original heap sediments, was
scaled up to field conditions and verified by measuring the
oxygen and sulphate profile of the heap. Scenarios for a period
of 80 years were simulated for different distances of the
groundwater level to the subsurface, and the mass input of
sulphate from the unsaturated zone into the groundwater was
calculated in terms of specific fluxes for different times.
Plans are to use the calculated source terms in a regional
three-dimensional model to predict the evolution of the ground-
and surface water in the area. 相似文献
14.
Robert S. Hedin Sherry L. Stafford Theodore J. Weaver 《Mine Water and the Environment》2005,24(2):104-106
Abstract In northwestern Pennsylvania (USA), numerous abandoned natural gas wells are producing artesian flows of Fe-contaminated water. The origin of the polluted water has been generally assumed to be brines from the gas-producing sands. We sampled 20 artesian discharges where iron staining was conspicuous. The waters were not brines, but were more characteristic of acid mine drainage (AMD). The dominant cations were Fe, Ca, and Mg, while the dominant anion was sulfate. The study area has a long history of coal mining in the lower Allegheny formation; however, the coal beds are generally at higher elevations than the discharges. We propose that AMD formed in the coal mines is infiltrating into lower aquifers, moving outside the lateral limits of mining, and using abandoned gas wells as conduits to the surface. While flowing through the underlying sandstones, the AMD chemistry is modified by contact with siderite, the dominant carbonate mineral in this stratigraphy. This would suggest that current remediation strategies that emphasize plugging the pollution-producing gas wells may be ill-advised because the source of the polluted water is more shallow than currently assumed. 相似文献
15.
Abstract. Resistivity level runs are collected by lowering a current source down one well and measuring the resulting voltage at the
same depth in another well. Mine voids between the wells that contain acid water appear as conductive anomalies on the resulting
apparent resistivity profiles. Resistivity level runs can be collected rapidly and without lowering expensive equipment down
holes of unknown stability. The data can be interpreted on-site, and are relatively insensitive to positioning errors. The
method is well suited to sites where several drill holes have failed to intersect a known mine void. We demonstrated the feasibility
of resistivity level run profiling at an abandoned mine complex in central Pennsylvania, where resistivity level runs were
successfully used to locate haulage ways containing mine water. 相似文献
16.
Abstract A demonstration project was conducted to investigate treating acid mine water by alkaline injection technology (AIT). A total
of 379 t of alkaline coal combustion byproduct was injected into in an eastern Oklahoma drift coal mine. AIT increased the
pH and alkalinity, and reduced acidity and metal loading. Although large improvements in water quality were only observed
for 15 months before the effluent water chemistry appeared to approach pre-injection conditions, a review of the data four
years after injection identified statistically significant changes in the mine discharge compared to pre-injection conditions.
Decreases in acidity (23%), iron (18%), and aluminum (47%) were observed, while an increase in pH (0.35 units) was noted.
Presumably, the mine environment reached quasi-equilibrium with the alkalinity introduced to the system. 相似文献
17.
Erik Melchiorre Deborah Dale James Mills Jr. Brandon Chapman 《Mine Water and the Environment》2005,24(2):88-100
Abstract We examined the recharge sources of acid mine drainage (AMD) seeps that form at the toe of the coal refuse (gob) pile at a site in Indiana, using traditional geochemistry and oxygen isotopes. AMD from this site has impacted local waterways, and reducing the volume of AMD is a priority. Our observations indicate that there are two main sources of recharge. The first is relatively dilute, isotopically homogenous, geochemically-reducing groundwater that flows up through pre-mining karst-like features beneath the gob pile due to localized, precipitation-induced, hydraulic head. This produces a perched water table above the regional water table. The second source of recharge is oxidizing and isotopically variable meteoric precipitation that percolates through the permeable capping material; a partially buried and abandoned railroad grade may also channel meteoric waters into the pile. During periods of low precipitation, oxygenated pore moisture in the unsaturated zone facilitates AMD generation. During periods of elevated precipitation, these metal-rich pore fluids are flushed through the system by isotopically variable, oxygenated, metal-poor meteoric waters. Each source contributes subequal but variable amounts of recharge waters. The hydraulic conductivity and permeability of the gob pile, as calculated by isotopic lag, is consistent with values for silty to clean unconsolidated sand.Electronic Supplementary Material Electronic Supplementary Material is available for this article if you access it at 相似文献
18.
Abstract Lakes develop when pits from open cut mines are left to fill with groundwater. In recent years, mining companies, mining communities,
and regulatory agencies have begun to consider potential beneficial end uses for mine lakes. Beneficial end uses are unlikely
to be without environmental impacts, however, and a proper consideration of the total benefit to the community should consider
them. This paper briefly reviews potential beneficial end uses and possible environmental impacts that might arise with them
for mine lakes in the Collie Basin, a coal mining region in Western Australia. We identified eight distinct, but not necessarily
incompatible, end uses from a search of the literature on mine lakes throughout the world: recreation and tourism, wildlife
conservation, aquaculture, irrigation, livestock water, potable water, industrial water, and chemical extraction. Recreation,
conservation, and possibly aquaculture use the mine lake directly, whereas the other end uses utilise extracted water. All
end uses have the potential to have environmental effects, with the most common being an actual or perceived impact on human
health and safety. A semi-quantitative risk assessment, using published literature sources, identified wildlife conservation
as the end use with the least environmental risk, and irrigation as the end use with the greatest environmental risk. Such
risks need to be balanced against economic and social benefits. There is an urgent need for a regulatory framework to address
mine lake options. 相似文献
19.
Using the DRASTIC System to Assess the Vulnerability of Ground Water to Pollution in Mined Areas of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Abstract An attempt was made to use the U.S. EPA DRASTIC ranking system to assess the vulnerability of ground water in the Upper Silesian
Coal Basin. Analysis of the various system components indicate that several DRASTIC factors would have to be modified to consider
the effects of mining, subsidence, and ground water rebound. 相似文献
20.
Abstract Closure of Pb-Zn mines in the Iglesiente district (SW Sardinia, Italy) caused the cessation of pumping in 1997 at Monteponi,
and in 1998 at San Giovanni. Consequent flooding of underground workings occurred in the district and also involved Campo
Pisano. In June 1998, as the water table rose from 160 to 20 m below sea level, the deep saline water mixed with the shallow
ground water at Monteponi and nearby mines. In the same period, an increase in dissolved metals (especially Zn, Cd, and Pb)
was observed under near-neutral pH conditions. Following peak concentrations, a marked decrease of Zn, Cd, and Hg occurred.
Dissolved Pb showed fluctuating concentrations over the monitoring period (1996-2005). In January 2000, when the water table
rose to 20 m above sea level, the salinity of ground water decreased significantly at all of the mines. Stratification caused
the more saline water at depth to settle three years after rebound started. Depth profiles carried out in 2005 at Monteponi,
San Giovanni, and Campo Pisano showed an increase in conductivity and dissolved metals in ground water at deeper levels, especially
at depths below sea level.After eight years of rebound, a marine component was still present at depth in ground water at San
Giovanni (about 2%), and to a lesser extent at Monteponi (about 0.4%). 相似文献